BROUGHT TO YOU BY:

C O NT E NT S

Get More Refcardz! Visit Refcardz.com

141

What Is Node?
How Does Node Work?
Architecture
Node Performance
Characteristics
What Is Node Good For?
...and more!

Node.js

Server-Side JavaScript for Backends, API Servers, and Web Apps

BY BERT BELDER

First, a quick note: The terms Node.js and Node are used
interchangeably. The official description according to the
nodejs.org website is as follows:

also the issue of the number of threads a system can actually

spawn, and writing thread-safe code adds significant
complexity to any codebase. Node, by contrast, is singlethreaded, but provides for asynchronous & non-blocking code
by default.

Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on Chromes V8 JavaScript engine.

SYNCHRONOUS VS ASYNCHRONOUS: BY ANALOGY

W H AT I S N O D E ?

In order to understand non-blocking I/O, lets picture a

common scenario: ordering food at a restaurant.

Translation: Node runs on top of Googles open-source

JavaScript engine called V8. Its written in C++ and is used in
Googles Chrome browser. Its fast!

A typical experience would be something like this:

You sit at a table and the server takes your drink order.

Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model that makes it

lightweight and efficient.

The server goes back to the bar and passes your order to a
bartender.

Translation: Node.js pairs JavaScripts naturally event-driven,

asynchronous coding style with non-blocking I/O libraries
for performing server tasks such as working with filesystems
& databases. This pairing makes it easy to write fast, efficient,
and non-blocking applications that would be difficult &
complex to author in traditionally synchronous languages.

While the bartender is working on your drink, the server

moves on to take another tables drink order.

Node.jss package ecosystem, npm, is the largest ecosystem of open

source libraries in the world.

The server passes your food order to the kitchen.

The server goes back to the bar and passes along the
other tables order.
Before the server brings back your drinks, you order some
food.
Your drinks are ready now, so the server picks them up
and brings them back to your table.

Translation: npm (name always lower-case) is the tool used

to install and manage dependencies in the Node world as well
as the main repository where public Node.js packages are
registered. The later, with almost 200,000 packages and over
2 billion monthly downloads, has almost twice the number of
packages of the next largest ecosystem, Maven. In addition
to Node.js libraries, npm also lists more and more front-end
packages, but thats a different topic!

The other tables drinks are ready, so the server picks

them up and takes them to the other table.
Finally your food is ready, so server picks it up and brings
it back to your table.
Basically every interaction with the server follows the same pattern.
1. You order something from the server.
2. The server hands your order off to the bar or kitchen,
freeing him up to take new orders or to deliver orders
that are completed.

NODE.JS
JAVA ENTERPRISE EDITION 7

N O D E I S J AVA S C R I P T O N T H E S E RV E R
Node allows developers to write server-side applications in
JavaScript. Server-side applications perform tasks that arent
suitably performed on the client, like processing and persisting
data or files, plus tasks like connecting to other networked
servers, serving web pages and pushing notifications. Seeing
that JavaScript is an incredibly popular language with web and
mobile front-end developers, the ability to use this same skill
to program server-side tasks, in theory, increases a developers
productivity. In some cases it even allows the same code to be
shared between client and server.

3. When your order is completed, the kitchen or bar alerts

the server, and he delivers it to you.

H O W D O E S N O D E W O R K?
SYNCHRONOUS VS ASYNCHRONOUS PROGRAMMING

C and Java traditionally use synchronous I/O, which means

that when a program starts an I/O operation, the rest of the
program stops until that operation is completed. You can get
around this by writing multithreaded programs, but for some
developers, writing these types of applications in a distributed
networking environment can be daunting. Of course there is

D Z O NE, INC.

DZ O NE.C O M

NODE.JS

Notice that at no point in time is the server doing more than one
thing. He can only process one request at a time, but he does not
wait around for the orders to be filled. This is how non-blocking
Node.js applications work. In Node, your application code is like
a restaurant server processing orders, and the bar/kitchen is the
operating system handling your I/O calls.

The request to read the file goes through Node bindings to libuv.
Then libuv gives the task of reading the file to a thread. When the
thread completes reading the file into the buffer, the results goes
to V8 and then through the Node bindings in the form of a callback
function. In the callback shown the `data` argument is a Buffer with
the file data.

Your single-threaded JavaScript application is responsible for all

the processing up to the moment it requires I/O. Then, it hands
the work off to the operating system, which processes the I/O
and calls your application back when its finished. For contrast,
imagine if our restaurant were synchronous: every time the server
took an order, he would wait for the bar/kitchen to finish the order
before taking the next request. This would be very slow! This is how
blocking I/O works.

EXAMPLE OF AN HTTP SERVER USING NODE:

var http = require('http');
http.createServer(
function (request, response) {
response.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
response.end('Hello World\n');
}
).listen(8080);
console.log('Server running at http://localhost:8080/');

EVENT LOOP CONCURRENCY MODEL

Node leverages a browser-style concurrency model on the server.

As we all know, JavaScript was originally designed for the browser
where code execution is triggered by events such as mouse clicks or
the completion of an Ajax request. Moved to the server, this same
model allows for the idea of an event loop for server events such as
network requests. In a nutshell, JavaScript waits for an event and
whenever that event happens, a callback function occurs.

The event >> callback mechanism here is the same as in our read
file example, but in one case we initiated the operation (read file)
that results in an event being triggered, whereas in this example,
the events are triggered in response to external input (an
incoming HTTP request).

A RC H I T E C T U R E

For example, your browser is constantly looping waiting for events

like clicks or mouse-overs to occur, but this listening for events
doesnt block the browser from performing other tasks. On the
server this means that instead of a program waiting for a response
from a database query, file access, or connection to an external API,
it immediately moves on to the next unit of work until the event
returns with a response. Instead of blocking the server waiting for
I/O to complete, the event loop allows applications to process other
requests while waiting for I/O results. In this way Node achieves
multitasking more efficiently than using threads.

There are four building blocks that constitute Node. First, Node
encapsulates libuv to handle asynchronous events and Googles V8
to provide a run-time for JavaScript. Libuv is what abstracts away
all of the underlying network and file system functionality on both
Windows and POSIX-based systems like Linux, Mac OSX and Unix.
The core functionality of Node, modules like Assert, HTTP, Crypto
etc., reside in a core library written in JavaScript. The Node bindings
provide the glue connecting these technologies to each other and to
the operating system.

EVENT LOOP ANALOGY: MAIL CARRIER

A mail carrier loops through the mailboxes on her route, checking

each for new letters (events). In your postbox she finds a letter
addressed to IBM; you are requesting a quote for their cloud backup
service. She takes the letter, and when her loop takes her past
IBM headquarters she drops it off. She does not wait for IBMs
response, she continues on her loop, picking up & delivering other
letters while IBM processes your request (does an I/O operation).
The next three times she passes IBM there is no response ready,
so she continues on her loop delivering other letters. The fourth
time she passes IBM, they have a response ready. She picks it up &
delivers the quote to you. The response, addressed to the original
sender, is like the callback, routed to the original caller with the
response data (the quote).
EVENT LOOP CODE EXAMPLE

N O D E P E R F O R M A N C E C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S

Lets look at a simple example of asynchronously reading a file. This

is a two step process:
1.

The filename is passed to the OS (via Node and libuv)

2.

The readHandler callback function is executed with the

response (a Buffer)

Everyone knows benchmarks are a specific measurement and

dont account for all cases. Certainly, what and how you measure
matters a lot. But theres one thing we can all agree on: at high
levels of concurrency (thousands of connections) your server
needs to become asynchronous and non-blocking. We could have
finished that sentence with IO, but the issue is that if any part of
your server code blocks, youre going to need a thread. At these
levels of concurrency, you cant go about creating threads for every
connection. So, the whole code path needs to be non-blocking

var fs = require('fs');
fs.readFile('my_file.txt', function readHandler(err, data) {

if (err) throw err;

// convert the buffer to string and output it

console.log(data.toString());
});

D Z O NE, INC .

DZ O NE .C O M

NODE.JS

IOT SERVERS

and async, not just the IO layer. This is where Node excels. Some
examples of Node performance benchmarks and related posts:

As more and more objects in the workplace, the home, and beyond
get connected into the Internet of Things, Node.js is emerging as
the server technology of choice for many IoT platforms.

Strongloop
LinkedIn

Reasons why:

DZone

WEB APPLICATIONS

Sensors reporting temperature, vehicle speed, etc. can

generate lots of data points, each one as small as a single
number. Node.js is built to efficiently handle this sort of
many requests, small payloads use-case.

Many modern web applications are SPAs (single page applications)

that put most rendering and UI concerns in the client code, calling
the server only to request or update data.

Node.jss popularity as a platform for building APIs means

that its strengths and weaknesses here are well explored, and
there are many mature solutions that fit the IoT problem.

W H AT I S N O D E G O O D F O R?

Reasons why:

Examples of open-source IoT servers built in Node:

Single page applications most frequently request and send

data (e.g. JSON) rather than rendered pages (html), thus
payloads are smaller but more frequent. Nodes asynchronous
model excels at handling these high-frequency, smallpayload requests.

Zetta
mqtt-connection
adafruit-io
phant

Nodes rich ecosystem of npm modules allows you to build

web applications front to back with the relative ease of a
scripting language that is already ubiquitously understood on
the front end.

H O W D O I I N S TA L L N O D E ?
Installers exist for a variety of platforms including Windows, Mac
OS X, Linux, SunOS and of course you can compile it yourself
from source. Official downloads are available from the nodejs.org
website: nodejs.org/en/download

Single Page Applications must be written in (or compiled to)

JavaScript. A Node backend means the whole stack is in one
language.

H O W C A N I M A K E N O D E U S E F U L?

Examples of frameworks for Node:

Express

WHAT IS NPM?

Sails.js

Node Package Manager (npm) is the command-line package

manager for Node that manages dependencies for your application.
npmjs.com is the public repository where you can obtain and
publish modules.

Hapi
Meteor
MEAN.js

HOW DOES NPM WORK?

An I/O library at its heart, Node.js is a popular choice for APIs and
mobile backends. Nodes ease of use has been applied toward the
classic enterprise application use case to be able to gather and
normalize existing data and services.

In order for your Node application to be useful, it is going to need

things like libraries, web and testing frameworks, data-connectivity,
parsers and other functionality. You enable this functionality by
installing specific modules via npm. npm comes bundled with Node.
js (since v0.6.3) so you can start using it right away!

Reasons why:

You can install any package with this command:

API SERVERS AND MOBILE BACKENDS

As the shift toward hybrid mobile applications becomes more

dominant in the enterprise, the re-use of code written in
JavaScript on the client side can be leveraged on the server

$ npm install <name of module>

Some popular and most used modules include:

express
A fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework for Node. Express
aims to provide small, robust tooling for HTTP servers, making it
a great solution for single page applications, web sites, hybrids, or
public HTTP APIs.

Nodes rich ecosystem has almost every underlying driver or

connector to enterprise data sources such as RDBMS, Files,
NoSQL, etc. that would be of interest to mobile clients
JSON, the de-facto standard format for API data interchange,
is a representation of native JavaScript objects, so of course
Node handles it easily. If it happens that you need to support
another format (XML e.g.), theres probably a module for it.

lodash
Lodash is a toolbelt utility library with methods for performing lots
of common JavaScript tasks. It can be used stand-alone, in conjunction
with other small libraries, or in the context of a larger framework.

Examples of mobile backends built with Node:

LoopBack (Open-source framework)

async
Async is a utility module which provides straightforward, powerful
functions for working with asynchronous JavaScript. Although
originally designed for use with Node, it can also be used directly in
the browser. Async provides around 20 functions that include the
usual functional suspects (map, reduce, filter, each) in addition
to your async function.

Parse (Proprietary)
FeedHenry (Proprietary)
Appcelerator Cloud Services (Proprietary)
Restify (Open-source framework)

D Z O NE, INC .

DZ O NE .C O M

in npm. Some common ones are tilde ranges (which fixates all but
the last number, so ~1.2.3 will upgrade all the way to 1.2.9999 but
not to 1.3) and caret ranges (which fixates only the first number, so
^1.2.3 will update to 1.999.999 but not to 2.0).

request
A simplified HTTP request client. It supports HTTPS and follows
redirects by default.
grunt
A JavaScript task runner that helps automate tasks. Grunt can
perform repetitive tasks like minification, compilation, unit testing,
linting, etc. The Grunt ecosystem is also quite large with hundreds
of plugins to choose from. You can find the listing of plugins here.

Node.js, in addition to following semver, has another bit of

information encoded in the version number: whether or not a version
is a Long Term Support release. Even-numbered major version
numbers are LTS releases, odd-numbered major versions are not (they
are supported in a stable capacity for six months, then superseded).

socket.io
Socket.io makes WebSockets and real-time possible in all browsers
and provides built-in multiplexing, horizontal scalability, automatic
JSON encoding/decoding, and more.

LONG TERM SUPPORT RELEASES

In its early days, new Node.js releases came fast, and often brought
with them breaking API changes. With 4.0, Node now has a
predictable release schedule with LTS releases. LTS releases happen
once per year on April first (v4.2 LTS is the exception, having been
released in October). An LTS release will receive patches and bug
fixes (no new features) for 18 months. After that its retired to
Maintenance mode and only updated with critical bugs, critical
security fixes, and documentation.

mongoose
A MongoDB object modeling tool designed to work in an asynchronous
environment. It includes built-in type casting, validation, query
building, business logic hooks and more, out of the box.

W H AT I S N E W I N N O D E V4 . X?

LTS releases allow companies and teams to build an application

against a particular version of Node and be confident that a release
wont take them by surprise in 3 months and force costly updates.
This regular, predictable release schedule makes Node.js much
more Enterprise friendly.

After Node v0.10 came v0.12. Naturally v0.12 was followed by

v4.0. What happened here?! io.js happened, and with it, Node got
semantic versioning (semver).
IO.JS

First some history: in 2015, a group of Node.js developers &

core platform engineers were eager to start using the latest and
greatest Node and V8 features, and unwilling to wait for them to
be land in the joyent/node master release channel. So, they
forked the Node.js project on GitHub. As the name Node.js was
trademarked, they gave their fork the name io.js referencing the
asynchronous I/O nature of Node. The fork was always meant to be
temporary, and later in 2015 io.js was merged back into the main
Node release channel, which now lives at nodejs/node on GitHub,
and the next version of io.js/node was released as Node.js v4.0.0.

V8 UPGRADE

Moving from v0.12 to v4.0, Node jumped from V8 v3.28 to v4.5.

V8 is the engine that actually interprets and runs the code in your
program, so the main thing youd notice if you updated versions &
ran the same (Node v0.12 compatible) code is that it probably runs
faster. Thats not all that came with the new version of V8, however,
it also brought with it several ES6 features and Typed Arrays.
TYPED ARRAYS

Typed Arrays (Uint8Array, Int16Array, Float32Array etc.) are not

directly accessible in Node.js, but from version 4 they back the
Buffer class. The main difference from the old version is that new
Buffers are zeroed out upon initialization. If you dont know what
any of that means, dont worry, youre not likely to come across
it very frequently! Typed Arrays allow for better optimization and
efficient handling of Buffer data.

Along with the project merger came the organization of the official
Node.js Foundation to serve the community. The foundations
mission is to enable widespread adoption and help accelerate
development of Node.js and other related modules through an open
governance model... Both IBM and StrongLoop were among the very
first members of this organization and believe strongly in its mission.
SEMVER

When io.js was merged into Node.js, it brought with it semver, or

semantic versioning. In addition to Node.js itself, many popular
Node libraries use semver, so its worth getting familiar with.

ES6 FEATURES

First of all, what is ES6 (aka ES2015)? ES stands for ECMAScript

and is used chiefly to refer to versions of the JavaScript language
standard, not implementations of JavaScript. ES2015 is a synonym
for ES6. Unlike most languages, there are many large, competing JS
interpreters (V8 for Chrome, SpiderMonkey for Firefox, Chakra for
Internet Explorer, etc), and this means there is never one canonical
set of supported features. ES2015 basically means modern
JavaScript as it exists in 2015. In the future, ES versions will be
incremented annually. Lets examine some key ES6 features:

Semver is a common standard for release numbering, intended

to add semantic meaning to the numbers so developers can know
at a glance whether a version change is likely to break their build.
Semver versions are three numbers in the form MAJOR.MINOR.
PATCH. For example, in 2.11.3, the major version is 2, the minor 11
and the patch 3. The meanings are as follows:
MAJOR: incremented when releasing breaking API changes.

GENERATORS

MINOR: incremented when releasing new features or

enhancements that dont break backward compatibility

Generators (and iterators) are one of the most talked-about features

of ES6. In the simplest terms, generators are special functions that
return iterators. Iterators are objects that implement an interface
allowing them to return many values, one after the next, and report
when they have reached the end of their available values. This is
very similar to the Iterable interface in Java. To return repeatedly,

PATCH: incremented when releasing a bug-fix or other patch

This means if you are using version 3.0.0 of a library, you should
be able to upgrade it to any version 3.*.* without your application
breaking. (Note the should!!) Semver ranges are used extensively

D Z O NE, INC .

NODE.JS

DZ O NE .C O M

6
generator functions use the new yield keyword instead of return.
When invoked as an iterator, a generator will run until it gets to yield,
return that value, then pick up from that point when its called again.

NODE.JS

Without promises:
readJsonFile('urls.json', function(err, data){
var url = //get first URL
if(err) return handleError(err);
getWebpage(url, function(err, response){
if(err) return handleError(err);
parseHtml(response.body, function(err, html){
if(err) return handleError(err);
writeHtmlToFile(html, function(err){
if(err) return handleError(err);
console.log('done');
});
});
});
});

function* myGenerator(){
yield 1;
yield "hello world";
}
var gen = myGenerator();
c onsole.log(gen.next().value); // 1
c onsole.log(gen.next().value); // "hello world"
var last = gen.next();
console.log([last.value, last.done]); // [undefined, true]

With promises (promise creation code omitted, this just shows

consuming promises):

For iterating over a generator, it usually makes more sense to use

for...of, another new ES6 feature:

readJson('urls.json') // returns a Promise

.then(getWebpage)
.then(parseHtml)
.then(writeHtmlToFile)
.then(function(){
console.log('done');
})
.catch(handleError);

//.. generator set up as above

for(foobar of gen){
console.log(foobar);
}
// output:
// 1
// "hello world"

MANY MORE!

There are many more new ES6 features than the three described
here. For a more comprehensive overview, be sure to read the Node.
js docs on ES6, and for a survey of all ES6 features (not just those in
Node 4.0) there is a great GitHub repo outlining the additions.

Although iteration is the most obvious use of generators, they are

being used just as much (if not more) to create creative new
mechanisms for asynchronous flow control. The concepts here can
be confusing and its not crucial that you master them right away,
just be aware that generators are used for far more than just iteration.

NODE API GUIDE

ARROW FUNCTIONS

Below is a list of the most commonly used Node APIs. For

a complete list and for an APIs current state of stability or
development, please consult the Node API documentation.

Though Object Oriented patterns are very common in JavaScript,

Functional Programming paradigms are becoming more and more
popular in the JS community. In FP, one writes functions very
frequently (sometimes one per line). This fact is partly responsible

BUFFER

for the new, shorter, arrow function syntax for creating anonymous

Functions for manipulating, creating and consuming octet streams,

which you may encounter when dealing with TCP streams or the file
system. Raw data is stored in instances of the Buffer class. A Buffer
is similar to an array of integers but corresponds to a raw memory
allocation outside the V8 heap. A Buffer cannot be resized.

functions in ES6. Arrow functions (in most cases) allow the

omission of curly braces, parentheses, and the return keyword.
Consider the following code to get the total of the squares of just the
odd numbers in an array:

CHILD PROCESS

Functions for spawning new processes and handling their input and
output. Node provides a tri-directional popen(3) facility through the
child_process module.

var squareTotals = [1,2,3,4,5]

.filter(function(n){ return n % 2; })
.map(function(n){ return n * n; })
.reduce(function(sum, n){ return sum + n; });
// squareTotals === 35

CLUSTER

A single instance of Node runs in a single thread. To take advantage

of multi-core systems, the user will sometimes want to launch a
cluster of Node processes to handle the load. The Cluster module
allows you to easily create child processes that all share server ports.

Readability is greatly increased when short functions like this are

written with fat arrow syntax (arrow functions):
var squareTotals = [1,2,3,4,5]
.filter(n => n % 2)
.map(n => n * n)
.reduce((sum, n) => sum + n);

CRYPTO

Functions for dealing with secure credentials that you might

use in an HTTPS connection. The Crypto module offers a way of
encapsulating secure credentials to be used as part of a secure
HTTPS net or http connection. It also offers a set of wrappers for
OpenSSLs hash, hmac, cipher, decipher, sign and verify methods.

NATIVE PROMISES

Promises are a wrapper around callbacks that allow programmers

to write asynchronous code in a synchronous-looking way. Code
written with promises is frequently easier to reason about and
requires less nesting.

D Z O NE, INC .

DEBUGGER

You can access the V8 engines debugger with Nodes built-in

client and use it to debug your own scripts. Just launch Node with

DZ O NE .C O M

NODE.JS

the debug argument (node debug server.js). A more feature-filled

alternative debugger is node-inspector. It leverages Googles Blink
DevTools, allows you to navigate source files, set breakpoints and
edit variables and object properties, among other things.

MODULES

EVENTS

The contents of foo.js:

Node has a simple module loading system. In Node, files and

modules are in one-to-one correspondence. As an example, foo.js
loads the module circle.js in the same directory.

Contains the EventEmitter class used by many other Node objects.

Events defines the API for attaching and removing event listeners
and interacting with them. Typically, event names are represented
by a camel-cased string; however, there arent any strict restrictions
on case, as any string will be accepted. Functions can then be
attached to objects, to be executed when an event is emitted.
These functions are called listeners. Inside a listener function, the
object is the EventEmitter that the listener was attached to. All
EventEmitters emit the event newListener (when new listeners are
added) and removeListener (when a listener is removed).

var circle = require('./circle.js');

console.log( 'The area of a circle of radius 4 is '
+ circle.area(4));

The contents of circle.js:

var PI = Math.PI;
exports.area = function (r) {
return PI * r * r;
};
exports.circumference = function (r) {
return 2 * PI * r;
};

To access the EventEmitter class use:

The module circle.js has exported the functions area() and

circumference(). To add functions and objects to the root of your
module, you can add them to the special exports object. Variables
local to the module will be private, as though the module was
wrapped in a function. In this example the variable PI is private to
circle.js.

require('events').EventEmitter
emitter.on(event, listener) adds a listener to the end of the

listeners array for the specified event. For example:

server.on('connection', function (stream) {
console.log('someone connected!');
});

NET

This calls returns emitter, which means that calls can be chained.

Net is one of the most important pieces of functionality in Node

core. It allows for the creation of network server objects to listen for
connections and act on them. It allows for the reading and writing
to sockets. Most of the time, if youre working on web applications,
you wont interact with Net directly. Instead youll use the HTTP
module to create HTTP-specific servers. If you want to create TCP
servers or sockets and interact with them directly, youll want to
work with the Net API.

FILESYSTEM

The Filesystem API contains methods to manipulate files on disk.

In addition to read and write methods, there are methods to create
symlinks, watch files, check permissions and other file stats, etc..
The major point of note here is that as I/O operations, the core
filesystem methods are asynchronous. There are synchronous
versions of most methods as well (e.g. readFileSync in addition
to readFile), but these synchronous methods should be avoided
when performance is a consideration! Node.js asynchronous nature
depends on the event loop continuing to loop; if its blocked for a
synchronous I/O operation, much of Nodes speed is lost.

PROCESS

The Process object is used for accessing stdin, stdout, command

line arguments, the process ID, environment variables, and other
elements of the system related to the currently-executing Node
processes. It is an instance of EventEmitter. Heres example of
listening for uncaughtException:

GLOBALS

Globals allow for objects to be available in all modules. (Except

where noted in the documentation.)

process.on('uncaughtException', function(err) {
console.log('Caught exception: ' + err);
});

HTTP

HTTP is the most important and most used module for a web
developer. It allows you to create HTTP servers and make them
listen on a given port. It also contains the request and response
objects that hold information about incoming requests and outgoing
responses. You also use this to make HTTP requests from your
application and do things with their responses. HTTP message
headers are represented by an object like this:

setTimeout(function() {
console.log('This will still run.');
}, 500);
// Intentionally cause an exception, but don't catch it.
nonexistentFunc();
console.log('This will not run.');

REPL

{ 'content-length': '123',
'content-type': 'text/plain',
'connection': 'keep-alive',
'accept': '*/*' }

Stands for Read-Eval-Print-Loop. You can add a REPL to your own

programs just like Nodes standalone REPL, which you get when
you run Node with no arguments. REPL can be used for debugging
or testing.

In order to support the full spectrum of possible HTTP applications,

Nodes HTTP API is very low-level. It deals with stream handling
and message parsing only. It parses a message into headers and
body but it does not parse the actual headers or the body.

D Z O NE, INC .

STREAM

Stream is an abstract interface for streaming data that is

implemented by other Node objects, like HTTP server requests,

DZ O NE .C O M

NODE.JS

APPLICATION PERFORMANCE MONITORING

and even stdio. Most of the time youll want to consult the
documentation for the actual object youre working with rather than
looking at the interface definition. Streams are readable, writable,
or both. All streams are instances of EventEmitter.

PRODUCT/PROJECT

StrongLoop Arc

Error tracing Event loop response times

Slowest endpoints

New Relic

Error rates Transaction response times

Throughput monitoring

UTIL

The Util API contains various utility methods, mostly for metatasks like logging and debugging. Its included here to highlight
one method: inherits. Constructor inheritance can be a bit
unwieldy in JavaScript; util.inherits makes such code a bit easier
to write (and read).

D E V E LO P E R T O O L S F O R N O D E

WebStorm
Sublime Text
Atom
Nodeclipse
Cloud9 IDE
Visual Studio

CPU monitoring Load balancing Exception

reporting

Keymetrics

DEBUGGING

DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS
PRODUCT/
PROJECT

Error tracing Endpoint response time

Historical metrics

AppDynamics

Below are some key tools widely adopted in the enterprise and in
the community for developing Node applications:

FE ATURES/HIGHLIGHTS

PRODUCT/PROJECT

FE ATURES/HIGHLIGHTS

V8 Debugger

Manual code injection Breakpoints Event

exception handling

Node Inspector

Google Blink Dev-Tools based Breakpoints

CPU & memory Profiling

Cloud9 IDE

Cloud-based Code completion Debug and

deploy

WebStorm

Code analysis Cross-platform VCS

integration

Nodeclipse

Code completion Built-on Eclipse Tracing

and breakpoints

Code analysis Cross-platform IntelliJ-based

Goto anything Customizable Cross-platform

FE ATURES/HIGHLIGHTS

Built on JavaScript Extensible Maintained by

GitHub
Open source Built on Eclipse
Cloud-based Collaborative Debug and deploy
Open source Debug and Profile TypeScript
integration

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

RESOURCES

Having been programming since he was a little kid, Bert

Belder got involved with open source when he started to
port Node.js to Windows. It got him the core contributor
badge, and he hasnt left the project since. In 2012, Bert
founded his company StrongLoop together with longtime
Node contributor Ben Noordhuis, in an effort to lead Node to world
domination. After the acquisition of StrongLoop in 2015, Bert joined
IBM to help Node.js grow in the enterprise space.

StrongLoop website

Node on GitHub

StrongLoop technical blog

Official npm website

Official Node website

npm documentation

Node downloads

Nodeschool

Node documentation

Stack Overflow

devdocs searchable documentation

Node Google Group

BROWSE OUR COLLECTION OF 250+ FREE RESOURCES, INCLUDING:

RESEARCH GUIDES:
REFCARDZ:

Unbiased insight from leading tech experts

Library of 200+ reference cards covering the latest tech topics

COMMUNITIES:

Share links, author articles, and engage with other tech experts

JOIN NOW

DZone communities deliver over 6 million pages each month to more than 3.3 million software
developers, architects and decision makers. DZone offers something for everyone, including
news, tutorials, cheat sheets, research guides, feature articles, source code and more.

"DZone is a developer's dream," says PC Magazine.

DZONE, INC.
150 PRESTON EXECUTIVE DR.
CARY, NC 27513
888.678.0399
919.678.0300
REFCARDZ FEEDBACK WELCOME
[email protected]

DZ OSPONSORSHIP
NE .C O M OPPORTUNITIES

Copyright 2015 DZone, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, storedin D
a retrieval
system,
or.
DZONE,
INC.
Z O NE,
INC
transmitted, in any form or by means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.

[email protected]

VERSION 1.0

$7.95