Fr

ee

Computer vision is used everywhere, from the

point-and-shoot camera that can tell when your friend
is smiling and takes the perfect picture, to advanced
security systems. OpenCV brings hundreds of powerful
computer vision algorithms to your Android phone.
Starting from the basics of computer vision and OpenCV,
we'll take you all the way through to creating exciting
applications. You will appreciate the abstraction layer
that OpenCV uses to do the heavy lifting for you. Packed
with many examples, the book will help you understand
the main data structures used within OpenCV. You will
then learn about image gradients such as edge detection,
Hough line transform, and Hough circle transform. In
addition to using shape analysis to find things in images,
you will learn how to describe objects in images in a more
robust way.
By the end of this book, you will be able to make intelligent
decisions using the famous Adaboost learning algorithm.

Who this book is written for

What you will learn from this book

Identify and install all the elements
needed to start building vision-aware
Android applications
Explore image representation, in color
and grayscale
Recognize and apply convolution operations
and filtering to deal with noisy data
Use different shape analysis techniques
Extract and identify interest points in
an image
Understand and perform object detection

It would be very helpful if you understand the basics of

image processing and computer vision, but no prior
experience is required.

Run native computer vision algorithms and

gain performance boosts

$ 29.99 US
19.99 UK

P U B L I S H I N G

Amgad Muhammad

If you are an Android developer and want to know how

to implement vision-aware applications using OpenCV,
then this book is definitely for you.

community experience distilled

OpenCV Android Programming By Example

OpenCV Android Programming

By Example

pl

C o m m u n i t y

E x p e r i e n c e

D i s t i l l e d

OpenCV Android Programming

By Example
Develop vision-aware and intelligent Android applications with the
robust OpenCV library

Prices do not include

local sales tax or VAT
where applicable

Visit www.PacktPub.com for books, eBooks,

code, downloads, and PacktLib.

Sa
m

Amgad Muhammad

In this package, you will find:

The author biography

A preview chapter from the book, Chapter 2 App 1 'Building Your
Own Darkroom'
A synopsis of the books content
More information on OpenCV Android Programming By Example

About the Author

Amgad Muhammad has a master's degree in computer science from the

American University in Cairo. He is a data scientist passionate about building

and designing machine learning models and engineering features in computer
vision research. He started working with computer vision in 2011, and now he is
developing state-of-the-art machine learning and computer vision algorithms in the
field of biometric extraction and registration, including face and person detection,
human tracking, and 2D/3D-based pose estimation.

Preface
Learn how to use OpenCV to develop vision-aware, intelligent Android applications
in a step-by-step tutorial and join the interesting and rapidly expanding field of
computer vision to enable your Android phone to make sense of the world.
Starting from the basics of computer vision and OpenCV, we'll take you through all
the ways to create exciting applications. You will discover that although computer
vision is a challenging subject, the ideas and algorithms used are simple and
intuitive, and you will appreciate the abstraction layer that OpenCV offers in order
to do the heavy lifting for you.
Packed with many examples, the book will help you understand the main data
structures used in OpenCV, and how you can use them to gain performance
boosts. Next, we will discuss and use several image processing algorithms, such as
histogram equalization, filters, and color space conversion. You then will learn about
image gradients and how they are used in many shape analysis techniques, such as
edge detection, Hough line transform, and Hough circle transform. In addition to
using shape analysis to find things in images, you will learn how to describe objects
in images in a more robust way using different feature detectors and descriptors.
Finally, you will be able to make intelligent decisions using machine learning,
specifically, the famous adaptive boosting learning algorithm and cascade classifiers.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Getting Yourself Ready, explains how to start using OpenCV to develop
vision-aware Android applications in a step-by-step fashion.
Chapter 2, App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom, shows you how images are stored
and represented in OpenCV, and how to utilize this representation to implement
interesting algorithms that will enhance the way your images look.

Preface

Chapter 3, App 2 - Software Scanner, explains how to implement your next application,
a software scanner. It allows people to take a photo of, let's say, a receipt, and apply
some transformations to make it look as if it was scanned. In this chapter, we will
introduce two important topics that will help us to reach our final goal.
The first topic will be about spatial filtering and its definition and applications. The
second topic will be about a famous shape analysis technique called the Hough
transform. You will learn about the basic idea behind this technique that has made it
very popular and widely used, and we will use the OpenCV implementation to start
fitting lines and circles to a set of edge pixels.
Chapter 4, App 2 - Applying Perspective Correction, continues to build on the application
that we started in Chapter 3. We will use the concepts that you've learned, namely,
the edge detection and Hough line transform, to do perspective correction to a
quadrilateral object. Applying perspective transformation to an object will change
the way that we see it; this idea will come in handy when you take pictures of
documents, receipts, and so on, and you want to a have better view of the captured
image or a scan-like copy.
Chapter 5, App 3 - Panoramic Viewer, starts working on a new application. The goal of
the application is to stitch two images together in order to form a panoramic view,
and in this chapter, we will introduce the concept of image features and why they
are important, and we will see them in action.
Chapter 6, App 4 Automatic Selfie, introduces a new application. The goal of the
application is to be able to take a selfie without touching your phone's screen. Your
application will be able to detect a certain hand gesture that will trigger the process
of saving the current camera frame.

App 1 - Building Your

Own Darkroom
In this chapter, you will learn about how images are stored and represented in
OpenCV and how to utilize this representation to implement interesting algorithms
that will enhance how your images look.
We will first explain the digital image representation and different color spaces to
explore the important Mat class in OpenCV.
Then, we will go through the steps to load an image from your phone gallery and
display it on your device screen regardless of the image resolution.
Finally, you will learn about the image histograms and how to calculate and use
them to enhance your images, whether they are black and white or colored.
We will cover the following topics in this chapter:

Digital images

Processing the images stored on your phone

Calculating an image histogram

Enhancing the image contrast

Digital images
Images can be found around us wherever we look; so it is very important to
understand how images are represented and how the images' colors are mapped if
we want to understand, process, and analyze these images automatically.

[ 27 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

Color spaces
We live in a continuous world, so to capture a scene in a discreet digital sensor, a
discrete spatial (layout) and intensity (color information) mapping has to happen in
order to store the real-world data in a digital image.
The two-dimensional digital image, D(i,j), represents a sensor response value at the
pixel indicated by the row number i and column number j, starting from the left
upper corner as i=j=0.
To represent colors, a digital image usually contains one or more channels to store
the intensity value (color) of each pixel. The most widely used color representation is
a one-channel image, also known as a grayscale image, where every pixel is assigned
a shade of gray depending on its intensity value: zero is black and the maximum
intensity value is white.
8

If an unsigned character, taking values from 0 to 2 -1, is used to represent the

color depth information, then each pixel can store an intensity value from 0 (black)
to 255 (white).
In addition to grayscale color mapping, there is also true color mapping where the
color is represented by three channels instead of one and the pixel value becomes a
tuple of three elements (Red, Green, and Blue). In this case, the color is represented
as a linear combination of the three channels' values and the image is considered to
be three two-dimensional planes.
Sometimes, a fourth channel called Alpha is added and used
to represent the color transparency. In this case, the image will
be considered as four two-dimensional planes.

There is one more color space to consider that is more related to human
understanding and perception of colors than the RGB representation. It is the Hue,
Saturation, and Value (HSV) color space.
Each of the color dimensions can be understood as follows:

Hue (H): It is the color itself, Red, Blue, or Green.

Saturation (S): It measures how pure the color is; for example, is it a dull red
or dark red? Think of it as how much white is blinded with the color.

Value (V): It is the brightness of the color, also known as luminance.

The last image type to consider is the binary image. It is a two-dimensional array
of pixels; however, each pixel can store only the value of zero or one. This type or
representation is important to the solving of vision problems such as edge detection.
[ 28 ]

Chapter 2

Having a two-dimensional array of pixels or three two-dimensional planes to

represent the images with each cell or pixel containing the intensity value of the color
in case of an RGB color space or the Hue, Saturation, and Value in case of an HSV
color space, reduces the image to a numerical matrix. As OpenCV's main focus is to
process and manipulate images, the first thing that you will need to understand is
how OpenCV stores and handles the images.

The Mat class

The most important and fundamental data structure that you will be using when
developing vision-aware applications using OpenCV is the Mat class.
The Mat class represents an n-dimensional dense numerical single-channel or
multichannel array. Basically, if you are using the Mat class to represent a grayscale
image, then your Mat object will be a two-dimensional array (with one channel)
storing the pixel intensity values. If you are using the Mat class to store a full color
image, then the Mat object will be a two-dimensional array with three channels (one
channel for Red intensities, one for Green, and one for Blue) and the same applies to
the HSV color space.
As with any Java class, the Mat class has a list of constructors and, in most cases, the
default constructor will be sufficient. However, in some other cases, you might want
to initialize a Mat object with a specific size, type, and number of channels.
In this case, you can use the following constructor:
int
int
int
Mat

numRow=5;
numCol=5;
type=org.opencv.core.CvType.CV_8UC1;
myMatrix=newMat(numRow,numCol,type);

This constructor takes three integer parameters:

int Rows: The number of the new matrix rows

int Cols: The number of the new matrix columns

int type: The new matrix type

[ 29 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

In order to specify what type the Mat class is storing and how many
channels there are, OpenCV provides you with a CvType class with
static int fields with the following naming convention:
CV_(Data type size ["8" | "16" | "32" | "64"])(["S" | "U" | "F" , for
signed, unsigned integers, or floating point numbers])(Number of
channels["C1 | C2 | C3 | C4", for one, two, three, or four channels
respectively])
For example, you specified the type parameter as org.opencv.
core.CvType.CV_8UC1; this means that the matrix will hold 8-bit
unsigned characters for color intensity with one channel. In other
words, this matrix will store a grayscale image with intensities from
0 (black) to 255 (white).

Basic Mat operations

Besides understanding how digital images are represented in the OpenCV library,
you will need to be familiar with some basic operations that you can perform on the
Mat object.
The most fundamental operation that you can do is pixel-level access to retrieve the
pixel value whether your color space is grayscale or full RGB. Assuming that you
have the sample application from Chapter 1, Getting Yourself Ready, up and running,
you can recall that in the onCameraFrame() callback method, we were retrieving the
full color camera frame using the inputFrame.rgba() method.
With the camera frame, we can access the pixel value using the following code:
@Override
public Mat onCameraFrame(CvCameraViewFrameinputFrame) {
Mat cameraFram=inputFrame.rgba();
double [] pixelValue=cameraFram.get(0, 0);
double redChannelValue=pixelValue[0];
double greenChannelValue=pixelValue[1];
double blueChannelValue=pixelValue[2];
Log.i(TAG, "red channel value: "+redChannelValue);
Log.i(TAG, "green channel value: "+greenChannelValue);
Log.i(TAG, "blue channel value: "+blueChannelValue);
return inputFrame.rgba();
}

Let's go through the important lines and the rest is actually straightforward:
double [] pixelValue=cameraFram.get(0, 0);

[ 30 ]

Chapter 2

In this line, we are calling the get(0,0) function and passing it to the row and
column index; in this case, it is the top left pixel.
Note that the get() method returns a double array because the Mat object can hold
up to four channels.
In our case, it is a full color image, so each pixel will have three intensities for each of
the Red (r), Green (g), and Blue (b) color channels in addition to one channel for the
transparency, Alpha (a), hence the name of the method is rgba().
You can access each channel intensity independently using the array index operator
[] so, for the Red, Green, and Blue intensities, you use 0, 1, and 2, respectively:
double redChannelValue=pixelValue[0];
double greenChannelValue=pixelValue[1];
double blueChannelValue=pixelValue[2];

The following table is a list of the basic Mat class operations that you will need to be
familiar with:
Functionality
To retrieve the number of
channels
To make a deep copy of a Mat
object including the matrix data
To retrieve the number of
matrix columns

Code sample
Mat myImage; //declared and initialized
int numberOfChannels=myImage.channels();
Mat newMat=existingMat.clone();
First method:
Mat myImage; //declared and initialized
int colsNum=myImage.cols();
Second method:
int colsNum=myImage.width();
Third method:
//And yes, it is a public instance
variable.
int colsNum=myImage.size().width;

[ 31 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

Functionality

Code sample

To retrieve the number of

matrix rows

First method:
Mat myImage; //declared and initialized
int rowsNum=myImage.rows();
Second method:
int rowsNum=myImage.height();
Thirst method:
//And yes, it is a public instance
variable.

To retrieve the matrix element

depth (the type of each
individual channel):

int rowsNum=myImage.size().height;
Mat myImage; //declared and initialized
int depth=myImage.depth()

CV_8U: 8-bit unsigned

integers (0 to 255)
CV_8S: 8-bit signed
integers (-128 to 127)
CV_16U: 16-bit unsigned
integers (0 to 65,535)
CV_16S: 16-bit signed
integers (-32,768 to
32,767)
CV_32S: 32-bit signed
integers (-2,147,483,648
to 2,147,483,647)
CV_32F: 32-bit floatingpoint numbers
CV_64F: 64-bit floatingpoint numbers
To retrieve the total number
of matrix elements (number of
pixels in an image)

Mat myImage; //declared and initialized

long numberOfPixels=myImage.total()

[ 32 ]

Chapter 2

Processing the images stored on your

phone
In this section, you will learn how to load an image from your phone and apply some
interesting image processing algorithms to it, such as contrast enhancing, smoothing
(removing noise from your image), and applying some filters.

Loading an image to a Mat object

Let's get started by first creating a new Android project. As you've seen in the
previous chapter, in order to start using the OpenCV algorithms, you will need to
add the OpenCV library to your project:
1. Launch Eclipse.
2. Create a new Android project application; let's name it DarkRoom.
3. Choose the package name. In this example, I chose it to be com.example.
chapter2.darkroom.
4. Set the minimum required SDK to be anything above API 11 (Android 3.0). In
my case, and it is highly recommended, I chose it to be API 16 (Android 4.1).
For the target SDK, you should choose API 19 because there is an issue when
loading the OpenCV library if you are using a target SDK higher than 19.
5. Click Next.
6. Let Eclipse create a blank activity for you and name it IODarkRoom.
7. Finish creating the project.
8. Import the OpenCV library project to your workspace file, Menu | Import |
Existing Android Code Into Workspace.
9. Click Browse and go to your OpenCV installation home directory.
10. Select the OpenCV home directory and click Ok.
11. Deselect all the projects and select only the OpenCV library project.
12. Click Finish.
13. Now, you need to link your newly created Android project with the OpenCV
library that you just imported so, on the new project, right-click Properties.
14. In the left pane, select the Android tree node and in the right pane, click Add.
15. Select the OpenCV library and click Ok.

[ 33 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

UI definitions
In this project, you will load an image stored on your phone, convert it to a bitmap
image, and display it in an image view.
Let's start by setting the layout of the application activity:
<LinearLayoutxmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/
android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:orientation="horizontal">
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/IODarkRoomImageView"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:src="@drawable/ic_launcher"
android:layout_marginLeft="0dp"
android:layout_marginTop="0dp"
android:scaleType="fitXY"/>
</LinearLayout>

It is a simple linear layout with an image view. The next step is to set some needed
permissions. Just in case you will be loading images from your SD card, you will
need to set the corresponding permission so that Android allows your application to
read and write from the external storage.
In your manifest file, add the following line:
<uses-permissionandroid:name=
"android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>

It is a write permission; however, your application is also implicitly granted a read

permission as it is less restrictive.
Now, let's move on to the application and activity definition:
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
<activity
android:name=".IODarkRoom"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:screenOrientation="portrait">
<intent-filter>
[ 34 ]

Chapter 2
<actionandroid:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/>
<categoryandroid:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>

It is a very straightforward definition; however, without a loss of generality, I

restricted the orientation of the activity to be portrait, which means that your activity
will not support the landscape mode. This will put the focus on image manipulation
instead of handling different activity modes. However, I encourage you to extend
this application to also support landscape orientation after digesting the content of
this chapter as it will give you a good hands-on experience.
We will need a menu item for every action that we will support in the application.
Our first action will be opening the gallery on your phone in order to select a specific
image and for this, you will need to add the following menu item to the file:
res/menu/iodark_room.xml
<item
android:id="@+id/action_openGallary"
android:orderInCategory="100"
android:showAsAction="never"
android:title="@string/action_OpenGallary"/>

Add the corresponding string definition to res/values/strings.xml:

<stringname="action_OpenGallary">Open Gallary</string>

We are done with the UI definitions for this part of the application, so let's move on
to the code behind it.

Reading an image using OpenCV

The first step is to load the OpenCV library asynchronously using the OpenCV
manager service to reduce the memory footprint of your application. To do so,
you will need to have this boilerplate code in every activity that will be using the
OpenCV algorithms:
private BaseLoaderCallback mLoaderCallback =
newBaseLoaderCallback(this) {
@Override
public void onManagerConnected(int status) {
switch (status) {
case LoaderCallbackInterface.SUCCESS:
{
[ 35 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

Log.i(TAG, "OpenCV loaded successfully");
} break;
default:
{
super.onManagerConnected(status);
} break;
}
}
};
@Override
public void onResume()
{
super.onResume();
OpenCVLoader.initAsync(OpenCVLoader.OPENCV_VERSION_2_4_8,
this, mLoaderCallback);
}

The next step is to handle the user clicks on the menu item that we defined earlier:
private static final int SELECT_PICTURE = 1;
private String selectedImagePath;
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
// Handle action bar item clicks here. The action bar will
// automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long
// as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml.
int id = item.getItemId();
if (id == R.id.action_openGallary) {
Intent intent = newIntent();
intent.setType("image/*");
intent.setAction(Intent.ACTION_GET_CONTENT);
startActivityForResult(Intent.createChooser(intent,
"Select Picture"), SELECT_PICTURE);
return true;
}
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}

Once the user selects an image to load from the gallery, we execute the loading and
display it in the activity result callback method:
public void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode,
Intent data) {
if (resultCode == RESULT_OK) {
if (requestCode == SELECT_PICTURE) {
[ 36 ]

Chapter 2
Uri selectedImageUri = data.getData();
selectedImagePath = getPath(selectedImageUri);
Log.i(TAG, "selectedImagePath: " + selectedImagePath);
loadImage(selectedImagePath);
displayImage(sampledImage);
}
}
}

After you make sure that the opened activity returned the needed resultin this
case, it is the image URIwe call the helper method, getPath(), to retrieve the
image path in the format that is needed to load the image using OpenCV:
private String getPath(Uri uri) {
// just some safety built in
if(uri == null ) {
return null;
}
// try to retrieve the image from the media store first
// this will only work for images selected from gallery
String[] projection = { MediaStore.Images.Media.DATA };
Cursor cursor = getContentResolver().query(uri, projection,
null, null, null);
if(cursor != null ){
int column_index = cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow(
MediaStore.Images.Media.DATA);
cursor.moveToFirst();
return cursor.getString(column_index);
}
return uri.getPath();
}

Once we have the path ready, we call the loadImage() method:

private void loadImage(String path)
{
originalImage = Highgui.imread(path);
Mat rgbImage=new Mat();
Imgproc.cvtColor(originalImage, rgbImage,
Imgproc.COLOR_BGR2RGB);
Display display = getWindowManager().getDefaultDisplay();
//This is "android graphics Point" class
Point size = new Point();

[ 37 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

display.getSize(size);
int width = size.x;
int height = size.y;
sampledImage=new Mat();
double downSampleRatio= calculateSubSampleSize(
rgbImage,width,height);
Imgproc.resize(rgbImage, sampledImage, new Size(),
downSampleRatio,downSampleRatio,Imgproc.INTER_AREA);
try {
ExifInterface exif = new ExifInterface(selectedImagePath);
int orientation = exif.getAttributeInt(
ExifInterface.TAG_ORIENTATION, 1);
switch (orientation)
{
case ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_ROTATE_90:
//get the mirrored image
sampledImage=sampledImage.t();
//flip on the y-axis
Core.flip(sampledImage, sampledImage, 1);
break;
case ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_ROTATE_270:
//get up side down image
sampledImage=sampledImage.t();
//Flip on the x-axis
Core.flip(sampledImage, sampledImage, 0);
break;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

Let's go through the code step by step:

originalImage = Highgui.imread(path);

This method reads an image from the given path and returns it. It is provided as a
static member in the Highgui class.

[ 38 ]

Chapter 2

If you are loading a colored image, it is very important to know

the order of the color channels. In the case of imread(), the
decoded image will have the channels stored in a B, G, R order.

Now, let us see the following snippet:

Mat rgbImage=new Mat();
Imgproc.cvtColor(originalImage, rgbImage, Imgproc.COLOR_BGR2RGB);

In order to load the image as an RGB bitmap, we first need to convert the decoded
image from the color space B, G, R to the color space R, G, B.
First, we instantiate an empty Mat object, rgbImage, then we execute color space
mapping using the Imgproc.cvtColor() method. The method takes three
parameters: the source image, destination image, and mapping code. Luckily,
OpenCV supports over 150 mappings and, in our case, we need the BGR to RGB
mapping. Now, let us see the following snippet:
Display display = getWindowManager().getDefaultDisplay();
Point size = new Point();
display.getSize(size);
int width = size.x;
int height = size.y;
double downSampleRatio= calculateSubSampleSize(
rgbImage,width,height);

It would be very wasteful and sometimes impossible to display the images in their
original resolution due to memory constraints.
For example, if you captured an image with your phone's 8 megapixel camera,
then the memory cost of the colored image, assuming 1 byte color depth, is
8 3 ( RGB ) = 24 megabyte .
To overcome this issue, it is advisable to resize (downsample) the image to your
phone's display resolution. To do so, we first retrieve the phone's display resolution
and then calculate the downsample ratio using the calculateSubSampleSize()
helper method:
private static double calculateSubSampleSize(
Mat srcImage, int reqWidth, int reqHeight) {
// Raw height and width of image
final int height = srcImage.height();

[ 39 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

final int width = srcImage.width();
double inSampleSize = 1;
if (height > reqHeight || width > reqWidth) {
// Calculate
//height and
final double
final double

ratios of requested height and width to the raw

width
heightRatio = (double) reqHeight / (double) height;
widthRatio = (double) reqWidth / (double) width;

// Choose the smallest ratio as inSampleSize value, this will

//guarantee final image with both dimensions larger than or
//equal to the requested height and width.
inSampleSize = heightRatio<widthRatio ?
heightRatio :widthRatio;
}
return inSampleSize;
}

The calculateSubSampleSize() method takes three arguments: the source image,

required width, and required height, then computes the downsample ratio. Now, let
us see the following snippet:
sampledImage=new Mat();
Imgproc.resize(rgbImage, sampledImage, new Size(),
downSampleRatio,downSampleRatio,Imgproc.INTER_AREA);

Now, we are ready to resize the loaded image to fit on the device screen. First, we
create an empty Mat object, sampledImage, to hold the resized image. Then, we call
Imgproc.resize() passing to it:

The source Mat object, the one that we need to resize

The destination Mat object

The size of the new image; in our case, a new empty Size object as we will
send the downsample ratio instead

A double for the downsample ratio in the X direction (for the width)

A double for the downsample ratio in the Y direction (for the height)

An integer for the interpolation method; the default value is INTER_LINEAR,

which corresponds to the linear interpolation

Interpolation is needed here because we will change the size of an image (upsize or
downsize) and we want the mapping from the source image to the destination image
to be as smooth as possible.
[ 40 ]

Chapter 2

Interpolation will decide what the value of the destination image pixel is when it
falls between two pixels in the source image in case we are downsizing. It will also
compute the value of the new pixels in the destination image, which doesn't have a
corresponding pixel in the source image, in case we are upsizing.
In either case, OpenCV has several options to compute the value of such pixels. The
default INTER_LINEAR method computes the destination pixel value by linearly
weighing the 2-by-2 surrounding source pixels' values according to how close they
are to the destination pixel. Alternatively, INTER_NEAREST takes the value of the
destination pixel from its closest pixel in the source image. The INTER_AREA option
virtually places the destination pixel over the source pixels and then averages the
covered pixel values. Finally, we have the option of fitting a cubic spline between
the 4-by-4 surrounding pixels in the source image and then reading off the
corresponding destination value from the fitted spline; this is the result of choosing
the INTER_CUBIC interpolation method.
To shrink an image, it will generally look best with the INTER_
AREA interpolation, whereas to enlarge an image, it will generally
look best with INTER_CUBIC (slow) or INTER_LINEAR (faster, but
still looks OK).
try {
ExifInterface exif = new ExifInterface(selectedImagePath);
int orientation = exif.getAttributeInt(
ExifInterface.TAG_ORIENTATION, 1);
switch (orientation)
{
case ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_ROTATE_90:
//get the mirrored image
sampledImage=sampledImage.t();
//flip on the y-axis
Core.flip(sampledImage, sampledImage, 1);
break;
case ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_ROTATE_270:
//get upside down image
sampledImage=sampledImage.t();
//Flip on the x-axis
Core.flip(sampledImage, sampledImage, 0);
break;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
[ 41 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

Now, we need to handle the image orientation and because the activity only works
in the portrait mode, we will handle the images with a rotation of 90 or 270 degrees.
In the case of a 90 degree rotation, this means that you took the image with the
phone in the portrait position; we rotate the image 90 degrees counterclockwise by
calling the t() method in order to transpose the Mat object.
The result of the transpose is a mirrored version of the original image, so we need
one more step to flip the image around the vertical axis by calling Core.flip() and
passing it to the source image and destination image and calling a flip code to specify
how to flip the image; 0 means flipping around the x axis, a positive value (for
example, 1) means flipping around the y axis, and a negative value (for example, -1)
means flipping around both the axes.
For the 270 degree rotation case, this means that you took the picture with your
phone upside down. We follow the same algorithm, transpose the image and then
flip it. Yet, after we transpose the image, it will be a mirrored version around the
horizontal direction, thus we call Core.flip() with the 0 flip code.
Now, we are ready to display the image using the image view component:
private void displayImage(Mat image)
{
// create a bitMap
Bitmap bitMap = Bitmap.createBitmap(image.cols(),
image.rows(),Bitmap.Config.RGB_565);
// convert to bitmap:
Utils.matToBitmap(image, bitMap);
// find the imageview and draw it!
ImageView iv = (ImageView) findViewById(
R.id.IODarkRoomImageView);
iv.setImageBitmap(bitMap);
}

First, we create a bitmap object with the color channels' order matching the loaded
image color channels' order, RGB. Then, we use Utils.matToBitmap() to convert a
Mat object to a bitmap object. Finally, we set the image view bitmap with the newly
created bitmap object.

[ 42 ]

Chapter 2

Calculating an image histogram

We are one step closer to understanding the image content, and one of the
fundamental image analysis techniques is calculating the image histogram.

What are histograms?

Histograms are plots used to give you an overall idea about the distribution of the
intensity values of a given image. In the x axis, the plot will have values ranging
from 0 to 255 depending on the image depth as explained earlier and the y axis will
represent the number of occurrences of the corresponding intensity value.
Once you calculate and display the histogram of an image, you can easily gain some
insights about the image contrast, intensity distribution, and so on. Actually, if you
normalize the histogram, making it sum to one, you can treat the histogram as a
probability density function and answer questions such as what is the probability
of a given intensity value to occur on an image and the answer is simply the y axis
reading at that intensity value. In the following figure, you can see that pixels with
an intensity of 50 appears in the image on the left 5,000 times:

[ 43 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

Understanding histogram components

Before we dive in and start calculating histograms, we need to understand some
components and terminologies to calculate a histogram:

Histogram bins: As explained earlier, the x axis of the histogram plot

represents the intensity values that each pixel can store.
For example, if you are displaying a histogram for the intensities from 0
to 255, you will need 256 bins to hold the number of occurrences for each
intensity value. However, this is usually not the case as this is considered a
very fine-grained histogram and the results may not be very informative.
To fix this, you can divide the histogram into bins and every bin holds a
range of intensities.
For our example, from 0 to 255, we can have 25 bins and every bin will hold the
value for ten consecutive intensity values, from 0 to 9, and from 10 to 19, and
so on. Yet, if the histogram is still not very representative, you can decrease the
number of bins in order to increase the range of intensity values in every bin.

Histogram dimensions: In our case, the number of dimensions is one as we

will be considering only the intensity value for each pixel for one channel in
the case of a grayscale image or an individual color channel in the case of a
full color image.

Histogram range: This is the limit of values to be measured. In our example,

we have intensities ranging from 0 to 255, so the range of values that we
want to measure will be (0, 255), that is, all the intensities.

Now, we are ready to show how to calculate a histogram for an image using the
OpenCV library.

UI definitions
We will continue to build on the same app that we started in the previous section.
The change is to add one more menu item to the menu file in order to trigger the
histogram calculation.
Go to the res/menu/iodark_room.xml file and open it to include the following
menu item:
<item
android:id="@+id/action_Hist"
android:orderInCategory="101"
android:showAsAction="never"
android:title="@string/action_Hist">
</item>
[ 44 ]

Chapter 2

This is it, in terms of UI changes.

Calculating an image histogram

In the IODarkRoom activity, we need to handle the user pressing the display
histogram menu item.
Edit the onOptionesItemSelected() method as follows:
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
// Handle action bar item clicks here. The action bar will
// automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long
// as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml.
int id = item.getItemId();
if (id == R.id.action_openGallary) {
Intent intent = newIntent();
intent.setType("image/*");
intent.setAction(Intent.ACTION_GET_CONTENT);
startActivityForResult(Intent.createChooser(intent,
"Select Picture"), SELECT_PICTURE);
return true;
}
else if (id == R.id.action_Hist) {
if(sampledImage==null)
{
Context context = getApplicationContext();
CharSequence text = "You need to load an image first!";
int duration = Toast.LENGTH_SHORT;
Toast toast = Toast.makeText(context, text, duration);
toast.show();
return true;
}
Mat histImage=new Mat();
sampledImage.copyTo(histImage);
calcHist(histImage);
displayImage(histImage);
return true;
}
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}

[ 45 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

Note that in case the display histogram menu item is pressed, we first check to see
that the user already loaded an image and in case he didn't, we display a friendly
message and then return it.
Now for the histogram part, which is as follows:
Mat histImage=new Mat();
sampledImage.copyTo(histImage);
calcHist(histImage);
displayImage(histImage);
return true;

We first make a copy of the downsized image that the user loaded; this is necessary
as we will change the image to display the histogram, so we need to have a pristine
copy. Once we have the copy, we call calcHist() and pass it to the new image:
private void calcHist(Mat image)
{
int mHistSizeNum = 25;
MatOfInt mHistSize = new MatOfInt(mHistSizeNum);
Mat hist = new Mat();
float []mBuff = new float[mHistSizeNum];
MatOfFloat histogramRanges = new MatOfFloat(0f, 256f);
Scalar mColorsRGB[] = new Scalar[] { new Scalar(200, 0, 0, 255),
new Scalar(0, 200, 0, 255), new Scalar(0, 0, 200, 255) };
org.opencv.core.PointmP1 = new org.opencv.core.Point();
org.opencv.core.PointmP2 = new org.opencv.core.Point();
int thikness = (int) (image.width() / (mHistSizeNum+10)/3);
if(thikness> 3) thikness = 3;
MatOfInt mChannels[] = new MatOfInt[] { new MatOfInt(0),
new MatOfInt(1), new MatOfInt(2) };
Size sizeRgba = image.size();
int offset = (int) ((sizeRgba.width (3*mHistSizeNum+30)*thikness));
// RGB
for(int c=0; c<3; c++) {
Imgproc.calcHist(Arrays.asList(image), mChannels[c], new
Mat(), hist, mHistSize, histogramRanges);
Core.normalize(hist, hist, sizeRgba.height/2, 0,
Core.NORM_INF);
hist.get(0, 0, mBuff);
for(int h=0; h<mHistSizeNum; h++) {

[ 46 ]

Chapter 2
mP1.x = mP2.x = offset + (c * (mHistSizeNum + 10) + h) *
thikness;
mP1.y = sizeRgba.height-1;
mP2.y = mP1.y - (int)mBuff[h];
Core.line(image, mP1, mP2, mColorsRGB[c], thikness);
}
}
}

The calcHist() method is divided into two parts.

The first part is related to configuring the histogram's look and defining the
histogram components:
int mHistSizeNum = 25;
MatOfInt mHistSize = new MatOfInt(mHistSizeNum);

First, we define the number of histogram bins. In this case, our histogram will have
25 bins. Then, we initialize a MatOfInt() object, which is a subclass of the Mat class
but only stores integers, with the number of histogram bins. The result of such an
initialization is a MatOfInt object of the dimension, 111( rows columns channels ) ,
holding the number 25.
We need to initialize such an object because, according to the
specification, the OpenCV calculate histogram method takes a
Mat object holding the number of histogram bins.

Then, we initialize a new Mat object to hold the histogram value using the following
command:
Mat hist = newMat();

This time, the Mat object will have the dimension, 11 number of bins :
float []mBuff = new float[mHistSizeNum];

Recall that in the beginning of this chapter, we accessed individual pixels in the
image. Here, we will use the same technique to access the histogram bins' values
and store them in an array of the float type. Here we are defining another histogram
component, which is the histogram range:
MatOfFloat histogramRanges = new MatOfFloat(0f, 256f);

We use the MatOfFloat() class; it is a subclass of the Mat class and as the name
suggests, it only holds floating point numbers.

[ 47 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

The result of such an initialization will be a Mat object of the dimension, 2 11 ,

holding the values 0 and 256, respectively:
Scalar mColorsRGB[] = new Scalar[] { new Scalar(200, 0, 0, 255),
new Scalar(0, 200, 0, 255), new Scalar(0, 0, 200, 255) };

As we are creating a histogram of every channel, we will distinguish between every

channel's histogram by plotting its lines with the corresponding channel color. We
initialize an array of three Scalar objects, which is simply a double array of a length
up to four, representing the three colors, Red, Green, and Blue. Initialize two points
to draw a line for every histogram bin:
org.opencv.core.PointmP1 = new org.opencv.core.Point();
org.opencv.core.PointmP2 = new org.opencv.core.Point();

For every line that we draw for the histogram bin, we need to specify the line
thickness:
int thikness = (int) (image.width() / (mHistSizeNum+10)/3);
if(thikness> 3) thikness = 3;

Initialize three MatOfInt objects with the values 0, 1, and 2 to index every image
channel independently:
MatOfInt mChannels[] = new MatOfInt[] { new MatOfInt(0),
new MatOfInt(1), new MatOfInt(2) };

Calculate the offset from which we will start drawing the histogram:
Size sizeRgba = image.size();
int offset = (int) ((sizeRgba.width (3*mHistSizeNum+30)*thikness));

Let's move forward to part two where we calculate and plot the histogram:
// RGB
for(int c=0; c<3; c++) {
Imgproc.calcHist(Arrays.asList(image), mChannels[c], new Mat(),
hist, mHistSize, histogramRanges);
Core.normalize(hist, hist, sizeRgba.height/2, 0, Core.NORM_INF);
hist.get(0, 0, mBuff);
for(int h=0; h<mHistSizeNum; h++) {

[ 48 ]

Chapter 2
mP1.x = mP2.x = offset + (c * (mHistSizeNum + 10) + h) *
thikness;
mP1.y = sizeRgba.height-1;
mP2.y = mP1.y - (int)mBuff[h];
Core.line(image, mP1, mP2, mColorsRGB[c], thikness);
}
}

The first thing to notice is that we can only compute the histogram for one channel
at a time. That's why we have a for loop running for the three channels. As for the
body for the loop, the first step is to call Imgproc.calcHist() that does all the heavy
lifting after passing it to the following arguments:

A list of Mat objects. Imgproc.calcHist() calculates the histogram for a

list of images and, in our case, we are passing a list of Mat objects containing
only one image.

A MatOfInt object for the channel index.

A Mat object to be used as a mask in case we want to calculate the

histogram for a specific region of the image. However, in our case, we
need to calculate the histogram for the whole image and that's why we
send an empty Mat object.

A Mat object to store the histogram values.

A MatOfInt object to hold the number of bins.

A MatOfFloat object to hold the histogram range.

Now that we have computed the histogram, it is necessary to normalize its values
so that we can display them on the device screen. Core.normalize() can be used
in several different ways:
Core.normalize(hist, hist, sizeRgba.height/2, 0, Core.NORM_INF);

The one used here is to normalize using the norm of the input array, which is the
histogram values in our case, passing the following arguments:

A Mat object as the source of the values to normalize.

A Mat object as the destination after normalization.

A double alpha. In the case of a norm normalization, the alpha will be used
as the norm value. For the other case, which is a range normalization, the
alpha will be the minimum value of the range.

[ 49 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

A double beta. This parameter is only used in the case of a range normalization
as the maximum range value. In our case, we passed 0 as it is not used.

An integer norm type. This argument specifies which normalization to

use. In our case, we passed Core.NORM_INF, which tells OpenCV to use the
infinity norm for normalization, setting the maximum value of the input
array to equal the alpha parameter that in our case is set to half of the image
height. You could use a different norm such as an L2 norm or L1 norm and
this is equivalent to passing Core.NORM_L2 or Core.NORM_L1, respectively.
Alternatively, you can use range normalization by passing Core.MINMAX,
which will normalize the values of the source to be between the alpha and
beta parameters.

After normalization, we retrieve the histogram bin values in a float array:

hist.get(0, 0, mBuff);

Finally, we plot a line for every bin in the histogram using Core.line():
for(int h=0; h<mHistSizeNum; h++) {
//calculate the starting x position related to channel C plus 10
//pixels spacing multiplied by the thickness
mP1.x = mP2.x = offset + (c * (mHistSizeNum + 10) + h) *
thikness;
mP1.y = sizeRgba.height-1;
mP2.y = mP1.y - (int)mBuff[h];
Core.line(image, mP1, mP2, mColorsRGB[c], thikness);
}

To Core.line(), we pass the following parameters:

A Mat object to plot on

A Point object representing the starting point of the line

A Point object representing the ending point of the line

A Scalar object representing the line color

An integer representing the line thickness

[ 50 ]

Chapter 2

The final output would be the loaded image with a histogram for every color channel:

Enhancing the image contrast

Now that you understand what a histogram is and how to calculate it, it is time to
look at one of the most widely used image enhancing techniques: the histogram
equalization. The histogram equalization technique is used to enhance the image
contrast, that is, the difference between the minimum and maximum intensity values
in order to strengthen image details that could be washed out.

[ 51 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

Understanding histogram equalization

From an abstract point of view, what the histogram equalization does is it finds a
function that takes the image's original histogram and transforms it to a stretched
histogram with a uniform distribution of the image intensity values, thus enhancing
the image contrast.
In practice, histogram equalization doesn't produce a perfectly equalized output
histogram; however, it forms a good approximation of the needed transformation
that spreads the intensity values more evenly over the defined equalization range of
the image:

[ 52 ]

Chapter 2

Enhancing grayscale images

Since the beginning of the book, we haven't really distinguished between applying
the set of algorithms that we have to a grayscale or full color image. However,
applying histogram equalization to a grayscale image has a different effect than
applying it to a full color image.
We will start by applying the histogram equalization to the grayscale images first.

UI definitions
We will build on the project that we developed earlier by adding more menu items
to trigger the image enhancing functionality.
Open the menu file, res/menu/iodark_room.xml, and add the new submenu:
<item android:id="@+id/enhance_gs"
android:title="@string/enhance_gs"
android:enabled="true"android:visible="true"
android:showAsAction="always"
android:titleCondensed="@string/enhance_gs_small">
<menu>
<item android:id="@+id/action_togs"
android:title="@string/action_ctgs"/>
<item android:id="@+id/action_egs"
android:title="@string/action_eqgsistring"/>
</menu>
</item>

In the new submenu, we added two new items: one to convert the image to grayscale
and the second to trigger the histogram equalization.

Converting an image to grayscale

OpenCV supports many color space conversions so the effort needed to convert a
full color image to grayscale is very minimal.
We need to update the onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) method in the
activity to handle pressing the new menu item in order to convert to grayscale:
else if (id == R.id.action_togs) {
if(sampledImage==null)
{
Context context = getApplicationContext();
CharSequence text = "You need to load an image first!";
int duration = Toast.LENGTH_SHORT;
Toast toast = Toast.makeText(context, text, duration);
[ 53 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

toast.show();
return true;
}
greyImage=new Mat();
Imgproc.cvtColor(sampledImage, greyImage,
Imgproc.COLOR_RGB2GRAY);
displayImage(greyImage);
return true;
}

We do a check to see if the sampled image is already loaded and then call Imgproc.
cvtColor() and pass to it the following parameters:

A Mat object as our source image.

A Mat object as the destination image.

An integer to indicate which color space to convert from and which color
space to convert to. In our case, we chose to convert from RGB to grayscale.

Finally, we display the grayscale image.

Equalizing a histogram for a grayscale image

We change the onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) method to handle the
histogram equalization menu item:
else if (id == R.id.action_egs) {
if(greyImage==null)
{
Context context = getApplicationContext();
CharSequence text = "You need to convert the image to
greyscale first!";
int duration = Toast.LENGTH_SHORT;
Toast toast = Toast.makeText(context, text, duration);
toast.show();
return true;
}
Mat eqGS=new Mat();
Imgproc.equalizeHist(greyImage, eqGS);
displayImage(eqGS);
return true;
}

[ 54 ]

Chapter 2

We will again check to see if the user already converted the image to grayscale;
otherwise the histogram equalization method will fail. Then, we call Imgproc.
equalizeHist() passing in two parameters:

A Mat object as the source image

A Mat object as the destination image

Finally, we call displayImage() to show the image after the enhancement:

Enhancing an HSV image

To enhance a full color image using histogram equalization and get the same effect,
that is, enhancing the image contrast, we need to convert the image from the RGB
space to the HSV and then apply the same algorithm to the saturation (S) and value
(V) channels.

[ 55 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

UI definitions
The changes are related to adding the new menu item to trigger the HSV
enhancement:
<item android:id="@+id/action_HSV"
android:titleCondensed="@string/action_enhanceHSV"
android:title="@string/action_enhanceHSV"android:enabled="true"
android:showAsAction="ifRoom"android:visible="true"/>

Equalizing a histogram for the image saturation and value

The main skill that you need to master is working with image channels on
individual bases:
else if (id == R.id.action_HSV) {
if(sampledImage==null)
{
Context context = getApplicationContext();
CharSequence text = "You need to load an image first!";
int duration = Toast.LENGTH_SHORT;
Toast toast = Toast.makeText(context, text, duration);
toast.show();
return true;
}

First, update onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) to handle the new

menu item:
Mat V=new Mat(sampledImage.rows(),sampledImage.cols(),
CvType.CV_8UC1);
Mat S=new Mat(sampledImage.rows(),sampledImage.cols(),
CvType.CV_8UC1);

Initialize two new Mat objects to hold the image value and saturation channels:
Mat HSV=new Mat();
Imgproc.cvtColor(sampledImage, HSV, Imgproc.COLOR_RGB2HSV);

[ 56 ]

Chapter 2

Now, we convert the RGB image to the HSV color space:

byte [] Vs=new byte[3];
byte [] vsout=new byte[1];
byte [] ssout=new byte[1];
for(int i=0;i<HSV.rows();i++){
for(int j=0;j<HSV.cols();j++)
{
HSV.get(i, j,Vs);
V.put(i,j,new byte[]{Vs[2]});
S.put(i,j,new byte[]{Vs[1]});
}
}

Then, we access the image pixel by pixel to copy the saturation and value channels:
Imgproc.equalizeHist(V, V);
Imgproc.equalizeHist(S, S);

Call Imgproc.equalizeHist() to enhance the value and saturation channels:

for(int i=0;i<HSV.rows();i++){
for(int j=0;j<HSV.cols();j++)
{
V.get(i, j,vsout);
S.get(i, j,ssout);
HSV.get(i, j,Vs);
Vs[2]=vsout[0];
Vs[1]=ssout[0];
HSV.put(i, j,Vs);
}
}

Now, we copy the enhanced saturation and value back to the original image:
Mat enhancedImage=new Mat();
Imgproc.cvtColor(HSV,enhancedImage,Imgproc.COLOR_HSV2RGB);
displayImage(enhancedImage);
return true;

[ 57 ]

App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

Finally, we convert the HSV color space to RGB and display the enhanced image:

Enhancing an RGB image

Executing histogram equalization on the Red, Green, and Blue channels will give you
a different effect as if you are adjusting the color hue.

UI definitions
We will add a new menu item to execute the RGB enhancement on individual
channels or a group of channels:
<item android:id="@+id/action_RGB"
android:title="@string/action_RGB"
android:titleCondensed="@string/action_enhanceRGB_small"
android:enabled="true"android:showAsAction="ifRoom"
android:visible="true">
<menu>

[ 58 ]

Chapter 2
<item android:id="@+id/action_ER"
android:titleCondensed="@string/action_enhance_red_small"
android:title="@string/action_enhance_red"
android:showAsAction="ifRoom"android:visible="true"
android:enabled="true"android:orderInCategory="1"/>
<item android:id="@+id/action_EG" android:showAsAction="ifRoom"
android:visible="true"android:enabled="true"
android:titleCondensed="@string/action_enhance_green_small"
android:title="@string/action_enhance_green"
android:orderInCategory="2"/>
<item android:id="@+id/action_ERG" android:showAsAction="ifRoom"
android:visible="true"android:enabled="true"
android:titleCondensed="@string/
action_enhance_red_green_small"
android:title="@string/action_enhance_red_green"
android:orderInCategory="3"/>
</menu>
</item>

Equalizing a histogram for the image color channels

You probably noticed that accessing the image pixel by pixel is slow, especially if
the image resolution is high. In this section, we will explore a different technique to
work with image channels that is faster as follows:
else if(id==R.id.action_ER)
{
if(sampledImage==null)
{
Context context = getApplicationContext();
CharSequence text = "You need to load an image first!";
int duration = Toast.LENGTH_SHORT;
Toast toast = Toast.makeText(context, text, duration);
toast.show();
return true;
}
Mat redEnhanced=new Mat();
sampledImage.copyTo(redEnhanced);
Mat redMask=new Mat(sampledImage.rows(),sampledImage.cols(),
sampledImage.type(),new Scalar(1,0,0,0));

The important line here is initializing redMask, which is a Mat object, with all
the channels set to 0 except the first channel, which is the red channel in an
RGB image.

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App 1 - Building Your Own Darkroom

Then, we call the enhanceChannel() method passing in a copy of the loaded image
and channel mask that we created:
enhanceChannel(redEnhanced,redMask);

In the enhanceChannel() method, we first copy the loaded image to another

Mat object:
private void enhanceChannel(Mat imageToEnhance,Mat mask)
{
Mat channel=new Mat(sampledImage.rows(),sampledImage.cols(),CvType.
CV_8UC1);
sampledImage.copyTo(channel,mask);
Imgproc.cvtColor(channel, channel, Imgproc.COLOR_RGB2GRAY,1);
Imgproc.equalizeHist(channel, channel);
Imgproc.cvtColor(channel, channel, Imgproc.COLOR_GRAY2RGB,3);
channel.copyTo(imageToEnhance,mask);
}

However, this time we pass a mask to the copy method to extract only the
designated channel of the image.
Then, we convert the copied channel to a grayscale color space so that the depth is
8-bit and equalizeHist() doesn't fail.
Finally, we convert it to an RGB Mat object, replicating the enhanced channel to
the Red, Green, and Blue, and then we copy the enhanced channel to the passed
argument using the same mask.
You can easily play around with masks that you construct in order to enhance
different channels or a combination of channels.

[ 60 ]

Chapter 2

Summary
By now you should have learned about how images are represented and stored in
OpenCV. You also developed your own darkroom application, loaded images from
your gallery, calculated and displayed their histograms, and executed histogram
equalization on different color spaces in order to enhance how the image looks.
In the next chapter, we will develop a new application to utilize more of the OpenCV
image processing and computer vision algorithms. We will use algorithms to smooth
images and detect ages, lines, and circles.

[ 61 ]

Get more information OpenCV Android Programming By Example

Where to buy this book

You can buy OpenCV Android Programming By Example from the
Packt Publishing website.
Alternatively, you can buy the book from Amazon, BN.com, Computer Manuals and most internet
book retailers.
Click here for ordering and shipping details.

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