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Steady State Temperature Distribution of Cast Resin Dry Type Transformer Based On New Thermal Model Using Finite Element Method

This document presents a thermal model of a cast resin dry type transformer using finite element analysis. The model considers heat transfer via conduction, convection, and radiation to determine the steady state temperature distribution. Validation shows good agreement between calculated and experimental temperatures. A sensitivity study examines the effects of ambient temperature, air duct width, and emissivity on temperatures. Wider air ducts and higher emissivity lower temperatures by increasing heat dissipation, while higher ambient temperatures raise temperatures across the transformer. The model provides detailed temperature data to identify hot spots.

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287 views5 pages

Steady State Temperature Distribution of Cast Resin Dry Type Transformer Based On New Thermal Model Using Finite Element Method

This document presents a thermal model of a cast resin dry type transformer using finite element analysis. The model considers heat transfer via conduction, convection, and radiation to determine the steady state temperature distribution. Validation shows good agreement between calculated and experimental temperatures. A sensitivity study examines the effects of ambient temperature, air duct width, and emissivity on temperatures. Wider air ducts and higher emissivity lower temperatures by increasing heat dissipation, while higher ambient temperatures raise temperatures across the transformer. The model provides detailed temperature data to identify hot spots.

Uploaded by

Anonymous sAmJfcV
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

Vol:4 2010-02-22

Steady State Temperature Distribution of CastResin Dry Type Transformer Based on New
Thermal Model Using Finite Element Method
Magdy B. Eteiba, Essam A. Alzahab, and Yomna O. Shaker
Threeleg core

International Science Index Vol:4, No:2, 2010 waset.org/Publication/12034

AbstractIn this paper, a thermal model of cast- resin dry type


transformer is proposed. The proposed thermal model is solved by
finite element technique to get the temperature at any location of the
transformer. The basic modes of heat transfer such as conduction;
convection and radiation are used to get the steady state temperature
distribution of the transformer. The predicted temperatures are
compared with experimental results reported in this paper and it is
found a good agreement between them. The effects of various
parameters such as width of air duct, ambient temperature and
emissivity of the outer surface were also studied.

HV
winding
LV
winding

KeywordsConvection, dry type transformer, finite-element


technique, thermal model.

Clamping
frame
Fig. 1 Schematic view of cast resin transformer

I. INTRODUCTION

N recent years, the variety of transformer types available for


use in small and medium power applications has grown
considerably [1]. The major types are oil filled transformers,
gas insulated transformers and dry type transformers. In oil
filled and gas insulated transformers, the oil and gas are acting
as insulation and a cooling medium. But the dry type
transformer lacks any fluid for cooling [2].
Cast resin type is the most popular kind of dry type
transformers.
This
type
of
transformers
is
protected against flammability and moisture attraction [2].
Analytical and experimental investigation of temperature
distribution in some types of dry type transformers has been
presented in [2-5]. However, no mathematical model gives a
detailed data about the transformer. By using finite element
technique to analyze the proposed model, more accurate
configuration of temperatures is obtained and the location of
hot spot in the transformer can be determined. A schematic
view of cast resin transformer is shown in Fig. 1 [6].
Three dimension problem is reduced to two dimensional (r
and z) as space variable to reduce size and time and time of
calculation.

II. PROPOSED THERMAL MODELING


A. Finite Element Analysis
A mathematical model of cast resin dry type transformer is
developed to investigate the temperature distribution, using
the finite element technique, due to heat generation in the
windings and iron core. The effects of heat generation, due to
eddy currents, in mechanical parts such as clamps and bolts
were neglected. The structure of transformer components is
complex, so under accepted assumption, the transformer can
be considered as comprised of five major components: iron
core, low voltage windings, high voltage windings, air duct
and fictitious surface acts as a boundary of the air around
transformer as shown in Fig. 2.

Air

High voltage
windings
Low voltage
windings

Core
Fictitious
surface

M. B. Eteiba is with the Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of


Engineering, Fayoum University, Egypt ([email protected]).
E. A. Alzahab is with Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt (e-mail: [email protected]).
Y. O. Shaker is with the Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Fayoum University, Egypt (phone: 20-12-2785116; e-mail:
[email protected]).

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 4(2) 2010

Fig. 2 Schematic of transformer with elements

In the finiteelement technique, a complex region is


discretized into simple geometric shapes called finite elements

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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology


Vol:4 2010-02-22

q d = hd (Ts Tair )

as in Fig. 2. The numerical simulation of heat transfer was


carried out with Ansys 10. A two dimensional cross section of
three phase cast resin dry type transformer is used in analysis.
A reflective symmetry around the center line of core was
used in the model to reduce the size and time of calculations
as in Fig. 2.
The temperatures in 2D cylindrical coordinates are obtained
by the heat diffusion Eq.(1) [7]:

T
1 T 2T q
+
= c
+
r
r r r Z 2
k
t

hd =

Nu z = C1 (1 + R )

1/ 6

International Science Index Vol:4, No:2, 2010 waset.org/Publication/12034

outer surface (W/m2 ), h heat transfer coefficient for


convection from outer surface (W/m2K),Ts local temperature
of surface (K), and Tair ambient temperature (K).
The outer surface of high voltage acts as vertical plate so, to
get the value of heat transfer coefficient, we use the
correlations used in [2] which are given below:

h( z ) =
Nu

Nu z k air
Z

Nu z =

Grz =

g q Z
k 2

1 24 1 / 2 9 1
(1 + R )
+
27 2
z 1 + R
b
Gr Pr
z
b
L Gr Pr

Gr =

(9)

1/ 2

g q b 4
k 2

(10)

(11)

(12)

Where, q d represents the local convection heat flux in


inner or outer cylinder (W/m2), hd local heat transfer
coefficient for convection from inner or outer wall(W/m2 K),
b width of air duct (m), C1 and C2 : 0.697 and 1, L total
height of cylinder (m), q equal to qi (heat flux in inner
cylinder) and qo (heat flux for outer cylinder) (W/m2), and R is
equal to qo/qi for inner cylinder and qi/qo for outer cylinder.
For a rectangular duct b was replaced with B given by the
following equation:

2(DUCTAREA)
2ab
(13)
=
DUCT PERIMETER (2a + 2b)
Where a is the distance between edges of duct spacers (m).
B=

1/5

Gr z

1/5

(4)
(5)

(6)

Where, Nuz represents Nusselt number, Kair thermal


conductivity of air (W/m K), Pr Prandtl number, Gr Grashoff
number, g acceleration of gravity (m/sec2), volumetric
expansion of fluid (1/K) , q heat flux at location z (W/m2), Z
vertical distance (m), kinematics viscosity of fluid (m2/sec)
and dynamic viscosity of fluid (kg/m sec).
The above equations are valid over the Grashoff number in
rang 10 Gr 10 and all the parameters of air are
dependent on unknown temperatures [7, 8].
5

C2

z =

(3)

Pr 2
2
=

1/5
(360 ) 0.8 + Pr
Pr = c / k

1z / 3

For fully developed flow (z 60)

Where T represents the temperature in (K), q heat source in


(W/m3), k thermal conductivity (W/m k), density of material
in (kg/m3) and c specific heat in (J/kg K).
To solve Eq.(1), many boundary conditions must be applied
on the surfaces of the model. Winding losses, convection and
radiation relations are used to get a complete graph of the
temperatures at every location in the model.

represents heat transfer rate per unit area at the


Where qconv

(8)

For entrance region (z 60)

(1)

A. Natural Convection
The heat transfer rate of convection is obtained by
Eq.(2)[8]:
= h( Ts Tair )
(2)
q conv

Nu z k air
b

(7)

10

B. Natural Convection in Air Duct


The equations which are used by Pierce [3] will be used in
the model to get the heat transfer coefficient between two
concentric cylinder (low voltage and high voltage windings)
as given below:

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 4(2) 2010

C. Radiation on the Outer Surface


Radiation heat loss has a considerable effect on the total
distribution of temperatures in the model. Radiation heat
transfer occurs at outer surface of winding and iron core. It
can be calculated as given below [3]:

q r = Fij ( T14 T24 )


Where

(14)

q r is the heat transfer rate per unit area by

radiation(W/m2),

is the emissivity coefficient of


surface, is the Stephan Boltzmans coefficient (5.67*10-8
4

W/m2 K4), Fij is the view factor, T1 is the temperature of


4

first surface (K) and T2 is the temperature of second surface


(K) or temperature of air.
III. VALIDITY OF MODEL
The proposed model was verified by comparing the
computed results with the measured in [2] (three phase, 50 Hz,
400 V/20 kV, 800 kVA). Fig. 3 shows the contour plot for a

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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology


Vol:4 2010-02-22

nodal temperature distribution of cast resin dry type


transformer at full load (800 kVA).

increase but not at same rang because the nonlinearity of


relation of convection and radiation.

Fig. 5a Calculated temperature distribution at ambient 10oC

International Science Index Vol:4, No:2, 2010 waset.org/Publication/12034

Fig. 3 Calculated temperature distribution at full load 800 kVA

Fig. 4 shows a comparison between experimental data in [2]


and the outer surface temperature distribution of the high
voltage winding. It can be seen that the modeling is valid with
a good accuracy.
The hottest spot for the high voltage located near the top of
the winding is 120.8oC. It can be observed the drop of
temperature at the top of winding as a result of extra heat loss
due to convection.

Fig. 5b Calculated temperature distribution at ambient 30oC

Fig. 4 Comparison measured and calculated temperatures at outer


surface

IV. SENSITIVITY STUDY


By using the proposed model, the effect of many
parameters such as ambient temperature, width of air duct and
emissivity of the outer surface are evaluated.
A. Ambient Temperature
Fig. 5a, and Fig. 5b and Fig. 5c show a contour plot of
temperatures in the transformer at various ambient
temperatures (10oC, 30oC, 40oC). Fig. 6 shows the variation of
temperature at the outer surface at different ambient
temperatures.
It is clear that when the ambient temperature increase, the
temperature of high voltage winding and low voltage winding

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 4(2) 2010

Fig. 5c Calculated temperature distribution at ambient 40oC

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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology


Vol:4 2010-02-22

International Science Index Vol:4, No:2, 2010 waset.org/Publication/12034

Fig. 6 Variation of temperature at outer surface at different ambient


temperature

B. Air Duct
Fig. 7a, Fig. 7b and Fig. 7c show a contour plot of
temperatures at different air duct between low voltage and
high voltage windings (60mm, 40mm, 20mm).

Fig. 7a Calculated temperature distribution at air duct 60mm

Fig. 7c Calculated temperature at air duct 20mm

Fig. 8 Variation of temperature of outer surface at different air duct

When the air duct increase the heat loss increase as a result
of increasing the length of winding so it is expected that the
temperature will increase. But on anther side the convection
increase as result of increasing the width of air duct .It can be
observed that for small width, the heat loss decrease and has
the larger effect but at large air duct the convection will be
dominant at the entrance of air duct.
Fig. 8 shows the variation of temperature of the outer
surface at different air ducts.
C. Emissivity of Outer Surface
Fig. 9a shows the contour plot of temperature of
transformer at different emissivites (0.8 and 0.9).

Fig. 7b Calculated temperature at air duct 40mm

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 4(2) 2010

809

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology


Vol:4 2010-02-22

of the proposed model were compared with actual


measurements and they showed reasonable accuracy. This
analysis is more accurate than any other previously developed
model because it is possible to predict the value and location
of hot spot of transformer. This will be very useful for
transformer performance.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]

Fig. 9a Calculated temperature at emissivity 0.8

[4]

International Science Index Vol:4, No:2, 2010 waset.org/Publication/12034

[5]

[6]
[7]
[8]

Fig. 9b Calculated temperature at emissivity 0.9

T.Nunn, A comparison of liquid-filled and dry-type transformer


technologies, IEEE_IAS Cement Industry Committee, pp105-112,2000.
E.Rahimpour,D.Azizian, Analysis of temperature distribution in castresin dry-type transormers, Electr Eng (2007),pp.301-309, April 2006.
L.W.Pierce, Predicting hottest spot temperatures in ventilated dry type
transformer windings, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 9, No. 2,
pp.1160-1172, April 1994.
L.W.Pierce, An investigation of the temperature distribution in castresin transformer windings, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.7, no. 2,
pp.920-926, April 1992.
L.W.Pierce, Thermal considerations in specifying dry-type
transformers, IEEE Trans. industry applications, vol. 30, no. 4, pp.
1090-1098, July/August 1994.
Siemens Power Engineering Guide, Transmission and Distribution-4th
edition, Cast resin dry-type Transformers,GEAFOL.
J.P.Holman, Heat transfer, 8th Ed., N.Y., McGraw-Hill Book Company
1997.
F.P.Incropera, and P.D.David, Fundamentals of heat and mass
transfer, 3rd Ed., John Wiely&Sons, NewYork, 1996.

Magdy B. Eteiba was born in Cairo, Egypt, on August 14, 1947. He received
the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, in
1970 and 1975, respectively, and the M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees from McGill
University, Montreal, QC, Canada, in 1977 and 1982, respectively.
He was the Vice Dean of Education and Student Affairs of the Faculty of
Engineering at Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt. Currently, he is Emeritus
professor at Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering at
Fayoum University. He is a member of the National Committee for Higher
Education Enhancement in Egypt. His research interests include insulation
and thermal characteristics of high-voltage equipment, transmission lines, and
cables, earthing systems, and power quality improvement. He has published
more than 50 papers and articles in international journals and conferences.
Essam M.Zahab was born in Cairo, Egypt. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc.
degrees in electrical power and machines from Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,
in 1970 and 1974, respectively. He received Ph.D. degree from Universite/
Paul Sabaiter, France in 1979.
His current and previous research interests are on switchgear and
protection, electrical distributing systems, illumination engineering and
electrical power systems.

Fig. 10 Distribution of temperature at different emissivites

It is clear that when the emissivity increases the radiation


heat loss from the outer surface will increase and the
temperature decrease. Fig. 10 shows the distribution of
temperature at different emissivity.

Yomna O. Shaker was born in El Fayoum, Egypt, on October 7, 1976. She


received the B.Sc.(Hons.) from Cairo University (El Fayoum branch) in 1998.
She received the M.Sc. degree in 2003 from the Department of Electrical
Power and Machines, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt where she is currently
pursuing the Ph.D degree. Currently, she is Ph.D student and Lecturer
Assistant at Electrical Engineering department, Faculty of Engineering,
Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt. Her research interests are on Elecrical
Machines.

V. CONCLUSION
The thermal model of cast-resin dry type transformer
developed in this paper, using finite element technique, gives
the distribution of temperature in the transformer. The results

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 4(2) 2010

810

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