15

A. Recognizing the computer network

The Internet is global system of interconnected computer networks that

interchange data by packet switching using the standardized Internet
Protocol (IP) Suite. It is a “network of networks” that consists of millions of
private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to
global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless
connections and other technologies.

1. The explain of Computer Networks

Computer networks is global system computer which connected to

another so can share power resources.

2. Advantages of Computer Network

a. The networks enables controlling the power resources be more

efficient. Ex. User can sharing the single printer

b. The networks help to defend the information so must be relying on and

up-to-date. The storage data system centrally which managed with
good, maybe can help user to access from various location or bounding
access to data

c. The networks accelerate process data sharing. Data transfer on the

network be more faster and easy than medium for sharing another
data

d. The networks enables a group work can do communication with more

efficient. Ex. Letters and delivery electronic messages, schedule
system, project monitoring, online conference and groupware

e. The networks help effort for client service with is more effective. Far
distance access go to the server impossible functionary can service
clients in outplace all at once calling the server.

3. Network types

a. Workgroup Network

Workgroup network contains of some computers which connected

with using NIC or usual called with LAN Card, and BNC Cable or UTP.

Advantages:
 15

1) Can using file and printer together

2) Access from data/to unit another computer can limited with security
degree on the password given

3) When one of the computer unit connected with modem, all or partly
of computer unit can access to internet network

b. LAN Network

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a

relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such
as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers more
than a mile apart.

In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the

file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as
well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached to
the network. Computers connected to the file server are called
workstations. The workstations can be less powerful than the file
server, and they may have additional software on their hard drives. On
most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface cards in
each computer. See the Topology, Cabling, and Hardware sections of
this tutorial for more information on the configuration of a LAN.

c. WAN Network

Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect larger geographic areas, such

as Florida, the United States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cabling
or satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of network.

Using a WAN, schools in Florida can communicate with places like

Tokyo in a matter of minutes, without paying enormous phone bills. A
WAN is complicated. It uses multiplexers to connect local and metropolitan
networks to global communications networks like the Internet. To users,
however, a WAN will not appear to be much different than a LAN or a MAN.
 15

Advantages of Installing a School Network

• Speed. Networks provide a very rapid method for sharing and transferring
files. Without a network, files are shared by copying them to floppy disks,
then carrying or sending the disks from one computer to another. This
method of transferring files (referred to as sneaker-net) is very time-
consuming.
• Cost. Networkable versions of many popular software programs are
available at considerable savings when compared to buying individually
licensed copies. Besides monetary savings, sharing a program on a
network allows for easier upgrading of the program. The changes have to
be done only once, on the file server, instead of on all the individual
workstations.
• Security. Files and programs on a network can be designated as "copy
inhibit," so that you do not have to worry about illegal copying of
programs. Also, passwords can be established for specific directories to
restrict access to authorized users.
• Centralized Software Management. One of the greatest benefits of
installing a network at a school is the fact that all of the software can be
loaded on one computer (the file server). This eliminates that need to
spend time and energy installing updates and tracking files on
independent computers throughout the building.
• Resource Sharing. Sharing resources is another area in which a network
exceeds stand-alone computers. Most schools cannot afford enough laser
printers, fax machines, modems, scanners, and CD-ROM players for each
computer. However, if these or similar peripherals are added to a network,
they can be shared by many users.
• Electronic Mail. The presence of a network provides the hardware
necessary to install an e-mail system. E-mail aids in personal and
professional communication for all school personnel, and it facilitates the
dissemination of general information to the entire school staff. Electronic
mail on a LAN can enable students to communicate with teachers and
peers at their own school. If the LAN is connected to the Internet, students
can communicate with others throughout the world.
• Flexible Access. School networks allow students to access their files from
computers throughout the school. Students can begin an assignment in
their classroom, save part of it on a public access area of the network,
then go to the media center after school to finish their work. Students can
also work cooperatively through the network.
 15

• Workgroup Computing. Workgroup software (such as Microsoft

BackOffice) allows many users to work on a document or project
concurrently. For example, educators located at various schools within a
county could simultaneously contribute their ideas about new curriculum
standards to the same document and spreadsheets.

Disadvantages of Installing a School Network

• Expensive to Install. Although a network will generally save money over

time, the initial costs of installation can be prohibitive. Cables, network
cards, and software are expensive, and the installation may require the
services of a technician.
• Requires Administrative Time. Proper maintenance of a network
requires considerable time and expertise. Many schools have installed a
network, only to find that they did not budget for the necessary
administrative support.
• File Server May Fail. Although a file server is no more susceptible to
failure than any other computer, when the files server "goes down," the
entire network may come to a halt. When this happens, the entire school
may lose access to necessary programs and files.
• Cables May Break. The Topology chapter presents information about the
various configurations of cables. Some of the configurations are designed
to minimize the inconvenience of a broken cable; with other
configurations, one broken cable can stop the entire network.
B. The Network Hardware

Networking hardware includes all computers, peripherals, interface cards and

other equipment needed to perform data-processing and communications
within the network. CLICK on the terms below to learn more about those
pieces of networking hardware.
 15

This section provides information on the following components:

• File Servers
• Workstations
• Network Interface Cards
• Switches
• Repeaters
• Bridges
• Routers

File Servers

A file server stands at the heart of most networks. It is a very fast computer with
a large amount of RAM and storage space, along with a fast network interface
card. The network operating system software resides on this computer, along
with any software applications and data files that need to be shared.

The file server controls the communication of information between the nodes on
a network. For example, it may be asked to send a word processor program to
one workstation, receive a database file from another workstation, and store an
e-mail message during the same time period. This requires a computer that can
store a lot of information and share it very quickly. File servers should have at
least the following characteristics:

• 800 megahertz or faster microprocessor (Pentium 3 or 4, G4 or G5)

• A fast hard drive with at least 120 gigabytes of storage
• A RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) to preserve data after a
disk casualty
• A tape back-up unit (i.e. DAT, JAZ, Zip, or CD-RW drive)
• Numerous expansion slots
• Fast network interface card
• At least of 512 MB of RAM

Workstations

All of the user computers connected to a network are called workstations. A

typical workstation is a computer that is configured with a network interface
card, networking software, and the appropriate cables. Workstations do not
necessarily need floppy disk drives because files can be saved on the file server.
Almost any computer can serve as a network workstation.

Network Interface Cards

The network interface card (NIC) provides the physical connection between the
network and the computer workstation. Most NICs are internal, with the card
fitting into an expansion slot inside the computer. Some computers, such as Mac
Classics, use external boxes which are attached to a serial port or a SCSI port.
Laptop computers can now be purchased with a network interface card built-in or
with network cards that slip into a PCMCIA slot.

Network interface cards are a major factor in determining the speed and
performance of a network. It is a good idea to use the fastest network card
available for the type of workstation you are using.
 15

The three most common network interface connections are Ethernet cards,
LocalTalk connectors, and Token Ring cards. According to a International Data
Corporation study, Ethernet is the most popular, followed by Token Ring and
LocalTalk (Sant'Angelo, R. (1995). NetWare Unleashed, Indianapolis, IN: Sams
Publishing).

Ethernet Cards

Ethernet cards are usually purchased separately from a computer, although

many computers (such as the Macintosh) now include an option for a pre-
installed Ethernet card. Ethernet cards contain connections for either coaxial or
twisted pair cables (or both) (See fig. 1). If it is designed for coaxial cable, the
connection will be BNC. If it is designed for twisted pair, it will have a RJ-45
connection. Some Ethernet cards also contain an AUI connector. This can be
used to attach coaxial, twisted pair, or fiber optics cable to an Ethernet card.
When this method is used there is always an external transceiver attached to the
workstation. (See the Cabling section for more
information on connectors.)

Fig. 1. Ethernet card.

From top to bottom:
RJ-45, AUI, and BNC connectors

LocalTalk Connectors

LocalTalk is Apple's built-in solution for networking

Macintosh computers. It utilizes a special adapter box and
a cable that plugs into the printer port of a Macintosh (See
fig. 2). A major disadvantage of LocalTalk is that it is slow
in comparison to Ethernet. Most Ethernet connections
operate at 10 Mbps (Megabits per second). In contrast,
LocalTalk operates at only 230 Kbps (or .23 Mbps).

Fig.2. LocalTalk connectors

Ethernet Cards vs. LocalTalk

Connections

Ethernet LocalTalk

Fast data transfer (10 Slow data transfer

to 100 Mbps) (.23 Mbps)

Expensive - Built into Macintosh

purchased separately computers

Requires computer No computer slot

slot necessary
 15

Available for most Works only on

computers Macintosh computers

Token Ring Cards

Token Ring network cards look similar to Ethernet cards. One visible difference is
the type of connector on the back end of the card. Token Ring cards generally
have a nine pin DIN type connector to attach the card to the network cable.

Switch

A concentrator is a device that provides a central connection point for cables

from workstations, servers, and peripherals. In a star topology, twisted-pair wire
is run from each workstation to a central switch/hub. Most switches are active,
that is they electrically amplify the signal as it moves from one device to
another. Switches no longer broadcast network packets as hubs did in the past,
they memorize addressing of computers and send the information to the correct
location directly. Switches are:

• Usually configured with 8, 12, or 24 RJ-45 ports

• Often used in a star or star-wired ring topology
• Sold with specialized software for port management
• Also called hubs
• Usually installed in a standardized metal rack that also may store
netmodems, bridges, or routers

Repeaters

Since a signal loses strength as it passes along a cable, it is often necessary to

boost the signal with a device called a repeater. The repeater electrically
amplifies the signal it receives and rebroadcasts it. Repeaters can be separate
devices or they can be incorporated into a concentrator. They are used when the
total length of your network cable exceeds the standards set for the type of
cable being used.

A good example of the use of repeaters would be in a local area network using a
star topology with unshielded twisted-pair cabling. The length limit for
unshielded twisted-pair cable is 100 meters. The most common configuration is
for each workstation to be connected by twisted-pair cable to a multi-port active
concentrator. The concentrator amplifies all the signals that pass through it
allowing for the total length of cable on the network to exceed the 100 meter
limit.

Bridges

A bridge is a device that allows you to segment a large network into two smaller,
more efficient networks. If you are adding to an older wiring scheme and want
the new network to be up-to-date, a bridge can connect the two.

A bridge monitors the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it
can pass packets of information to the correct location. Most bridges can "listen"
to the network and automatically figure out the address of each computer on
both sides of the bridge. The bridge can inspect each message and, if necessary,
broadcast it on the other side of the network.
 15

The bridge manages the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both sides
of the network. You might say that the bridge is like a traffic cop at a busy
intersection during rush hour. It keeps information flowing on both sides of the
network, but it does not allow unnecessary traffic through. Bridges can be used
to connect different types of cabling, or physical topologies. They must, however,
be used between networks with the same protocol.

Routers

A router translates information from one network to another; it is similar to a

super intelligent bridge. Routers select the best path to route a message, based
on the destination address and origin. The router can direct traffic to prevent
head-on collisions, and is smart enough to know when to direct traffic along back
roads and shortcuts.

While bridges know the addresses of all computers on each side of the network,
routers know the addresses of computers, bridges, and other routers on the
network. Routers can even "listen" to the entire network to determine which
sections are busiest -- they can then redirect data around those sections until
they clear up.

If you have a school LAN that you want to connect to the Internet, you will need
to purchase a router. In this case, the router serves as the translator between
the information on your LAN and the Internet. It also determines the best route
to send the data over the Internet. Routers can:

• Direct signal traffic efficiently

• Route messages between any two protocols
• Route messages between linear bus, star, and star-wired ring topologies
• Route messages across fiber optic, coaxial, and twisted-pair cabling
C. The Network topology for Internet Access

The Computer Network topology is steps how to connect the computer

to another computer so can make the networks.

What is a Topology?

The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables,

computers, and other peripherals. Physical topology should not be confused with
logical topology which is the method used to pass information between
workstations. Logical topology was discussed in the Protocol chapter.

Main Types of Physical Topologies

The following sections discuss the physical topologies used in networks and
other related topics.

• Linear Bus
• Star
• Star-Wired Ring
 15

• Tree
• Considerations When Choosing a Topology
• Summary Chart

Linear Bus

A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each
end (See fig. 1). All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are
connected to the linear cable. Ethernet and LocalTalk networks use a linear bus
topology.

Fig. 1. Linear Bus topology

Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology

• Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.

• Requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology

• Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.

• Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
• Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
• Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

Star

A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and
peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub or concentrator (See fig.
2).

Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator before continuing
to its destination. The hub or concentrator manages and controls all functions of
the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow. This configuration is
common with twisted pair cable; however, it can also be used with coaxial cable
or fiber optic cable.

Fig. 2. Star topology

Advantages of a Star Topology

• Easy to install and wire.

• No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices.
• Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

Disadvantages of a Star Topology

 15

• Requires more cable length than a linear topology.

• If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
• More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the
concentrators.

The protocols used with star configurations are usually Ethernet or LocalTalk.
Token Ring uses a similar topology, called the star-wired ring.

Star-Wired Ring

A star-wired ring topology may appear (externally) to be the same as a star

topology. Internally, the MAU (multi station access unit) of a star-wired ring
contains wiring that allows information to pass from one device to another in a
circle or ring (See fig. 3). The Token Ring protocol uses a star-wired ring
topology.

Tree

A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It

consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus
backbone cable (See fig. 4). Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an
existing network, and enable schools to configure a network to meet their needs.

Fig. 4. Tree topology

Advantages of a Tree Topology

• Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.

• Supported by several hardware and software venders.

Disadvantages of a Tree Topology

• Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.

• If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
• More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

5-4-3 Rule

A consideration in setting up a tree topology using Ethernet protocol is the 5-4-3

rule. One aspect of the Ethernet protocol requires that a signal sent out on the
network cable reach every part of the network within a specified length of time.
Each concentrator or repeater that a signal goes through adds a small amount of
time. This leads to the rule that between any two nodes on the network there
can only be a maximum of 5 segments, connected through 4
repeaters/concentrators. In addition, only 3 of the segments may be populated
(trunk) segments if they are made of coaxial cable. A populated segment is one
which has one or more nodes attached to it . In Figure 4, the 5-4-3 rule is
adhered to. The furthest two nodes on the network have 4 segments and 3
repeaters/concentrators between them.

This rule does not apply to other network protocols or Ethernet networks where
all fiber optic cabling or a combination of a fiber backbone with UTP cabling is
used. If there is a combination of fiber optic backbone and UTP cabling, the rule
is simply translated to 7-6-5 rule.

Considerations When Choosing a Topology:

 15

• Money. A linear bus network may be the least expensive way to install a
network; you do not have to purchase concentrators.
• Length of cable needed. The linear bus network uses shorter lengths of
cable.
• Future growth. With a star topology, expanding a network is easily done
by adding another concentrator.
• Cable type. The most common cable in schools is unshielded twisted
pair, which is most often used with star topologies.

Summary Chart:

Physical Common Common

Topology Cable Protocol

Twisted Pair
Ethernet
Linear Bus Coaxial
LocalTalk
Fiber

Twisted Pair Ethernet

Star
Fiber LocalTalk

Star-Wired
Twisted Pair Token Ring
Ring

Twisted Pair
Tree Coaxial Ethernet
Fiber

D. Data Communication

1. Using cable

What is Network Cabling?

Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one
network device to another. There are several types of cable which are
commonly used with LANs. In some cases, a network will utilize only one type
of cable, other networks will use a variety of cable types. The type of cable
chosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol, and size.
Understanding the characteristics of different types of cable and how they
relate to other aspects of a network is necessary for the development of a
successful network.
 15

The following sections discuss the types of cables used in networks and other
related topics.

• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optic Cable
• Wireless LANs
• Cable Installation Guides

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and unshielded. Unshielded
twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option for school
networks (See fig. 1).

Fig.1. Unshielded twisted pair

The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high-speed
cable. The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted
with a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate interference from
adjacent pairs and other electrical devices. The tighter the twisting, the higher
the supported transmission rate and the greater the cost per foot. The EIA/TIA
(Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunication Industry Association) has
established standards of UTP and rated five categories of wire.

Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair

Type Use

Category
Voice Only (Telephone Wire)
1

Category
Data to 4 Mbps (LocalTalk)
2

Category
Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)
3

Category Data to 20 Mbps (16 Mbps

4 Token Ring)

Category Data to 100 Mbps (Fast

5 Ethernet)

Buy the best cable you can afford; most schools purchase Category 3 or
Category 5. If you are designing a 10 Mbps Ethernet network and are considering
 15

the cost savings of buying Category 3 wire instead of Category 5, remember that
the Category 5 cable will provide more "room to grow" as transmission
technologies increase. Both Category 3 and Category 5 UTP have a maximum
segment length of 100 meters. In Florida, Category 5 cable is required for retrofit
grants. 10BaseT refers to the specifications for unshielded twisted pair cable
(Category 3, 4, or 5) carrying Ethernet signals. Category 6 is relatively new and
is used for gigabit connections.

Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector

The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector.
This is a plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style connector (See
fig. 2). A slot allows the RJ-45 to be inserted only one way. RJ stands for
Registered Jack, implying that the connector follows a standard borrowed from
the telephone industry. This standard designates which wire goes with each pin
inside the connector.

Fig. 2. RJ-45 connector

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be susceptible to radio and electrical

frequency interference. Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for
environments with electrical interference; however, the extra shielding
can make the cables quite bulky. Shielded twisted pair is often used on
networks using Token Ring topology.

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer
provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield
(See fig. 3). The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from
fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.

Fig. 3. Coaxial cable

Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal

interference. In addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network
devices than twisted pair cable. The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial
and thin coaxial.

Thin coaxial cable is also referred to as thinnet. 10Base2 refers to the

specifications for thin coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 2 refers to the
approximate maximum segment length being 200 meters. In actual fact the
maximum segment length is 185 meters. Thin coaxial cable is popular in school
networks, especially linear bus networks.

Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thicknet. 10Base5 refers to the

specifications for thick coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 5 refers to the
maximum segment length being 500 meters. Thick coaxial cable has an extra
protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away from the center
conductor. This makes thick coaxial a great choice when running longer lengths
in a linear bus network. One disadvantage of thick coaxial is that it does not
bend easily and is difficult to install.
 15

Coaxial Cable Connectors

The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayone-
Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector (See fig. 4). Different types of adapters are
available for BNC connectors, including a T-connector, barrel connector, and
terminator. Connectors on the cable are the weakest points in any network. To
help avoid problems with your network, always use the BNC connectors that
crimp, rather than screw, onto the cable.

Fig. 4. BNC connector

Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of
protective materials (See fig. 5). It transmits light rather than electronic signals
eliminating the problem of electrical interference. This makes it ideal for certain
environments that contain a large amount of electrical interference. It has also
made it the standard for connecting networks between buildings, due to its
immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting.

Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances
than coaxial and twisted pair. It also has the capability to carry information at
vastly greater speeds. This capacity broadens communication possibilities to
include services such as video conferencing and interactive services. The cost of
fiber optic cabling is comparable to copper cabling; however, it is more difficult
to install and modify. 10BaseF refers to the specifications for fiber optic cable
carrying Ethernet signals.

Fig.5. Fiber optic cable

Facts about fiber optic cables:

• Outer insulating jacket is made of Teflon or PVC.

• Kevlar fiber helps to strengthen the cable and prevent breakage.
• A plastic coating is used to cushion the fiber center.
• Center (core) is made of glass or plastic fibers.

Fiber Optic Connector

The most common connector used with fiber optic cable is an ST connector. It is
barrel shaped, similar to a BNC connector. A newer connector, the SC, is
becoming more popular. It has a squared face and is easier to connect in a
confined space.

Ethernet Cable Summary

 15

Specificat Maximum
Cable Type
ion length

Unshielded Twisted
10BaseT 100 meters
Pair

10Base2 Thin Coaxial 185 meters

10Base5 Thick Coaxial 500 meters

10BaseF Fiber Optic 2000 meters

Unshielded Twisted
100BaseT 100 meters
Pair

100BaseT Unshielded Twisted

220 meters
X Pair

Wireless LANs

Not all networks are connected with cabling; some networks are wireless.
Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals, infrared light beams, or lasers to
communicate between the workstations and the file server or hubs. Each
workstation and file server on a wireless network has some sort of
transceiver/antenna to send and receive the data. Information is relayed
between transceivers as if they were physically connected. For longer distance,
wireless communications can also take place through cellular telephone
technology, microwave transmission, or by satellite.

Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop computers or remote computers
to connect to the LAN. Wireless networks are also beneficial in older buildings
where it may be difficult or impossible to install cables.

The two most common types of infrared communications used in schools are
line-of-sight and scattered broadcast. Line-of-sight communication means that
there must be an unblocked direct line between the workstation and the
transceiver. If a person walks within the line-of-sight while there is a
transmission, the information would need to be sent again. This kind of
obstruction can slow down the wireless network.

Scattered infrared communication is a broadcast of infrared transmissions sent

out in multiple directions that bounces off walls and ceilings until it eventually
hits the receiver. Networking communications with laser are virtually the same
as line-of-sight infrared networks.

Wireless LANs have several disadvantages. They provide poor security, and are
susceptible to interference from lights and electronic devices. They are also
slower than LANs using cabling.
 15

Installing Cable - Some Guidelines

When running cable, it is best to follow a few simple rules:

• Always use more cable than you need. Leave plenty of slack.
• Test every part of a network as you install it. Even if it is brand new, it
may have problems that will be difficult to isolate later.
• Stay at least 3 feet away from fluorescent light boxes and other sources of
electrical interference.
• If it is necessary to run cable across the floor, cover the cable with cable
protectors.
• Label both ends of each cable.
• Use cable ties (not tape) to keep cables in the same location together.

A. Computer Interface and Telecommunication

1. Connect the PC with modem, then connect it to telecommunication access

2. Client PC in the local networks must be connect with server computer

which have modem and successfully connected to telecommunication
access

3. PC Interface connected pass through to telecommunication access,

directed or undirected. For the undirected, example must pass on server
first.

B. Network Design

1. Hardware for Computer Networks

2. Software for Computer Networks

3. Development of Computer Networks

C. Application of Data communication using Network

1. System process digital data, ex. Digital library

2. Teleconference

3. Using LAN Network for manage the file between server and client, ex. For
copying/moving file inter-computer in local computer network