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Biomechanics Notes

The document compares three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is striated and attached to bone via tendons. It is voluntarily controlled and moves the skeleton. Smooth muscle is single-nucleated and surrounds organs, regulating flow. It is involuntarily controlled. Cardiac muscle is striated and single-nucleated, propelling blood through the circulatory system involuntarily. The document then details skeletal muscle function, including sarcomere structure, the sliding filament mechanism of contraction, and calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum triggering cross-bridge cycling.

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311 views5 pages

Biomechanics Notes

The document compares three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is striated and attached to bone via tendons. It is voluntarily controlled and moves the skeleton. Smooth muscle is single-nucleated and surrounds organs, regulating flow. It is involuntarily controlled. Cardiac muscle is striated and single-nucleated, propelling blood through the circulatory system involuntarily. The document then details skeletal muscle function, including sarcomere structure, the sliding filament mechanism of contraction, and calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum triggering cross-bridge cycling.

Uploaded by

jttizzle1995
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Muscles

Jason Tran
BIEN110 (Biomechanics)

(I) Comparison of Three Muscle Types:


A. Identified on basis of: structure, contractile properties, and control mechanisms
B. Skeletal Muscle:
1. Structure: striped (striated), multi-nucleated, attached to bone (by tendons)
- tendons: bundles of collagen fibers
2. Contractile Properties:
- supports/moves the skeleton
3. Control Mechanisms: impulses from neurons to the muscle (voluntary)

C. Smooth Muscle:
1. Structure: smooth, single nucleus, surrounds various hollow organs
2. Contractile Properties:
- propels luminal contents through the organs
- regulates internal flow by changing tube diameter
3. Control Mechanisms:
- autonomic nervous system/contraction, hormone,
chemical signal (non-voluntary)

D. Cardiac Muscle:
1. Structure: striped (striated), single nucleus,
2. Contractile Properties: propels blood through circulatory system
3. Control Mechanisms:
- autonomic nervous system/contraction, hormone, chemical signal
(non-voluntary)

(II) Muscle Function (skeletal)


A. Definitions:
1. Muscle Fiber: single skeletal muscle cell
2. Myofibrils: both the numerous thick & thin filaments
in the cytoplasm of the muscle cells
3. Sarcomere: each unit of the repeating pattern of thick and
thin filaments
4. Muscle: refers to a number of fibers bound together
by connective tissue

(II) Muscle Function (cont1)


B. Muscle Development:
1. Muscle fiber formed during development by fusion of undifferentiated, MONOnucleated
myoblasts into a single cylindrical MULTInucleated cell
2. Skeletal muscle differentiation is completed around time of birth
- Differentiated fibers increase in size from infancy to adulthood
- NO NEW FIBERS are formed from myoblasts

3. As a result of injury, new fibers can form from undifferentiated satellite cells (located adjacent to m
fibers)
4. Compensation for loss of muscle tissue: hypertrophy (increase in size) of the remaining fibers

C. Sarcomere Structure and Function:

1. Thick Filament: Myosin protein (polypeptide chain with a globular head)


- 2 large polypeptide heavy chains, 4 smaller light
chains, ATP/Actin binding sites
- ATP Binding Site: serves as an enzyme -> ATPase
hydrolyzes the bound ATP (harnessing energy for
contraction)
2. Thin Filament: Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin
- Actin: globular protein, single polypeptide chain
(polymerizes w/ Troponin and Tropomyosin)
- Tropomyosin: backbone of double-stranded coil in thin
filament
- Troponin: On tropomyosin, binding sites for calcium
3. Mechanism of Contraction: sliding-filament mechanism
- Z-lines pulled together when myosin binds to actin
- Width of I-Bands reduced (length of thick/thin filaments DO NOT CHANGE)

(II) Muscle Function (cont2)


D. Chemical and Physical Events During the Cross-Bridge Cycle
1. Myosin-binding site on actin
becomes available ->
energized cross-bridge binds
2. The full hydrolysis and
departure of (ADP + Pi)
causes the flexing of the
bound cross-bridge (POWER
STROKE)
3. New ATP binds to crossbridge -> uncouples the
bridge (actin/myosin)
4. Partial hydrolysis of bound
ATP -> bridge energized (recocked)

E. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) & Transverse Tubules in a Skeletal Muscle


Fiber
1. Role of Transverse Tubules:
a. Brings action potentials (AP) into the interior
of the skeletal muscle fibers
b. Wave of depolarization passes close to SR
stimulates release of CALCIUM IONS
c. Extensive meshwork assures that released
calcium ions can readily diffuse to all of the
troponin sites

2. Release and Uptake of Calcium by Sarcoplasmic


Reticulum
a. T-Tubule Action Potential (AP):
1. Charged amino acid within DHP
receptors (voltage sensor) -> induces
conformational change to the ryanodine
receptors

2. Voltage-gated calcium channels


(ryanodine receptors located on the
SR) open -> Calcium ions released into
the cytosol where it binds to troponin
(saturates all troponin binding sites)
3. Calcium-Troponin complex pulls
tropomyosin off the myosin-actin binding
site allowing the binding of the crossbridge (followed by power stroke)

(II) Muscle Function (cont1)


F. Latent Period
- Latent Period: The period between excitation and development of tension in a skeletal
muscle
- Caused because of the time needed to
1. Release of Ca++ from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
2. Moving of tropomyosin (to expose actin)
3. Cycle the cross-bridges

G. Functions of ATP in Skeletal Muscle Contraction


1. Hydrolysis of ATP by myosin energizes the cross-bridges (provides energy for force
generation)
2. Binding of ATP to myosin dissociates cross-bridges bound to actin (allows the bridges
to repeat their cycle of activity)
3. Hydrolysis of ATP by Ca++-ATPase (in the SR) provides the energy for the active
transport of calcium ions into the reticulum
- Lowers cystolic calcium (to prerelease levels) -> ends contraction allowing muscle
fiber to relax

H. Single Motor Unit


1.

I. Neuromuscular Junction
1.

J. Sequence of Events: Mot. Neuron Action Potential and Skeletal Fiber


Contraction
1.

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