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IP - Subnetting

The document discusses network design fundamentals including IP addressing, subnetting, and binary calculations. It covers IP address format and reserved addresses, defines subnetting terms, and demonstrates how to calculate the subnet ID, broadcast ID, and usable address range given an IP address and subnet mask by converting them to binary and applying the subnet mask using binary AND operations.

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Abhishek kapoor
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425 views20 pages

IP - Subnetting

The document discusses network design fundamentals including IP addressing, subnetting, and binary calculations. It covers IP address format and reserved addresses, defines subnetting terms, and demonstrates how to calculate the subnet ID, broadcast ID, and usable address range given an IP address and subnet mask by converting them to binary and applying the subnet mask using binary AND operations.

Uploaded by

Abhishek kapoor
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Design

Fundamentals
Internet Protocol: Subnetting
Presented by,
Jack Crowder, CCIE
Agenda
• Review
– IP Addressing
• Format
• Classfull
• Reserved
• Subnetting
– Terms
– Binary calculations
– IP subnet calculation

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Review
• RFC 1466 (IPv4)
• Address format:
– 4 octets, dotted decimal notation
– Example: 192.168.005.100
– Applied to any interface that wants to communicate in
an IP network
• Purpose:
– Addresses logically grouped: Subnet
• Routers “deal in” subnets

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Classfull Boundaries – 1st Octet
00000000 0 Class A /
01111111 127

10000000 128 Class B /


10111111 191

11000000 192 Class C /


11011111 223

11100000 224 Class D


11101111 239

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RFC 1878 and 1918
• reserved: 0.0.0.0 – 0.255.255.255 /8
• Class A: 1.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
– reserved: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 /8 (private)
– reserved: 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 /8 (loopback)
• Class B: 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
– reserved: 128.0.0.0 - 128.255.255.255 /8
– reserved: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 /12 (private)
• Class C: 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
– reserved: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 /16 (private)
• Class D: 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
– reserved: 224.0.0.0 - 225.255.255.255 (Multicast)
• reserved: 255.255.255.255 (Broadcast) /32
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Subnetting Terms
• Address
• Subnet
• Subnet Mask
• Network field (as determined by the Subnet Mask)
• Host field (as determined by the Subnet Mask)
• Subnet ID: all 0’s (in the Host field)
• Broadcast ID: all 1’s (in the Host field)
• Unicast (useable address on a subnet)
• Host route

6
Binary Calculation
2 to the power of X
• 4 Octets (a.k.a. Bytes) in a IPv4 address
– 8 bits in an octet
– 32 bits in an address
• 8 Bits in each octet
– 28 = 256
• Decimal number range:
0 – 255 (256 numbers counting “0”)
• Binary range:
00000000 – 11111111 (256 combinations of 1’s and 0’s)

7
Decimal to Binary
255 = 11111111 255 = 11111111
128 = 10000000 252 = 11111100
64 = 01000000 248 = 11111000
32 = 00100000 240 = 11110000
16 = 00010000 224 = 11100000
8 = 00001000 192 = 11000000
4 = 00000100 128 = 10000000
2 = 00000010 0 = 00000000
1 = 00000001
0 = 00000000
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Binary Template
always start counting from 0

x
2 = 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
X= 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Position = 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Subnet Mask
• Purpose:
– Apply the Mask to the IP Address to determine:
• Network bits
• Host bits
• Subnet ID, Broadcast ID & Unicast range
• Format:
– 4 octets, dotted decimal notation (same as IP address)
– Contiguous binary 1’s starting from the left
• Examples:
– 255.255.255.0 (typical for LAN segment)
– 255.255.255.252 (typical for WAN pvc)
– 255.255.255.1 (incorrect)
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Subnet Mask in Binary
• 255.255.255.0
• 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

• 255.255.255.252
• 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100

• 255.255.255.1 - incorrect
• 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000001

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Subnet Calculation
• Step 1 – Convert:
– decimal address & mask format to binary address & mask
format
• Step 2 – Apply:
– binary subnet mask to the binary IP address using the
“and” function
• Step 3 – Calculate:
– Subnet ID
– Broadcast ID
– Unicast range (usable subnet addresses)
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Step 1 XXX = 0 - 255
DECIMAL

XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX

Network bits Host bits

address 185.213.22.219
subnet mask 255.255.255.0
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Step 1
XXXXXXXX = 00000000 - 11111111

xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
BINARY

Network bits Host bits

10111001.11010101.00010110.11011011

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

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Step 2: IP Subnet Calculation

Subnet MASK
<AND> IP Address
IP Subnet
<AND> Rules:
1 and 1 = 1
1 and 0 = 0 Another way:
0 and 1 = 0 1 and X = X
0 and 0 = 0 0 and X = 0
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Step 3 – IP Subnet – Example 1
185.213.022.219 255.255.255.000 /24

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
________.11010101.00010110.11011011

Subnet ID
Broadcast ID

Subnet ID: ____.____.____.____


Broadcast ID: ____.____.____.____
Unicast: ____.____.____.____ - ____
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IP Subnet – Example 2
185.213.022.219 255.255.255.252 /30

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
________.11010101.00010110.11011011

Subnet ID
Broadcast ID

Subnet ID: ____.____.____.____


Broadcast ID: ____.____.____.____
Unicast: ____.____.____.____ - ____
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Useable IP Address Calculations
1) 32 bits in address
2) 32 - network bits = host bits
3) 2 to the power of host bits = addresses on subnet
4) addresses - 2 (Broadcast and Subnet ID)
= usable addresses on subnet

255.255.255.240 = /28
32 - 28 = 4
24 = 16 Addresses on Subnet
16 - 2 = 14 Unicast addresses on Subnet
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Host Route
• Purpose:
– Used on Loopback and Dial-up interfaces
• Example:
– 10.5.109.22 255.255.255.255 (/32)

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IP Subnet example 3
• IP Address: ____.____.____.____
• Subnet Mask: ____.____.____.____ ____
• Network bits ____ Host bits ____

• Subnet: ____.____.____.____
• Broadcast: ____.____.____.____
• Usable Range: ____.____.____.____
• through ____.____.____.____

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