Internet Addresses

COMP476 Universal Service Concept Internetworking

Networked Computer Systems
• Any computer can communicate with any
other computer in the world. • Scheme that uses both hardware and software to
provide universal service among heterogeneous
Internetworking • Multiple independently owned and operated networks.
networks can be interconnected to provide
universal service.

Internet Protocol
Physical Network Connection Internet Architecture
• An internet consists of a set of networks • To achieve universal service among all
interconnected by routers. The internet scheme computers on an internet, routers must agree
• Routers are used to connect heterogeneous
allows each organization to choose the number to forward information from a source on one
networks together. network to a destination on another.
and type of networks, the number of routers to
use to interconnect them, and the exact • A common protocol is needed on computers
interconnection topology. and routers to overcome the differing frame
formats and addressing schemes used within
each network.
Two physical networks connected by a router, • Because each network uses an different and
which has a separate interface for each network incompatible addressing system, an
connection. An internet formed by using three routers to interconnect four
independent addressing system is needed.
physical networks. Each network can be a LAN or a WAN.

The Internet Concept

Virtual Network Network Identifiers
Computers on the Internet are referred to as
• The Internet is a virtual network. We say • The illusion of a hosts. Each host as at least three identifiers:
this because the communication system is single network
• Internet name for humans to use
an abstraction. It provides the illusion of a (i.e. garfield.ncat.edu)
seamless network where: • Underlying • Internet address, a 32 bit binary number
1. Each computer is assigned an address. physical written in decimal as four bytes
structure in (i.e.152.8.240.16)
2. Any computer can send a packet to any
other computer. which routers • hardware address, such as an Ethernet
3. Internet protocol software hides the interconnect the address (i.e. 00-e0-63-03-76-c0 for garfield)
details of the network. networks.

COMP476 Networked Computer Systems 1

Internet Addresses

Internet Names Internet Addresses

Internet Address Classes
• Hierarchical starting from the right • Internet Addresses map to Internet Names.
host.subnet.organization.type • An Internet Address is composed of two class
• Rightmost identifies the type or parts, a netid and a hostid.
organization or country • The hostid identifies the particular host on a A NetID hostID hostID hostID
– edu, com, mil, org, net network.
• The netid identifies the network where the B NetID NetID hostID hostID
– us, ca, de, uk
host is connected.
• A computer physically connected to two C NetID NetID NetID hostID
networks needs two Internet addresses.

Compute the Address Class

IP Addressing Classes Binary to Decimal Conversion
• The five classes of IP addresses in the classful
scheme. The address assigned to a host is either • Binary values appear in IP packets in Big Endian style (most
class A, B, or C; the prefix identifies a network, significant byte first).
and the suffix is unique to a host on that network.

* A table that can be used to compute the class of an address. The first four bits of * Examples of 32-bit binary numbers and their equivalent in dotted decimal notation.
an address are extracted and used as an index into the table. Each octet is written in decimal with periods (dots) used to separate octets.

Range of Values IP Assignment Address Example Special IP addresses

First Byte Address Class • all 1’s broadcast on the local network
• all 0’s this host
0 - 127 A
• hostid = all 0’s the network (not a host)
128 - 191 B • hostid = all 1’s broadcast on given network
• netid = all 0’s this network
192 - 223 C • netid = 127 loop back (never appears on net)

* An example private internet with IP addresses assigned to hosts. The size of the
cloud used to denote a physical network corresponds to the number of hosts
The range of decimal values found in the first octet of each address class.
expected on the network; the size of a network determines the class of address
assigned.

COMP476 Networked Computer Systems 2

Internet Addresses

Mapping Between Addresses Domain Name Servers

Moving Computers
• Humans use Internet Names. The hardware • Domain Name Servers (DNS) map Internet
• Because the Internet address encodes the uses the MAC addresses. Names to Internet Addresses.
network to which the computer is
• Internet Names are converted to Internet • A DNS maintains a distributed database of
connected, moving a computer to a different names and addresses.
Addresses by a Domain Name Server
network requires giving it a new address.
(DNS) • Computers can send a request to a DNS to
• Internet Addresses are converted to MAC get the IP address of a computer.
addresses by using the Address Resolution • Hosts and DNS cache addresses they have
Protocol (ARP). found.

MAC Addresses ARP

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• The actual network hardware must use the • Source broadcasts an ARP request including
• Used by a computer to find the MAC or the IP address to all computers on the
MAC or physical addresses.
physical address of another computer on the network.
• An Ethernet interface knows nothing of same network.
Internet addresses. • All computers receive the ARP request and
• Given a computer’s IP address, ARP will compare the requested address to theirs.
• To send a frame to another computer on the find the computers MAC address.
same network, you must know it’s MAC • Only if the address matches, does the
• Distributed algorithm involving all computer send a response back to the
address (or broadcast).
computers on the network. source.
• Each network type uses different addresses.

IP Routing Procedure 4. If the netid of the sender and receiver are IP Routing Example
the same, then the destination is on the
Assume computer A wants to send one frame same network. A can send the packet
to computer B directly to B.
1. A sends a DNS request to the local 5. If the netids are different, A must send the
packet to the gateway.
Domain Name Server asking for the IP
address of B. 6. The gateway will forward the packet to
another gateway that is closer to the
2. The DNS sends the IP address of B to A. destination’s domain.
3. The netid portion of B’s IP address is 7. The gateway at the destination’s domain
extracted by ANDing B’s IP address with will send the frame to B
the subnet mask of A

COMP476 Networked Computer Systems 3