International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 334

Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 – 8190

A-B-C-D Parameter model for Two-port Networks

Emerole Kelechi C1, Matthew Gabriel Chinedum2
1,2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT
Over the years, measurement of transmission system has III. A-B-C-D PARAMETER
lingered with focus on how best to establish a network or
chain of cascaded network in order to implement or For any two port network there is a linear relationship
measure the credibility and efficiency of a transmission between input voltage and current and output voltage
system. The two-port network analysis is aligned in a and current for such a network we have
well orderly and rigorously treated format in which it is
possible to ascertain the measurement of a two-port I1 I2
network through its input and output terminals. A B
V2
Keywords - Transmission, network, input, output, V1
terminals, two-port 1 C D

I. INTRODUCTION
Fig 2: Two Port Network with ABCD parameter
A two port network system is any network with four
terminals that is having two accessible input terminals
and two accessible output terminals. A two port network
includes attenuators, filters, transformers, amplifiers and =

also transmission system. A two-port network is mostly

comprised of an input voltage and output voltage, an V1 =A V2 + B I2 …………………….. (1)
input current and output current each are interwoven and I1 = C V2 + D I2 ……………………... (2)
aid the easy measurement in a transmission system. The
transmission system is measured in this context using Output current open circuited
series impedance and also a shunt impedance and further
merging or cascading of this two categories given room A= (3)
or arises to other complex cascaded connection of a I2=0 ……….. no unit
transmission network.

II. TWO PORT NETWORK Output voltage short circuited

A two port network is a network which has two input

B= (4)
and two output terminals. It can also be referred to as
V2 = 0 ………(Z) impedance (Ω) ohms
four terminal network or quadruple network, such
network are as in important as in transmission element
thus making it necessary to analyze the input and output
terminals in relation to its voltage and current
importance. C= (5)
I2 = 0 …………Admittance (Y) Simmers
I1 I2

V2 Output voltage short circuited

V1
11
11 D= V2 = 0 …………no unit (6)
Fig 1 Two port network

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 International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 335
Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 – 8190

IV. ABCD parameters for determining

Where
simple transmission network/lines Y= shunt admittance refer to fig 3 for V1, V2, I1, I2
Arranging the equation in matrix from we have:
For any series impedance in a simple transmission lines
such the equation is given as follows:
V1 = V2 + Z I2 ………………. (7)
I1 = 0 V2 + I2 ………………… (8) =
Where: Z – series impedance the following values are derived.
V1 – sending voltage A = 1
V2 – receiving voltage B = O
I1 – input current C = Y
I2 – output current D = 1
This series impedance in a simple transmission line can
further be expressed in matrix form as follows: VI. HALF T-NETWORK

The circuit configuration of a half T – network can be

shown as follows:
Here the matrix formation is used to match the Z
equivalence in the ABCD formation and the value I1 I2
deduced as given below:
A = 1
B = Z γ
C = 0 V1 V2
D = 1

V. Shunt admittance in ABCD

parameters Fig 5 Half T-Network
In shunt admittance network the circuit can be
represented as follows:
A Half T – network is a combination of a series
I1 I2 impedance and shunt admittance. it can be
considered as a cascaded connection that exist
between a single series impedance and a single
shunt admittance, with the series impedance coming
Y first then followed by the shunt admittance.
V V Putting the transmission parameter in matrix
1 2

Fig 4 Shunt admittance network Multiplying out the matrix values we have

Here the admittance (Y) is place in parallel in the circuit

and the equation is written as follows:
=
V1 = V2 + O I2 (9)
I1 = YV2 + I2 (10)
Representing the values according to its ABCD
alignment
A = 1 +ZY

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 International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 336
Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 – 8190

B = Z A full T – network has impedance Z1 and Z2 with

C = Y shunt admittance (Y) running in parallel and in
D = 1 between Z1 and Z2 to for the T – transmission
network
VII. HALF π - NETWORK Placing a full T – network in matrix we have:

Z
I1 I2
1
1
Y
V1 1 V2
For unsymmetrical network we have

Fig 6 Half π-Network

A half π- network is referred to as a simple The linear parameters are:
transmission network having single series A = 1 + Z1Y
impedance thereby forming a cascaded network of a B = Z2 + Z1 Z2 Y + Z1
series or half π – network C = Y
Representing the parameter in matrix D = YZ2 + 1
For Symmetrical Network
Z1 = Z2 = Z, A = D

The linear parameters for symmetrical network are:

= A = 1 + ZY
Therefore the parameters linearly are put as follows: B = 2Z + Z2Y
A = 1 C = Y
B = Z D = YZ + 1
C = Y
D = 1 +ZY IX. FULL π T – NETWORK

VIII. FULL T – NETWORK A full π network is shown below

A full transmission network is shown below I1 Z I2

Z
I1 I2

V1 V2
Y
V1 V2
Fig 8 Full π network
From Fig 8 the transmission line is made up of three
cascaded network in the form of Y1 Z, Y2 forming
Fig 7 Full T-Network
the full π – network.
Putting is matrix form we have

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 International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 337
Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 – 8190

An ideal transformer has no Ohmic losses and

leakage losses
For unsymmetrical network
ACTUAL TRANSFORMER

I1 Z

The linear parameters for unsymmetrical network

are: I1 V2
Y
A = I + Z Y2
B = Z
C = Y1+Y1Y2Z + Y2
D = Y1Z + 1
For Symmetrical network Fig 10 Actual Transformer
Y1 = Y2 = Y, A = D An actual transformer has imperfections and can be
represented as shown in Fig 10 above with the half
T – network cascade at the primary with
conjunction to an ideal transformer
The linear parameter for symmetrical network is
A = 1 + ZY
B = Z
C = 2Y + Y2Z
D = YZ + 1

X. IDEAL TRANSFORMER

A typical circuit network for an ideal transformer in

shown below There the linear parameters are as follows:
A = n + ZYn
B = Z 1/n
C = Yn
D = 1/n

XI. IDENTICAL TWO PASSIVE

NETWORK

Fig 9 Ideal Transformer V1 = AV2 + BI2 (13)

An ideal transformer is a lossless or loss free I1 = CV2 + DI2 (14)
transformer, an ideal transformer is perfect and free CIRCUIT (A)
from loss and has the transformation ratio of n:I When a voltage is applied at input terminal and
The equation for an ideal transformer in given as: output terminal is short circuited
V1 = nV2 + 0I2 (11) then V2 = 0 we have:
I1 = 0V2 + 1/n I2 (12) V = A (0) + BI2SC
Expressing the equation in terms of matrix V = BI2SC
V = BI2SC (15)

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 International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 338
Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 – 8190

CIRCUIT (B)
0 =AV + BI21
BI21 = - AV
Z2
I21 = - AV/B (17)
When the input voltage V1 = 0 the we have V2
V1
Where the magnitude of: I11 = - I2SC & I2SC = Z1
-I2SC = CV + DI2

-I2SC = CV + D (-AV/B) Fig 13 Lattice Network

The current I1 divides into Iz1 flowing through Z1 and IZ2

-I2SC = CV - DAV/B flows through Z2 impedances. The voltage drop in Z1
-I2SC = (C- DA/B)V impedance due to the flow of current Iz1 is given by V21
with the arrow pointing the directions similarly voltage
drop in Z2 impedance due to the flow of current IZ2 in
-(V/B) = give by V22
Where AD – BC = 1 (18)
BC – AD = -1 (19) Z1
Z2
I1SC
I1SC
V2
A B
Fig 14 Lattice Network Z2
a Z2
I21
I11 V21 V22
C D
A B 3 Fig 15 Voltage triangle vector
1
From the voltage triangle
C D
S
V2 + V21 = V22 V2
C
(20)
4 V2 = V22 – V21
b Fig 11 Passive Network
1 (21)
S Applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
LATTICE NETWORK
C
Measurement of lattice network
In the measurement of a Symmetrical lattice
network the circuit is represented below as follows:

Substituting values of V22 & V21 into equation

Z2 Z2 V2
V1 21 we have

-
Z1
Fig 12 Lattice Network
This circuit or network in Fig. 12 can be redrawn
into several mode of connections including bridge
equivalent network

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 International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 339
Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 – 8190

B=

B=

For an open circuit output, because A = D we

have

(24)
(22)
A=D XII. CONCLUSION
For an open circuit output when I2 = 0 we have
A two-port network is a quadruple network that is to say
a two-port network is a four terminal network and this
network is an important element in transmission system
making it possible to easily analyze the input and output
terminal with a relationship to its voltage and current
importance.

REFERENCES
Botton W. (1992). Electrical Circuit Principles;
Longman Group UK Ltd. London.
Boylestad Robert L. (1987). Introductory Circuit
= Analysis; Merrill Publishing Co.; Columbus Ohio. 5th
Edition.
Carter Robert C. (1996). Introduction to Electric Circuit
= Analysis; Holt, Rinchart and Winston; New York.
Charles Belong and Melvyn, M. Drossman (1976).
“System Circuits for Electrical Engineering” McGrew-
Hill Inc. UK London.
Edward Hudges, (1977). “Electrical Technology”
Longman Group Ltd London.
Engr. Dr. G.C. Ochiagha; Engr. Okoronkwo Charles;
Engr. Igweonu E.I. (2005). Electric Circuit Theory with
Solved Examples: Cheston Nig. Ltd, Enugu.

(23)

AD–BC=1
A=D
A2 – B C = 1
B C = A2 – 1
B C = (A - 1) (A + 1)

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