THE WORLD OF WIRELESS

WITH BLUETOOTH
ABSTRACT:
To satisfy the growing needs of people in communication world
wireless had been introduced the much hyped Bluetooth wireless
technology has progressed at a snails place. How ever it is gaining a
fresh momentum with a number of companies releasing Bluetooth
enabled consumer products. In this paper, we will look how Bluetooth
came to this modern world, its applications and wireless future
implications.

INTRODUCTION:
When any two devices need to talk to each other, they have to
agree on a number of points before the conversation can begin. The first
point of agreement is physical: Will they talk over wires, or through some
form of wireless signals? If they use wires, how many are required -- one,
two, eight, 25? Once the physical attributes are decided, several more
questions arise:
Companies that manufacture computers, entertainment systems
and other electronic devices have realized that the incredible array of
cables and connectors involved in their products makes it difficult for
even expert technicians to correctly set up a complete system on the first
try. Setting up computers and home entertainment systems becomes
terrifically complicated when the person buying the equipment has to
learn and remember all the details to connect all the parts. In order to
make home electronics more user friendly, we need a better way for all
the electronic parts of our modern life to talk to each other.
How ever wireless also has advantages for even fixed devices in
some circumstances. It is note worthly that modem wireless digital
communication begin in the Hawailan, Islands, where large chunks of
pacific ocean separated the users and the telephone system was in

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adequate.
When you use computers, entertainment systems or telephones,
the various pieces and parts of the systems make up a community of
electronic devices. These devices communicate with each other using a
variety of wires, cables, radio signals and infrared light beams, and an
even greater variety of connectors, plugs and protocols.
The art of connecting things is becoming more and more
complex every day. We sometimes feel as if we need a Ph.D. in electrical
engineering just to set up the electronics in our homes. Bluetooth is
wireless and automatic, and has a number of interesting features that can
simplify our daily lives. Bluetooth communicates on a frequency of 2.45
gigahertz, which has been set aside by international agreement for the
use of industrial, scientific and medical devices (ISM).

THE GENESIS OF BLUETOOTH:

Harlald blatand ruled Denmark from 940A.D. to 985A.D. He is
reported to have united Denmark and Norway Christianity to
Scandinavia. Blatand translates approximately to Bluetooth apparently,
this kings teeth had owing to his fondness for blueberries. As this new
wireless technology originated in Scandinavia, its propagators thought it
appropriate to name it after a Scandinavian king who united countries.

NEED FOR BLUETOOTH:

There are already a couple of ways to get around using wires.
One is to carry information between components via beams of in the
infrared spectrum. Infrared refers to light waves of a lower frequency
than human eyes can receive and interpret. Infrared is used in most
television remote control systems.
Infrared communications are fairly reliable and don't cost very
much to build into a device, but there are a couple of drawbacks.
First, infrared is a "line of sight" technology. For example, you
have to point the remote control at the television or DVD player to make
things happen.
The second drawback is that infrared is almost always a "one to
one" technology. You can send data between your desktop computer and
your laptop computer but not your laptop computer and your PDA at the
same time.
The second alternative to wires, cable synchronizing, is a little

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more troublesome than infrared. If you have a Palm Pilot, a Windows CE

device or a Pocket PC, you know about synchronizing data. In
synchronizing, you attach the PDA to your computer (usually with a
cable), press a button and make sure that the data on the PDA and the data
on the computer match. It's a technique that makes the PDA a valuable
tool for many people, but synchronizing the PDA with the computer and
making sure you have the correct cable or cradle to connect the two can
be a real hassle. That's why bluetooth is needed.
Bluetooth technology is a existing wireless personal area
networking(WPAN) technology that has gained significant industry
support and will co-exist with most wireless LAN solutions. The
bluetooth specifications is for a 1Mbps, small form-factor, low cost radio
solution that can provide links between mobile phones , mobile computer
and other portable hand-held devices and connectivity to the internet. this
technology, embedded in a widerange of devices to enable simple,
spontaneous wireless connectivity is a complement to wireless LAN's
which are designed to provide continuous connectivity vai standard
wired LAN features and functionality.

ARCHITECTURE OF BLUETOOTH:
A simplified view of the Bluetooth protocol stack is presented
in figure. It shows the layers that corresponding to the hardware and
software components of a Bluetooth solution. On a PC or PDA, the
interface between the two is a physical PC bus such as USB, compactFlash, or PC card bus. The hardware portion of the stack consists of the
radio, base band controller, and the Link Manager Protocol (LMP). The
upper layer of the stack consists of the logical link control and adaptation
protocol (L2CAP), client protocols, and application profiles.

Applications
RFCOMM SDP TCS
Audio

L2CPA

BLUETOOTH

HCL INTERFACE
LINK MANAGER
LINK CONTROLLER
RADIO

The Bluetooth protocol stack refers to the entire framework ok

layers upon layers of messaging and bit manipulating structure
requiring both hardware and software to work in tandem. Bluetooth
Hardware consists of an analog radio transceiver and digital control
logic while the software layers sits on the top of this to manage the
logical linkage and flow of data.

BLUETOOTH FEATURES:
1)
eliminates the need for numerous, often proprietary cable
attachments for connecting computers, mobile phones and other
peripherals
2)
bluetooth operates is globally available frequency-band
(2.4GHz) ensuring communications compatibility world wide.
3)
it is based on a frequency hopping radio link for facilitating fast
and secure transmission of both voice and data.
4)
supports both point-to-point and point-to-multi-point
connections

APPLICATIONS:
1) IN NETWORK:
Lets take a look at how the Bluetooth frequency hopping and
personal-area network keep systems from becoming confused. Lets
say youve got a typical modern living room with the typical modern

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stuff inside. Theres an entertainment system with a stereo, a DVD

player, a satellite TV receiver and a television; there's a cordless
telephone and a personal computer. Each of these systems uses
Bluetooth, and each forms its own piconet to talk between main unit
and peripheral.
The cordless telephone has one Bluetooth transmitter in the base
and another in the handset. The manufacturer has programmed each
unit with an address that falls into a range of addresses it has
established for a particular type of device. When the base is first
turned on, it sends radio signals asking for a response from any units
with an address in a particular range. Since the handset has an address
in the range, it responds, and a tiny network is formed. Now, even if
one of these devices should receive a signal from another system, it
will ignore it since its not from within the network. The computer and
entertainment system go through similar routines, establishing
networks among addresses in ranges established by manufacturers.
Once the networks are established, the systems begin talking among
themselves. Each piconet hops randomly through the available
frequencies, so all of the piconets are completely separated from one
another.
Now the living room has three separate networks established,
each one made up of devices that know the address of transmitters it
should listen to and the address of receivers it should talk to. Since
each network is changing the frequency of its operation thousands of
times a second, its unlikely that any two networks will be on the same
frequency at the same time. If it turns out that they are, then the
resulting confusion will only cover a tiny fraction of a second, and
software designed to correct for such errors weeds out the confusing
information and gets on with the networks business.

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2) IN HALF/FULL DUPLEX:
Most of the time, a network or communications method either
works in one direction at a time, called half-duplex communication,
or

in

both

directions

simultaneously,

called

full-duplex

communication. A speakerphone that lets you either listen or talk, but

not both, is an example of half-duplex communication, while a
regular telephone handset is a full-duplex device. Because Bluetooth
is designed to work in a number of different circumstances, it can be
either half-duplex or full-duplex.
The cordless telephone is an example of a use that will call for a
full-duplex (two-way) link, and Bluetooth can send data at more than
64,000 bits per second in a full-duplex link -- a rate high enough to
support several human voice conversations. If a particular use calls for
a half-duplex link -- connecting to a computer printer for example -Bluetooth can transmit up to 721 kilobits per second (Kbps) in one
direction, with 57.6 Kbps in the other. If the use calls for the same
speed in both directions, a link with 432.6-Kbps capacity in each
direction can be made.

3) THE THREE-IN-ONE PHONE:

You are able to use the same phone wherever you are. When
youre at the office, your phone functions as an intercom (no telephony
charge). At home, it functions as a portable phone (fixed line charge).
And when youre outdoors, the phone functions as a mobile phone
(cellular charge).

4) THE BRIEFCASE TRICK:

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Use e-mail while your notebook is still in the briefcase. When

your notebook receives an e-mail , youll get an alert on your mobile
phone. You can also browse all in coming e-mails and read those you
select in the mobile phones window.

5)THE AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZER:

Automatic background synchronization keeps you up-to-date.
Automatic synchronization of data on your desktop, notebook,
personal digital assistant (PDA), and mobile phone. For instance, as
soon as you enter your office the address list and calendar in your
notebook will automatically be updated to agree with the one in your
desktop , or vice versa. Collects a business card on your phone and
add it to your address list on your notebook PC.

ADVANTAGES:
Avoiding Interference: Low Power
By comparison, the most powerful One of the ways Bluetooth
devices avoid interfering with other systems is by sending out very weak
signals of 1 milliwatt. l cell phones can transmit a signal of 3 watts. The low
power limits the range of a Bluetooth device to about 10 meters, cutting the
chances of interference between your computer system and your portable
telephone or television. Even with the low power, the walls in your house
won't stop a Bluetooth signal, making the standard useful for controlling
several devices in different rooms.
Avoiding Interference: Hopping
It is unlikely that several devices will be on the same frequency
at the same time, because Bluetooth uses a technique called spreadspectrum frequency hopping. In this technique, a device will use 79

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individual, randomly chosen frequencies within a designated range,

changing from one to another on a regular basis. In the case of
Bluetooth, the transmitters change frequencies 1,600 times every
second, meaning that more devices can make full use of a limited slice
of the radio spectrum Since every Bluetooth transmitter uses spreadspectrum transmitting automatically, its unlikely that two transmitters
will be on the same frequency at the same time. This same technique
minimizes the risk that portable phones or baby monitors will disrupt
Bluetooth devices, since any interference on a particular frequency
will last only a tiny fraction of a second.
When Bluetooth-capable devices come within range of one
another, an electronic conversation takes place to determine whether
they have data to share or whether one needs to control the other. The
user doesn't have to press a button or give a command -- the electronic
conversation happens automatically. Once the conversation has
occurred, the devices , whether they're part of a computer system or a
stereo -- form a network. Bluetooth systems create a personal-area
network (PAN), or piconet, that may fill a room or may encompass no
more distance than that between the cell phone on a belt-clip and the
headset on your head. Once a piconet is established, the members
randomly hop frequencies in unison so they stay in touch with one
another and avoid other Pico nets that may be operating in the same
room

FUTURE IMPLECATION:
We have seen Bluetooth, one of the wireless technology leading

the forefront in todays market. In theory

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the ideal wireless

technology should have

1)high speed
2)use little energy
3)travel far distances
As Bluetooth do not have access to far distances, Consumers
are also not showing any interest in consuming Bluetooth products
The most important reason that the Bluetooth technology can
not stand steadily in the wireless competitive world is due to
competition given by 802.11b (WI-FI) Wireless technology
wi-fi, a complementory technology to blue tooth can overcome
some of the problems occurring in Bluetooth. hence consumers are
showing more interest in consuming wi-fi products so in future wi-fi
can dominate the two complementary technologies which rules
wireless world.

CONCLUSION:
We conclude that Bluetooth technology provides short range,
wireless connectivity between devices. It is intended to replace the
cables connecting portable and / or fixed electronic devices. Finally,
major multinationals are releasing Bluetooth-enabled consumer
products.

The performance of these devices will dictate whether

Bluetooth technology is accepted by the general public. Another

wireless technology named wi-fi came to existence, it will rule the
future wireless world.