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/ 35
ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Heat Transfer, second year Final-Term Exam,
June, 2015 Allowed time: 3 hrs
Answer the following au:
Question on
A): Write short notes about :
Classification of heat exchangers according to phase change mechanism
2-Regenerative heat exchanger and its types
- The main operating parameters that can affect t
4-Different types of shell and tube heat exchangers.
5- The various active heat transfer enhancement techniques
value of fouling factor.
(5x2=10 marks)
B)- A double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is to cool ethylene glycol (Cy=
2560 J/kg .° C) flowing at a rate of 3.5 kg/s from 80°C to 40 °C by water (Cy
=4180 J/kg. °C) that enters at 20 °C and leaves at 55°C. The overall heat
transfer coefficient based on the inner surface area of the tube is 250 W/m’, °C.
Determine (a ) the rate of heat transfer, (b ) the mass flow rate of water, and (c)
the heat transfer surface area on the inner side of the tube?
(8 marks)
C)- Hot oll (C, = 2200 J/kg - °C) is to be cooled by water ( C, = 4180 J/kg~ °C)
in a 2-shell-pass and 12-tube-pass heat exchanger. The tubes are thin-walled and
are made of copper with a diameter of 1.8 em. The length of each tube pass in the
heat exchanger is 3 m, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 340 Wim’, °C.
Water flows through the tubes at a total rate of 0.1 kg/s, and the oil through the
shell at a rate of 0.2 kg/s.The water and the oil enter at temperatures 18 © C and
160° C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger
and the outlet temperatures of the water and the oil. (12 marks)
uestion Two:
Aj-It is proposed that the exhaust gas from a diesel powered electric generation
plant be used to generate steam in a shell-and tube heat exchanger with on two-
shell and four tube passes. The steel tubes have a thermal conductivity of
40W/m.K, an inner diameter of 50 mm, and a wall thickness of 4 mm. the
exhaust gas, whose flow rate is 2 kg/s, enters the heat exchanger ut 400 °C and
must Jeave at 215 °C. To limit the pressure drop within the tubes, the tube gus
velocity should not execed 25 m/s. If saturated water at 187° C is supplied to the
shell side of the exchanger, determine the required number of the tubes and their
length, Assume that the water-side thermal resistance is negligible, However,
account for fouling on the gas side of the tubes and use a fouling factor of 0.0015
m?,K/W. The exhaust gas properties at the average temperature can be taken
for air as follows (y=4.991x10%m"/s, k=0.0457 Wim.K and Pr=0.684, C,=1047
Wkg.K, p=0.6 kg/m’). (20 marks) B-A counter flow, concentric tube heat exchanger is designed to heat water
is supplied to the annulus at 160°C and
discharged at 140 °C. The thin-walled inner (ube has a diameter of D;=20 mm,
and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 500 W/m?.K. The deign conditions
calls for a total heat transfer rate of 3000W.
1-What is the length of the heat exchanger?
2-After 3 years of operation, performance is degraded by fouling on the water
side of the exchanger, and the water outlet temperature is only 55° C for the
same fluid flow rates and inlet temperatures. What are the corresponding values
of the heat transfer rate, the outlet temperture of the oil, the overall heat transfer
coefficent, and the water side fouling factor.
3-Mention how can fouling be minimized in that heat exchanger?
(12marks)
Question three
A}-A hot fluid passes through a thin-walled tube of 10-mm diameter and 1-m
length , and a coolant at T..=25 °C is in cross flow over the tube. When the flow
rate is m*=18 kg/i and the ialet temperature is Ty,=85° C the outlet temperature
is Tao =78° C. Assuming fully developed flow and thermal conditions in the tube,
determine the outlet temperature To» if the flow rate is inereased by a factor of
2. That is, m:=36 kg/h, with all other conditions remain the same. The thermo
Physical properties of the hot fluids are ( w=0.0034 N.s/m?, k=0.261 W/m.K
sCy=2637 J/kg.K, p=1079 kg/m’),
= rec
Bearer
en gn (40 marks)
B)- Air is to be cooled in the evaporator section of a refrigerator by passing it
over a bank of 0.8-cm-outer-diameter and 0.4-m-long tubes inside which the
refrigerant is evaporating at -20° C. Air approaches the tube bank in the normal
direction at 0° C and 1 atm with a mean velocity of 4 m/s. The tubes are
arranged in-line with longitudinal and transverse pitches of S_ = Sp = 1.5 em.
There are 30 rows in the flow direction with 15 tubes in each row. Determine the
refrigeration capacity of this system? (Take air average temperature to be 268K
at whieh (1=1.705%10kg/m.s k=0.02326 W/m.K , Pr=0.7375, Cy=1006 I/kg.K,
= 1.316 kg/m? Pr,=0.7408)
(18 marks) ‘A)- A steam pipe is wrapped with insulation of inner and outer radii, ry Toy
respectively. At a particular instant the temperature distribution in the
insulation is known to be
of the form f r)
T(r)=C,In] — )+C;
ree
Ave conditions steady-state or unsteady state? How do the heat flux and heat
rate vary with radius? Comment on your results.
(S marks)
B)-A radioactive material of thermal conductivity k is cast as a solid sphere of
radius r, and placed in « liquid bath for which the temperature T., and
convection cucfficient are known, Heat is uniformly generated within the solid at
a volumetric rate of q-. Obtain the steady-state radial temperature distribution
in the solid, expressing your results in terms of re q°, ky hand Ti?
(12 marks)
Supplementary dat
100
w
# *
u u
i i
i i
74 é
a a
”
a
Nucnber of wanferon'y NTU AUC Number of tanstix units NTU= 4,00,
te} One-shell goat and 2, 4,6, ... tubepasses (4) Towoabell passes and 4,8, 12, ... tube passes:
Heat diffusion equation in cylindrical coordinates:
+2 (cD )oa=0e, 2 Conditions
> | Turbulent fully developed, |
Rep>10,000, 0.65Pr<160,
L/D>10, n=0.4 for TT,
and a=0.3 for T. 0.7
Staggered 10-2 x 10°
(S/S, <2)
Staggered 10°-2 x 10°
SPS, >
Aligned 2x 10-2 x 10
Staggered 2x 10-2 x 10°
Cc m
0.80 0.40
0.90 0.40
Approximate as a single
(isolated) cylinder
0.27 0.63
0.35(S,/5,)'" 0.60
0.40 0.60
0.021 0.84
0.022 084 Alexandria University = yey daly
Faculty of Engineering, ra Haig US
Chemical Department {Lae ela pub
June, 2015 YY 2015 98
Chemical Engineering Fundamentals: CH 226 Able Leal Gt!
Second Year ast
Time allowed: hree Hours stele Ot Ga
Answer All Questions
1. a, A matural gas is analyzed and found to consist of 87.5% (volume percent)
methane. 7.0% ethane, 2.0% propane, and 3.5% Nz, Calculate the lower heati
value of the fuel in kI/kg.
b. A fuel oil is burned with air in a boiler fumace. The combustion produces 813
KW of thermal energy, of which 65% is transferred as heat to boiler tubes that pass
through the furnace, The combustion produets pass from the fumace to a stack at
650°C, Water enters the boiler tubes as a liquid at 20°C and leaves the tubes as
saturated steam at 20 bar absolute, Calculate the rate (kg/h) and the volumetric flow
rate of the steam produced.
rks)
2. The dehydrogenation of ethanol to form acetaldehyde
C:HsOH(v) + CH;CHOW) +H(g)
is carried out in u continuous adiabatic reactor. Ethanol vapor is fed to the reactor at
400°C, and a conversion of 30% is obtained. Calculate the product temperature
using heat of formation method.
(25 marks)
3. An 9-molar hydrochloric acid solution [SG = 1.12, Cp= 2.76 J! (2. C)] is produced
by absorbi
and gaseous HC! is fed at 20°C and 810 mmflg (absolute). Essentially all of the HCL
sn chloride gas in water. Liquid water enters the absorber at 18°C
fed to the column is absorbed. Take two liters of product solution as a basis of
calculation
a, Estimate the volume (liters) of HCI that must be fed to the absorber.
b, Estimate the heat (KJ) that must be transferred from the absorber if the product
solution is to emerge at 60°C,
¢. Estimate the final solution temperature if the absorber operates adiabatically.
(20 marks)
Exam Committee: Prot:Dr.E-S.Z.E] Ashtoukhy
ai 4. Carbon monoxide and 10% excess water are reacted to form hydrogen and carbon
dioxide. The heat loss trom the reaetor is 120.2 kJ per kg mole of CO entering. If the
exit temperature is 800K, what is the entering temperature? The pressure is 1.0 atm.
Assume complete reaction.
Hint: Choose the temperature from the following: 345K, 445K and 545K
(20 marks)
5. The production of most of the stecl manufactured in industry begins with the
reduction of hematite ore (mostly ferric oxide) with coke (carbon) in a blast furnace to
obtain pig iron, The basie reaetion is
Fe2Qx(s) +3 C8) s) +3 CO (ge): ANATEE) =
11x 103 Brw/lb-mole
F, the
‘Suppose that stoichiometric amounts of ferric oxide and earbon are fed at 7
reaction is complete, the iron emerges as a tiquid at 2800°P, and CO emerges at
570°F, Estimate the furnace heat requirement (Btwiton Fe produced).
(15 marks)
Additional data:
For acetaldehyde
Ckdimol.2C) = 0.05048 + 1.326*10°T- 8,050" 101 7+2.380" LOE where
Pisin eC,
Fe(s): Cp [Bru/( 1b-mote.°F)| = 5.90 = 1.50. 10°T (°F)
= 2794°F, AH/(T,,) ~ 6496 Btu/lb-mole
Fe(1) :Cp {Buy(ib-mole.°F)] = 8.15
Exam Committee: Prof.Du.E-S.Z.5] Ashtoukhy ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY Fy pale Maal
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Heated Als
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Figs Ail pa
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 2 ash og A all Seah
Second Year ant A
June 2015 2015 38
ime: 3 hours dele 3: OS!
‘Answer the following questions
Question 1 (25 points)
Choose the correct answer:
L
z
For the continuous production of work from heat, the process should be
a> Reversible b- Irreversible © Cyclic d- Isothermal - Adiabatic
The area under the process curve on a T-S, and on a P-V diagram, and the area enclosed by the cycle on
both diagrams represent respactively
a OW,W,W b-O,W,0,W cW,W,0,Q d-W,0,W,W
Ina Rankine cycle, the effect of increasing the pressure during heat addition on: the heat rejected, the
average temperature at which heat is supplied, and the moisture content of the steam at turbine exit is
respectively:
a- Increase, increase, decrease b- decrease, increase, increase
c decrease, decrease, increase d- increase, increase, increase
Consider a simple ideal Rankine cycle with fixed boiler and condenser pressure. If the cycle was
modified with regeneration that involved one open feed water heater. Thus, for a unit mass of steam
flowing through the boiler
a The turbine work output will decrease
b- The amount of heat rejected will increase
¢- The amount of heat input willincrease
d- The moisture content of the steam at the turbine exit will decrease
A good refrigerant should have
a- High boiling point under normal atmospheric pressure
b- High specific volume
© High latent heat of vaporization
d- High chemical reactivity
On an H-S diagram, an actual itreversible expansion in a turbine is represented by
a- Vertical line in the direction of decreasing enthalpy
b- Horizontal line
Inclined line in the direction of decreasing enthalpy and increasing entropy
d- None of the above
An absorption refrigeration system
a Is suitable for high refrigeration capacities
be Requires less work input compared with vapor compression refrigeration systems
Has a higher initial cost than a vapor compression refrigeration system
d- Aillof the above
The sub-cooling in a vapor compression refrigeration cycle
a- Increases the COP b- Decreases the COP
© Does not cause any changes in the COP ——_d- None of the above 9- Ina single stage reciprocating compressor
minimum during:
a-Isentropic compression
&- Polytropic compression
10-A simple ideal Brayton cycle is mot
1. The net work output
a- Increases
b- Decreases
2+ The back work ratio,
a Increases
b- Decreases
3. The thermal efficiency:
Increases
b Decreases
4 The heat rejected
increases.
b- Decreases
b- Isothermal compression
d- Adiabatic compression
c-Remains the same
& Remains the same
c- Remains the same
c- Remains the same
11: The following are some power cycles shown on both T-S and P- v diagrams
1- Cycle (XI is:
a- Rankine
2- Cycle (Yhis:
a- Rankine
3- Cycle (2) is
a Rankine
cycle (M) is:
a- Rankine
b- Camot
b- Camot
b- Carnot
b- Carnot
9) no
© Air standard cycle
© Air standard cycle
c-Air standard cycle
©: Air standard cycle
6- Brayton cycle
d- Brayton cycle
d- Brayton cycle
4: Brayton cycle
wr
jout clearance, the work dane for compression is
led to incorporate multistage compression with inter cooling, multi
stage expansion with reheating, and regeneration without changing the pressure limits of the cycle. As
a result of these modifications:
0
©. Diesel cycle
e- Diesel cycle
e- Diesel cycle
© Diesel cycle Question 2 (20 points)
Choose the correct answer, no marks will be given unless all necessary calculations are shown:
1. The quality of vapor-
150 ki/kg is:
juid mixture of refrigerant R-134a at 0.2 MPa and having a specific enthalpy of
2} 0.0 b)0.55 0.65 4) 0.75 e) None of these values
2- In an ideal Brayton cycle, air is compressed from 100 kPa and 25°C to 1 MPa and then heated to 1200°C
before entering the turbine. Assume that ait is an
eal gas with constant specific heats, and neglect kinetic
‘energy and potential energy changes. The turbine work output is: (CP= 1.005 ki/kg., Cv= 0.718 ki/kg.K,
and Y=1.4)
a} 186.6 Ki/ke, b) 310.8 Kd/ke ) 570.7 ki/kg, 4) 713.6 ki/kg__e) None of these values
3- The thermat efficiency of a Carnot heat engine working between two temperature levels is 1/3, then the
COP (coefficient of performance) of @ Carnot heat pump used in heating purposes and working between
the same temperature levels is:
a)3 bss gis dja e) None of these values
4- A Carnot heat engine operates between the temperature limits of 300°C and 15°C respectively. The
change in entropy of the working fluid in the isothermal expansion process is 2.4514 ki/kg.K. The heat
rejected is:
a) 38 Ki /kg, b) 288 Ki/ke ) 706 ki/kg, d) 1404 ki/kg _e) None of these values
5- A refrigerator is removing heat frorn a cold medium at 3°C at a rate of 7200 ki/h and is rejecting the
waste heat to a medium at 30°C,
i- if the COP of the refrigerator Is 4, the required power input is:
a) 0.1 kW “bos kw cakw d)2kW e} None of these values
ji- The minimum required power input is:
a) 0.196 kW b) 0.278 kW ©) 0.349 kW )0.556 KW e) None of these values
6 In an absorption refrigeration system, if the rate of heat addition required to the regenerator is 3300
ki/s, how many kg/s of dry steam at 120°C that must condense to provide the necessary heat to the
regenerator ?
a} 12 b)13 gis A18 e) None of these values
7--Air in an ideal diesel cycle is compressed from 2L to 0.13 L and then it expands during the heat addition
process to 0.3 L, under cold air standard assumptions, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is: (Y=1.4)
a} 41% b} 59% ©) 70% dd) 78% e) None of these values
&- A single stage reciprocating air compressor is required to compress 60 m? of air from 1 bar to 8 bar at
22°C. The work required for isothermal compression is: (1bar=10® N/m?)
a) 17.04 Mi b) 15.47 Mi c) 12.48 Mb 4)205MJ —_e} None of these values
3 9. Consider a steam power plant operating on an ideal reheat Rankine cycle. Steam is reheated in the
boiler to a temperature of 600°C, after which it is expanded in the turbine to the condenser pressure of 10
kPa. If the moisture content of the steam leaving the turbine and entering the condenser is 10.4%. The
pressure at which steam is reheated is closest to:
a)2 MPa b)4Mpa 6 MPa d)10MPa_—_e) None of these values
Question 3 (25 points)
3-2, Put true or false far each of the following statements
1-A reversible heat engine can have a thermal efficiency of 100%
2-In a cascade refrigeration system, more than one refrigerant could be used.
3. The COP of a vapor compression refrigeration system depends on the type of the working fluid.
4- The latent heat of vaporization of water increases as the pressure increases.
5- The back work ratio of a Rankine cycle is lower than that for a gas turbine power plant.
6- Rotary compressors are used in delivering small quantities of air at high pressure.
7-Ina lithium bromide water absorption system, lithiurn bromide is used as the refrigerant and water is
Used as a solvent
8 Engine knack in spark ignition engines limits the maximum possible compression ratio.
9- In a vapor compression refrigeration system, heat is rejected at constant pressure.
10- A closed feed water heater is basically a heat exchanger.
3-b. Consider a steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle and has a net power
output of 45 MW. Steam enters the turbine at 7 MPa & 500°C & is cooled in the condenser at a pressure of
10 kPa.
i Show the cycle on a T-5 diagram with respect to saturation lines & determine.
i- The thermal efficiency of the cycle.
li- The mass flow rate of the steam.
2. If both the turbine & the pump have an efficiency of 87 %, what would be the thermal efficiency of the
cycle, and how would the 7 $ diagrarn change ? Question 4 (25 points)
4a. Complete each of the following statements:
1- Ina vapor compression refrigeration system, and under the same operating conditions, if the throttling
valve is replaced by a reversible adiabatic expansion device, the COP of the cycle will
2- The efficiency of a Carnot cycle depends on Ad... and does not depend on.
ences , and.
3- The mean features of 2 heal engine are...
4- Amethod by which the efficiency of an air standard cycle could be increased is.
5- The cooling eftect in a refrigeration cycle is obtained asa resutt of.
6- Reheating in Rankine cycle is needed to...
7- Copy the following table then complete it:
Actual vapor compression
systems
.al vapor compression
Type of compression
process
Work input to compressor
for same pressure ratio
Pressure drop in
of condenser
4b. The compression ratio of an ideal Otto cyde (air standard cycle) is 9.5. Before the isentropic
compression process, the air is at 100 kPa and 35°C. The temperature at the end of the isentropic
expansion process is 800 K. Assume that air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats, determine each of
the following: 1- The temperature after the isentropic compression. 2- The highest temperature in the
cycle, 3- The amount of heat transferred to the air (Qua) in ki/kg. 4- The amount of heat transferred from
the air (Qou:) in ki/kg. 5- Thermal efficiency of the cycle. (Cv=0.718 ki/kg.K, Cp=1.005 ki/kg.k, and ¥=1.4)
‘4c. A refrigerator uses refrigerant 134. as the working fluid and operates on an ideal vapor compression
refrigeration cycle involving a throttling valve between 0.14 and 0.8 MPa
1 Drawa TS and a P-H diagram of the cycle.
2. Determine:
i- The heat removal from the refrigerated space in ki/kg.
ii- The heat rejected to the environment in kI/kg.
The work input to the compressor in ki/kg.
iv: The COP of the refrigerator. Question 5 (10 points)
An ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression with intercooling, two stages of expansion with
reheating and regeneration as shown in figure, has an overall pressure ratio of 8. Air enters each stage of
the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1300 K. The regenerator is ideal with 100%
effectiveness and the compressed air is heated in the regenerator to the turbine exit temperature before it
enters the combustion chamber. Both stages of the compressor and turbine have the same pressure ratio.
Use air tables, pick the closest values and do not interpolate.
1+ Drawa T'S diagram of the cycle
2- Copy and complete the following table.
3 Determine the cycle efficiency.
Reyenerwor
Combystion
chamber
Good Luck Alexandria University
Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engg. Dept
Second Year
Answer ALL the following questions:
Qul: The switch in Fig.1 was opened for a long time.
If it is closed at t=0, determine the current and voltage
of the inductor for both t<0 and t>0. Then find the energy
stored in the inductor at t=2 seconds.
Q.2: The switch in Fig.2 was closed for a long time
[fit is opened at 0, determine the current and voltage
of the capacitor for both t<0 and >0, Then sketch
the time response of v(t) and i ().
).3: Consider the divect current circuit shown in Fig.3
(a) Oblain Thevenin’s equivalent at terminals a and b.
(b) What resistor connected across a and b will absorb
maximum power from the cireuit? What is that power
Final Exam
976/201
Elcetrical Engg,
Time Allowed: 2 Hours
Q.4: The circuit in Fig.4 is operating at steady-state
Calculate the value of R that will make the energy stored
in the capacitor the same as that stored in the inductor.
Q.5: The circuit in Big.5 is operating at steady-state
Calculate the inductor current.
BA
ote Alexandria University =
Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
‘Spring, 20)
Fluid Mechanics 7
Second Year
Time allowed :3 hours
‘Answer All Questions
Question One
{a)Compiete each of the following statements: (17 points)
1- The advantage of positive displacement pumps are ....... and ......while its main
disadvantages are ........ and
2- The power required to drive a pump is determined by .. and
3-.....+e.pump is used for pumping residual oil from distillation plant.
4+ The magnitude of shear stress depends upon ......and
5- For non-newtonion fluid, the apparent viscosity is affected by ........ and
6- for pseudo-plastic fluid as the apparent viscosity decrease the shear Fate «1.1...
Te veevee aid on. ae defined as field.
8. The position of liquid-liquid interface in decanter depends on .......and
9- as the temperature of gas increases its viscosity
10+ Boundary layer is defined as ..
10+ Cavitation occurs in pumps
ne pump is used in cars to transport benzene from tank to motor.
12- At the entrance of pipeline the fluid is ............dimensional flow
13- The centrifugal pump is divided avcording to pump case into ....... and .... type.
14- The plots of total head, power consumption and efficiency versus volumetric How
rate are known as soos OF pump,
15- Turbulent boundary layer consists of three zones, which are ww... and
16+ The change of momentum rate during fluid flow is equal to
17. For turbulent flow fanning friction factor is funtion of ..... and ......,Wwhile for
Jaminar flow it is function of .......only.
18+ The flow of fluid in thin layers is known as
19- In orifice meter as B increase the friction loss so pressure recovery
(b) What are the most common types of pumps used in industrial plants? (2 points)
(©) Water at a temperature of 50°F flows through a pipe of inside diameter of 0.75 in.
Determine the maximum time taken to fill a tank of volume 0.0125 ft’ with water, if
the flow is (1) Laminar, (2) Turbulent (6 points)
Question Two
(2) Give reasons for each of the following (10 points)
1- Separation of boundary layer causes friction losses.
2- The diameter of suction line is equal or larger than diameter of discharge line.
3+ Sometimes the pumps needed to be barried under ground
4- A few ppm of polyethylene oxide is added to line carrying cooling water
5: The angle of discharge cone in venture-meter is small. (b) Drive the equation that connects the relation betwee
(9 points)
1- Skin friction and shear stress
2+ Viscosity and pressure difference in laminar flow
3+ Kinetic energy correction factor and average velocity
(©) Describe venturi-meter, derive its equation and compare between yenturi and
orifice meter (6 points)
(a) A venture-meter of throut diameter 1 inch is connected to a water pipeline of 2 in-
diameters. If the mercury manometer shows a head difference of 10.5 in of mercury.
Caleulate: I- the flow velocity in the throat of the venturi meter?
2+ Volumetric flow rate of water through the water pipe
3-1f 12 percent of the differential is permanently lost, what is the power
consumption of the meter?
(venturi coefficient = 0.98, sp.gr. of mercury ~ 13.6) (10 points)
Question Three
(a) Discuss cach of the following using simple sket
I- Mechanical seal and stuffing box.
2 Separation of boundary layer in diverging cone
3- Flow of fluid in thin layer and its application
4- Different types of centtifugel pumps
(22 points)
(b) A pump with an average efficiency of 60% pumps an acid (Sp.gr.~ 1.8) from an
open tank to a bottom side of a closed tank at a rate of 18 Ibvsec. The closed tank
operates at 19.65 psia and the fluid is discharge at a velocity of 8 fs ut a point 60 ft
above the acid surface level in open tank.
Determine the power (hp) required to run the pump if the energy’ losses are equivalent
to 9 ft of water head. (10 points)
‘Question four
(a) Write the sei f the following case: (10 points)
1- The vertical distance, from five surface of supply tank to centre Tine of pump.
- The force required to put fluid in motion
3- The sum of different heads that are required to move liquid from the source of
supply into discharge tank,
4- The vertical distance from the surface of the source of supply to surface of fluid in
the discharge.
5- Extra head that should be added when pump discharge fluid into a boiler.
6- The vertical distance from the centre line of the pump to free surface of fluid in
discharge tank.
7- Valves used for controlling flow
8- Valves used for closing flow
9-Valves permit flow in one direction only
10- Vessels used in piston pump to decrease pulsation
(b) Toluene (sp.gr. ~ 0.87, viscosity = 0.65 cp) is being pumped from a reservoir at
the rate of 10 Kg/s to the top of another reservoir 200 m higher than the level of
toluene in suction reservoir. The suction reservoir is at absolute pressure of 230
N/m? and the discharge reservoir is at absolute pressure of 140 KN/m’. 0.0070 |. 006
04
0066}
a ! 0.002
20050).
| Se
0.0046 poe Pa _ S dene
j Maweat ‘ti i 9.0006
noose. owning Soot no
9.0030 Wong ron, steel 0.60015 q
on Stactaas ton 8 G09s «9901
0.0025 L~ Cost tor. oconas: = oe 4 0.008,
mo Soros : a
0.9020 + 7 aoe - \
t 2345681 2 345087 2 {0008.61
Reynolds numbar, Be
FACTORS FOR UNIT CONVERSIONS
FACTORS FOR UNIT © EESEEe reer
[Quantity | Equivalent Values “1
Mass Tig = 1000 g = O00! metre ton = 7.008 Eee)
1 ib, 16 02 = $ x 10° ton ~ 453,595 g = 06453593 he
Length | m= 200 ern = 1000 mim = 10% microns fan) = 10 angstroms (A)
39.37 in, = 3.2808 f= 1.0836 ye = 0.006214 eile |
Lft~ {2ip. = 1/3 yd = 0.2068 m = 3048 on
Volume | 1m? = 2000 ters = 10% em? = 0 ml
553145 1 = 220.83 imperial gallons = 264.17 gal
= 105688 at I
110 1728 in,” = 7.4805 gal = (.028317 m? = 28.317 liters \
= 28317 em? {
Force 1 N= L kg-m/s? = 10° dynes = 10° geemy/s? = 0.22481 Ib, i
1 Ty =: 32174 Thy fis? = 44482. N = 44482 x 10° dynes |
Pressure | { aton= 101325 x 10% Nim (Pa = 201.325 KPa = 101325 bare
= 10125'% 10° dyaas/em?
= 160mm Hg et OC tor)
“= 14.596 bin. (psi) = 33
29.921 in Hg at OC
Energy | 19 —1Nom = 10" exgs ~ (07 dyne-crm
= 2.778 10-7 EW © 0.23901 cal
S07876 feb, = 8486 % 10° * Be
Power 1 J}s = 0.23901 cas = 0.7976 ftlbe's = 9.496. 19°" Beu/s
= L3et 107 hp
Example: The factor to vonvert grams to Ib, is |
i The pipeline between the two reservoirs is 8-in schedule 80 steel pipe of 0.9 Km
long. The pipeline is fitted with four 90° elbows, bwo straight through tees and Four
gate valves that are kept wide open, Calculate:
(15 points)
1- The developed head of the pump if its efficiency is 60%
2- The total power input in hp
3- If vapor pressure of toluene at temperature of pumping is |.1 atm.,the friction loss
in section line is 30 J and the pump is placed above the surface of toluene in suction
reservoir by 4m, will the pump be suitable for this service?
Best Wishes:
Prof. Dr, Nevine Kamal
Temperature
7 Viscosity
eg. C. Deg. F Cenposees
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Wide open
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING asl as
Chemical Engineering Department BghyaSl Lani
URIS Ly Apessighh Copal Lal cyt gilt
Laws & Fthies for Engng. Profe
Sccond Year sh
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eal Alexandria University
Faculty of Engineering
‘Chemical Engineering Dept
May 2015
¢ allowed:3 hours
‘Answer all the following questions as in their indicated order
Put your final answer in a box and indicate any numerical values with its units.
Write using a blue or black pen, No pencils except for drawing.
Do not answer the same question more than one:
Avogadro's Number= 6.023*10
Question 1
tate Right or False (12 pt)
1. The number of valence electrons for Ga (Z= 31) is 2
2. Syndiotaetie polymers are more easily crystallized than atactic polymers,
3. The liquification of Ch; is due to the induced dipole bonds.
4, Inkaolinite, the bonding within this two-layered shect is strong covalent bonds; adjacent
sheets are only loosely bound to one another by weak van der Waals forces.
5. Resilient materials are those having high yield strengths and low moduli of elasticity;
6. {nthe Transerystalline fracture, the fracture ctacks pass through the grains,
7. Hardness is a measure of a material’s resistance to localized elastic deformation.
8. The creep rate is constant in the secondary creep phase.
9. ‘The secondary creep rate decreases at the increase in the temperature or stress,
10. Polystyrene chains are more resistant to rotational motion than are polyethylene chains
11. Isomerism denotes the situation in which atoms are linked together in the same order but
differ in their spatial arrangement.
12. The coordination number is 6 for both ion types in the cesium chloride structure.
Question 2: (22 pt
1. Describe the major factors that will affect the fatigue strength ofa metal. (6 pt)
2. A copolymer consists of equal weight percentages of polyacrylonitrile, polybutadiene, and
polystyrene. Calculate the mole fraction of each component in this material. What is the
degree of polymerization if the average molecular weight is 100000 g/mol? (8 pt)
polyaerylonitrile
polybutadiene
Atomic weights (amu): H=1; C
N=14: 0-16.
3. Molecular weight data for some polymer are tabulated here, Compute
Page 1 of 4
Dr. Yehia El Shacly (a) The number-average molecular weight, and (40)
(b) The weight-average molecular weight. (pt)
Molecular Weight
Range (g/mol) x
8,000-20,000 0.05
20,000-32,000 ols
32,000-44,000 021
44,000-56,000 0.28
56,000-68,000 0.18
68,000-80,000 0.10
80,000-92,000 0.03
ues 12 pt
1. Compute the ratio of the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for the coordina!
4. (pt)
wi
0.02
0.08
0.17
0.29
0.23
0.16
0.05
tion number
2. Pure iron goes through a polymorphic change from BCC to FCC upon heating through 912
°C. Calculate the volume change and density change associated with the change in crystal
structure from BCC to FCC ifat 912°C, the BCC unit cell has a lattice constant @ =0.293
and the FCC unit cell a = 0.363 am.
Note : atomic weight of iron 55.85 g/gatom
Question 3:_(54 pti
po
1. A circular specimen of MgO is loaded using a three-point bending mode. Compute the
minimum possible radius of the specimen without fracture, given that the applied load is
3560 N, the flexural strength is 105 MPa, and the separation between load point
(Spt)
's 45 mm.
2. A specimen of magnesium Raving a circular cross section of diameter 2 cm is deformed in
tension. Us
questions:
Dr. Yehia El Shaclv
1g the load-elongation data tabulated as follows, answer the following,
Page 2 of 4 Load; N Strain
0 0
64984 0.001
119137 0.002
129968 0.005
147297 0.01
155961 0.02
160293 0.04
162460 0.06
164626 0.08
162460 Ot
158127 0.12
149463, O14
140798 . 0.16
121303 0.18
110473 0.19)
Fracture
a) Plot the stress strain curve, (4 pt)
y. Gp)
offset of 0.002. pt)
e) Determine the modulus of resilience. (4pt)
3. A 1.3.cm diameter aluminum alloy test bar is subjected to a load of 77400 N. If the
diameter of the bar is 1.26 em at this load, determine
‘a. The engincering stress and true stress. (6pt)
b. The engineering strain and true strain. “(6pt)
4. Estimate the theoretical fracture strength of a brittle material if it is known that fracture
‘occurs by the propagation of an elliptically shaped surface crack of length 0.5 mm, and
having a tip radius of curvature of $ x 10 mm, when a stress of 1035 MPa is applied. (6
pt)
5. A specimen of a 4340 steel alloy with a plane strain fracture toughness of 54.8 MPa vn is
exposed to a stress of 1030 MPa .Will this specimen experience fracture if it is known that
the largest surface crack is 0.5 mm long? Why or why not? Assume that the parameter Y
has a value of 1.0. (6pt)
Page 3 of 4
Dr. Yehia El Shacly 6. A15.2 mm diameter cylindrical rod fabricated ftom a 2014-T6 aluminum alloy is subjected
to a repeated tension-compression load cycling along its axis. Compute the maximum and
as eee Hee 8
minimum loads that will be applied to yield a fatigue life of 1.0 10" cycles, Assume
that the stress plotted on the vertical axis is stress amplitude, and data were taken for a mean
stress of 35 MPa. (8 pt)
500
400
1045 stool
300
2014-8 aluminum alloy
200
80
70
z
ymplitude (ksi
10? ~— 104 8 10° 107 10° 10"
Cycles to failure. N
Page 4 of 4
Dr, Vehia El Shacly ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Heat Transfer, second year Final-Term Exam,
June, 2015 Allowed time: 3 hrs
Question on
os ther the following statements are false or true and correct the false
one:
1-The most common type of heat exchanger
double pipe heat exchanger due to its simplicity.
2-Compact heat exchangers are commonly used in gas-to-gas and gas-to-liquid
heat exchangers.
3- In general fouling increases with increasing velocity and decreasing
temperature.
4-For a heat exchanger of negligible tube wall resistance and h>>h,, the overall
heat transfer coefficient is approximately equal to bj.
5-The heat capacity rate of a boiling fluid in a boiler approaches zero.
6-Fleat transfer in a heat exchanger reaches its maximum value when the fluid
with the higher heat capacity rate experiences the maximum temperature
change.
‘-The effectiveness of a heat exchanger may be greater than one.
8-In counter flow double pipe heat exchanger the outlet temperature of the cold
fluid never exceeds that of hot fluid.
\dustrial application is the
B)-What are the common causes of fouling in a heat exchanger? How does
fouling affect heat transfer in a heat exchanger?
A shell-and-tube exchanger (two shells, four tube passes) is used to heat
10,000 kg/h of pressurized water (Cp=4195 J/kg.K) from 35 to 120 °C with 5000
kg/h pressurized water (Cp=4660 J/kg. K) entering the exchanger at 300°C. If the
overall heat transfer coefficient is 1500 W/m?. K , determine the required heat
exchanger area?
Question Twi
A) -A shell- and-tube heat exchanger is to heat 10,000 kg/h of water from 16 °to
84°C by hot engine oil flowing through the shell. The oil makes a single shell
pass, entering at 160° C and leaving at 94° C, with an average heat transfer
coefficient of 400 W/m2K. The water flows through 11 brass tubes (k=137 Wim,
K) of 22.9-mm inside diameter and 25.4-mm outside diameter, with each tube
making four passes through the shell. Assuming fully developed flow for the
water, determine the required tube length per pass. (For water at Ty=323 K,
¢p=4182 J/kg. K, w=548%10° N.s/m?, k=0.643 Wim. K, p=998.1 kg/n?, Pr=3.56)
B)- Ethanol is vaporized at 78 °C (hyg=846 kj /kg) in a double-pipe parallel-flow
heat exchanger at a rate of 0.03 kg/s by hot oil (¢;=2200 j/kg. °C) that enters at
1 120°C. If the heat transfers surface area and the overall heat transfer
coefficients are 7.8 m’ and 210 Wim?, °C respectively, determines the outlet
temperature and the mass flow rate of the oil?
thre
A) Air ata pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 50°C is in parallel flow over
the top surface of a flat plate that is heated to a uniform temperature of 100°C.
‘The plate has a length of 0.20 m (in the flow direction) and a width of 0.10 m.
‘The Reynolds number based on the plate length is 40,000. What is the rate of
heat transfer from the plate to the air? If the free stream velocity of the ai
doubled and the pressure is increased to 10 atm, what is the rate of heat
transfer? (For air at 1 atm and 348 K k=.0299 W/m, K and Pr=0.7)
B)- Engine oil is heated by flowing through a circular tube of diameter D=50
mm and length L=25 m and whose surface is maintained at 150 °C. If the flow
rate and inlet temperature of the oil are 0.5 kg/s and 20 °C, what is the outlet
temperature? What is the total heat transfer rate for the tube? Assume Tp)=300
K (For engine oil at T, =300 Cy=1909 J/kg. K, =48.6*107 kp/s. m, k=145x10
Wim.K , Pr=6400.)
C-Air enters a 2-m-long section of a rectangular duct of cross-section 15 emX 75
em at 285°Kand at mass flow rate of 0.1kg/s. If the walls of the duct are
maintained at 313 ° C, determine j)-the outlet temperature of the air ii)-the rate
of heat transfer to the air. (Take Tw=325 K at which C,=1008 J/kg. K,
1=196.4x10" kg/s. m, k=0.0282W/m.K and Pr=0.707.)
uestion fous
A-A Bakelite coating (k= 1.4 W/m. K) is to be used with a 10-mm-diameter
conducting rod, whose surface is maintained at 200 °C by passage of an electrical
current. The rod is in a fluid at 25 °C, and the convection coefficient is 140
W/m?.K, What is the critical radius of insulation associated with the coating?
What is the heat transfer rate per unit length for the bare rod and what is the
maximum heat transfer rate could be obtained with that insulation? How much
Bakelite should be added to decrease the heat transfer associated with the bare
rod by 25%?
B) - the wall of an oven used to cure plastic parts is of thickness =0.05 m and is
exposed to large surroundings and air at its outer surface. the air and the
surroundings are at 300 K .If the temperature of the outer surface is 400 K and
its conveetion coefficient and emissivity are h=20 W/m?.K and 5=0.8,
respectively, what is the temperature of the inner surface if the wall has a
thermal conductivity of k= 0.7 Wim.K? 0=5.674109 Wim?.K*
Supplementary data
Heat diffusion equation in Cartesian coordinates: O(, oT) Of oT) af at at
afk S}+ Sk J+ 2{kS Jeg =p0, 2
le FZ I T)g =po,
Heat diffusion equation in cylindrical coordinates:
120 Do4-2 (eX) 2(2)o@ 00,2
roar ar) PP aD ab) az az ° at
Heat diffusion equation in Spherical coordinates:
1a/,.o7\ 4 ofa), 41 of, aor at
Tol ge? A), 1 O(a ksino)+q =po, 2
a(t T) sae 20) * si ( a)
R=4.013.0)20,15).1.0 08,06 lod 102
val
O Ob O2 03 G4 05 Of O7
(@) One-shell pass and 2, 4, 6, etc. (any multiple of 2),
02 03 4 O5 06 07 O& O9 10
(b) Two shell passes and 4, 8 12, etc. (any multiple af 4), tube passes Correlation
1 + 0.04((D/D)Rep Pry
Geometry Conditions
r 7 4/5 1 ~ Flow inside | Turbulent fully developed,
Nu, = 0.02: Pr
SO aeRO tube Rey>10,000, 0.6sPr<160,
| Ly>10, n=0.4 for T>T
| and n=03 for T.
