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Solution 104 9

This document contains solutions to problems regarding integrals and integrability. Solution 1 proves that the function f(x)=x^2 is integrable on the interval [0,b] and computes its Darboux integrals. Solution 2 proves that if a function f is integrable on [a,b] then a function g that differs from f at only one point is also integrable. Solution 3 extends this result to subintervals of [a,b].

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105 views3 pages

Solution 104 9

This document contains solutions to problems regarding integrals and integrability. Solution 1 proves that the function f(x)=x^2 is integrable on the interval [0,b] and computes its Darboux integrals. Solution 2 proves that if a function f is integrable on [a,b] then a function g that differs from f at only one point is also integrable. Solution 3 extends this result to subintervals of [a,b].

Uploaded by

HanzDucNguyen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 104-06: INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS

SOLUTION 9

(1) P279, 32.2


Proof. (a) For partition P = {0 = t0 < t1 < t2 < < tn = b} of [0, b], we
compute the upper and lower Darboux sum of P . Since M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) = tk and
m(f, [tk1 , tk ]) = 0, we have
U (f, P ) =

n
X

M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 ) =

n
X

tk (tk tk1 )

k=1

k=1

and
L(f, P ) =

n
X

m(f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 ) =

k=1

n
X

0 (tk tk1 ) = 0.

k=1

P
P
2
t2 t2
t2 t2
t +t
Since U (f, P ) > nk=1 k 2k1 (tk tk1 ) = nk=1 k 2k1 = n 2 0 = b2 for any
2
partition P , so we have that the upper Darboux integral U (f ) b2 . Actually, for
P
n
the decomposition given by tk = kb
k=1 tk (tk tk1 ) =
n , we have U (f, P ) =
P
2
Pn kb b
b (n+1)
n
b2
b2
k=1 k =
k=1 n n = n2
2n , which goes to 2 when n goes to infinity, so the
2
Darboux integral U (f ) equals b2 .
For the lower Darboux integral, since each partition has lower Darboux integral
equals 0, we have the lower Darboux integral L(f ) equals 0.
(b) Since U (f ) =
integrable on [0, b].

b2
2

and L(f ) = 0 which are not equal to each other, so f is not




(2) P280, 32.7


Proof. We can first suppose that f and g only differ by one point x0 [a, b], then
the proof for the general case follows by induction.
Since f is integrable on [a, b], f is bounded on [a, b], so there exists M > 0 such
that |f (x)| < M for any x [a, b]. Since g only differs from f at one point, we can
also enlarge M such that |g(x)| < M also holds for any x [a, b].
For any > 0, since f is integrable on [a, b], we can find a partition P of [a, b]
such that U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < . By adding x0 to the partition P , we get a finer
partition P P . Let P = {a = t0 < < tk1 < tk = x0 < tk+1 < < tn = b},

. If tk+1 x0 (or x0 tk1 ) is greater than , then we add a new


and let = 4M
point in (x0 , x0 ) (or a point in (x0 , x0 + )) to P to get a new partition P P ,
with U (f, P ) L(f, P ) U (f, Q) L(f, Q) < .
Now we estimate the upper and lower Darboux sums for g about P . We still
denote the partition P by {a = t0 < < tk1 < tk = x0 < tk+1 < < tn = b}
1

with tk+1 x0 , x0 tk1 < . Then


n 

X


M (g, [tm1 , tm ]) M (f, [tm1 , tm ]) (tm tm1 )


|U (g, P ) U (f, P )| =

m=1








M (g, [tk1 , tk ]) M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 ) + M (g, [tk , tk+1 ]) M (f, [tk , tk+1 ]) (tk+1 tk )

<2M + 2M = .

So we have that |U (g, P ) U (f, P )| < and the same estimation implies that
|L(g, P ) L(f, P )| < . So we have that U (g, P ) L(g, P ) < U (f, P )
L(f, P ) + 2 < 3, which implies that g is integrable on [a, b]. Moreover, we
Rb
Rb
have that a f a g U (f, P ) L(g, P ) < U (f, P ) L(f, P ) + < 2 and
Rb
Rb
Rb
Rb

P ) L(f, P )U (f, P ) > 2. So | a f a g| <


a f a g L(f, P )U (g,
Rb
Rb
2 holds for any > 0, so a f = a g holds.

(3) P280, 32.8
Proof. We need only to show that for any > 0, there is a partition P of [c, d] such
that U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < .
Since f is integrable on [a, b], there is a partition Q of [a, b] such that U (f, Q)
L(f, Q) < . By adding c and d to the partition Q, we get a finer partition Q such
that Q Q , and U (f, Q ) L(f, Q ) U (f, Q) L(f, Q) < .
Let Q = {a = t0 < < tm = c < < tn = d < < tk = b}, then
P = {tm = c < < tn = d} is a partition of [c, d]. Then we have
> U (f, Q ) L(f, Q ) =

k 
X
l=1

n
X

l=m+1


M (f, [tl1 , tl ]) m(f, [tl1 , tl ]) (tl tl1 )



M (f, [tl1 , tl ]) m(f, [tl1 , tl ]) (tl tl1 ) = U (f, P ) L(f, P ).

Then U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < implies that f is integrable on [c, d].



(4) P289, 33.4
Proof. Let f : [0, 1] R be defined by

1 x [0, 1] Q
f (x)
1 x [0, 1] \ Q
Then |f |(x) = 1 for any x [0, 1], which is a continuous function. So |f | is
integrable on [0, 1].
However, for any partition P = {0 = t0 < < tn = 1}, we have M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) =
1 and m(f,P
[tk1 , tk ]) = 1. So we can compute the
Pn upper and lower Darboux sums:
U (f, P ) = P nk=1 M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 ) =
P k=1 (tk tk1 ) = tn t0 = 1 and
L(f, P ) = nk=1 m(f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 ) = nk=1 (1) (tk tk1 ) = (tn t0 ) =
1. Then the upper and lower Darboux integrals are U (f ) = 1 and L(f ) = 1,
which are not equal. So f is not integrable on [0, 1].

(5) P289, 33.7

Proof.
for any interval [c, d] [a, b], M (f 2 , [c, d])m(f 2 , [c, d])
 (a) We first show that 
2B M (f, [c, d]) m(f, [c, d]) holds.

For any > 0, there exists x, y [c, d], such that f 2 (x) > M (f 2 , [c, d]) and
f 2 (y) < m(f 2 , [c, d]) + . So we have M (f 2 , [c, d]) < f 2 (x) + and m(f 2 , [c, d]) <
f 2 (y) + , which implies
M (f 2 , [c, d]) m(f 2 , [c, d]) < f 2 (x) f 2 (y) + 2


|f (x) + f (y)| |f (x) f (y)| + 2 2B M (f, [c, d]) m(f, [c, d]) + 2.

Since
the inequality holdsfor any > 0, we have M (f 2 , [c, d]) m(f 2 , [c, d])

2B M (f, [c, d]) m(f, [c, d]) .
So for P = {a = t0 < t1 < < tn = b}, we have
n 

X
2
2
U (f , P ) L(f , P ) =
M (f 2 , [tk1 , tk ]) m(f 2 , [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 )
k=1

n
X
k=1




2B M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) m(f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 ) = 2B U (f, P ) L(f, P ) .

(b) For any > 0, since f is integrable on [a, b], there exists a partition P of
[a, b] such that U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < . Then the previous inequality implies that
U (f 2 , P ) L(f 2 , P ) < 2B, so f 2 is also integrable on [a, b].

(6) P290, 33.9
Proof. For any > 0, since (fn ) uniformly converges to f on [a, b], there exists N
such that for any n > N , we have |fn (x) f (x)| < for any x [a, b]. We fix an
n > N , since fn is integrable on [a, b], there is a partition P = {t0 = a < t1 < <
tk = b} such that U (fn , P ) L(fn , P ) < .
Now we estimate |U (fn , P ) U (f, P )| and
|L(fn , P ) L(f, P )|. Since |fn (x)



f (x)| < for any x [a, b], we have that M (fn , [tk1 , tk ]) M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) <




and m(fn , [tk1 , tk ]) m(f, [tk1 , tk ]) < for any k {1, , n}. So
n

X


|U (fn , P ) U (f, P )|
M (fn , [tk1 , tk ]) M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 )
k=1

n
X

(tk tk1 ) = (b a).

k=1

The same estimation gives that |L(fn , P ) L(f, P )| (b a).


So we have that U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < U (fn , P ) L(fn , P ) + (b a) + (b a) =
(1 + 2(b a)), so f is integrable on [a, b].
Since f and fn are both integrable on [a, b], |fn f
on [a, b]. Since
R
R | is also integrable

b
b
|fn (x)f (x)| < for any x [a, b], we have that a (fn f ) a |fn f | (ba).
Rb
Rb
So limn a fn = a f holds.


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