GOLDEN RULES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR EXAMS

1.

Simple Present Tense

a. It is used for general statements

You know most animals kill for food.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
b . It expresses habitual or everyday activities.
Mom reads for two hours every night.
Carol always has her breakfast at home.
c. It is used for permanent situations.
I always sleep eight hours every night.
d. It is used planned or scheduled activities
The film starts at 9.30.
The last train runs at 1.00 a.m.
e. It has a dramatic use.
A car stops outside the bank and two men get out They have guns in their hands.
f. It is used to describe actions (e.g. in sport) while they are happening
Suat gives the ball to Hagi. Hagi goes past two men, he shoots, but the ball hits a Milan player.

g. The passive form of the simple present tense is am I is / are + verb3

The valuable things are kept in that safe.
How often are the windows cleaned?

2. Present Continuous Tense

a. It expresses an activity that is in progress at or around the moment of speaking.
John is talking to Mr Smith.
Why don't you take your umbrella? It's raining outside.
b. It is used when something is generally in progress this week, this month.
John Grisham is writing another novel.
(It does not mean that he is writing the novel at the moment of speaking. )
c. We may use it with always / constantly / forever to complain.
Bill is always telling me about his personal problems.
You are forever asking me to be careful. I'm not a baby!
d. It is used to express temporary situations
My car's broken down. I'm travelling to work by bus.

e. It is used for planned and decided future activities

We're leaving very early tomorrow morning.
John's coming here next week.
f. The passive form is am / is / are + being + verb3
The kidnapped boy is being looked for everywhere.
New blocks of flats are being built in our neighbourhood.
Why is the office being painted dark blue?
NOTE: Certain verbs (know, remember, understand, notice, realize, want...) cannot be used in
present continuous tense. The verb see can be used in Present Continuous Tense if it means to
visit or to examine.

3. Simple Past Tense

a. It is used to talk about actions and situations in the past. We use past form of the verbs.
She behaved like a football hooligan yesterday.
He attacked 20 photographers outside the court with an illegal tear gas spray.
Why did they turn down your offer yesterday?
We didnt discuss it with other students last night.
b. Passive form of Simple Past Tense is was / were + verb3
The match was cancelled because of the heavy rain yesterday.
The children were taken to the zoo last week.
Maria Green, aged 17, was praised by London Police for her heroism yesterday.
c. Simple Past Tense is used with when, after, before, by the time.
After we left the stadium, we had dinner at a restaurant.
By the time the rain started, we had got back home, so we didn't get wet.
NOTE: PAST FORM OF THE VERBS DOES NOT ALWAYS TELL US THAT AN ACTION
HAPPENS IN THE PAST

4. Past Continuous Tense

a. When an action is in progress at a certain time in the past, we use Past Continuous Tense.
We have got the same structure in Turkish.
Dn saat 4'te evde televizyon seyrediyordum.
What were you doing at 9.00 last night? I was enjoying myself at a party at that time.
I saw you in front of the Odeon yesterday. You were talking to a pretty girl.
b. In some cases, Simple Past Tense and Past continuous Tense give almost the same
meaning.
I watched television at home yesterday morning.
I was watching television at home yesterday morning.
c. When two actions are in progress simultaneously, we use past continuous.
While it was raining, the children were playing in the park.
While you were having a good time at the party, I was studying. That's why I've passed the
exam.
d. In the past when an action occurs, the other action is in progress and

While she was reading last night, she fell asleep.

When I met him for the first time, he was working for BBC.
e. An expression of place can sometimes come between be and - ing
My sister was upstairs listening to music.
We were outside the place hoping to see the Queen.
f. During an activity in the past, another one happens.
Just as I was leaving home, my friend, Tom, dropped by.
Just as he was opening his mouth, one of the protestors threw an egg at him.

5. Present Perfect Tense

a. An action begins in the past and it still goes on. We give the duration using for or
since. We use the past participle form of the verbs. e.g. take - took - taken
Mr Smith has taught mathematics for three years.
I have known your brother since 1995.
She has visited us several times since she moved here.
b. It expresses the idea that something never happened before now.
I have never seen a ghost. Have you?
I haven't ever eaten duck.
c. It is used to find out certain facts about someone or something.
Have you ever eaten Chinese food?
Has it ever caused any trouble?
d. When we do something a short while ago, we can use present perfect tense.
I have just seen your brother.
They have moved into a new flat.
I have talked to her recently / lately.
e. We do certain things in the past, and we are likely to do them in the future.
I have been to Spain four times up to now / so far / until now
f. When we hear something happens that has happened recently.
I talked to Carol an hour ago. John has come back. Do you know that?
g. When we do not carry out an action, we use present perfect tense.
We haven't taken the car to a garage yet.
h. When we do something in the past and we are likely to do it during a period.
We have read three novels this week / this month / this year.
i. You do something in the past. You are not doing it at the moment, but you may do it in the
future.
I have been to Spain
I've tried Thai food.

j. When something happens sooner than expected.

I have already had my lunch.
I have had my lunch already.
k. The passive form of the present perfect tense is have / has + been + verb3
They say the car hasn't been found yet.
It is said that more than fifty people have been invited to the party.
They say Mr. Smith has just been arrested for starting the fire.
Has the cause of the disease been discovered?

6. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

a. We use the present perfect continuous to talk about something which starts in the past
and it still goes on.
Janet has been watching television upstairs all day.
I've been having dancing lessons for three weeks.
How long have you been working for BBC?
b. We do an action up to the recent past (We don't do it right now.)
He's been tidying his room. (He is not tidying his room now, but he is in his room.)
Have you been doing shopping? (You are not doing shopping now, but your hands are full.)

SEE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT

CONTINUOUS TENSES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
Sheila has tidied her room. (She has finished tidying her room.)
Sheila has been tidying her room. (She has finished tidying her room or she hasn't finished it.)

a. We use the present perfect tense to show what we have achieved in a period of time.
I have visited four friends so far today.
We have met only one foreigner up to now this summer.
b. We use the present perfect continuous tense to show how long something has been in
progress.
I have been visiting my friends all morning.
c. We use the present perfect tense for more permanent situations.
I've always lived in this town.
I don't believe in ghost, but I've always been afraid of them.
I've always been helpful to you, you know.
d) We use the present perfect continuous for more temporary situations.
We've been living here for just a few days.
She's been helping her mother for a week.
NOTE:

1 - There is a slight difference between

I've lived here for ten years.
and
I've been living here for ten years.

Some verbs are not normally used in the present perfect continuous tense.
They have been knowing each other for ages.
I have been liking classical music since I was a child.

7. Past Perfect Tense

a. The past perfect tense is used to express an activity that was completed before another
activity or time in the past.
The rain had (already) stopped by the time we left home, so we didn't take our umbrellas.
Until last week, we had never talked to him face to face.
They had driven away when the police got to the scene.
After I had talked to Mr. Smith, I made up my mind.
(We can also say After I talked to Mr. Smith, .. as the time relationship is already
clear.)
He had been a university lecturer before he became a businessman.
(We can also say, He was a university lecturer, ... as the time relationship is already clear.
I didn't go to see the film last night because I'd seen it before.
NOTE: We should be very careful when we use the simple past tense and the past perfect
tense, because the message can be received in another way.
When I got home, they had broken into the flat. (I didn't see the burglars.)
When I got home, they broke into the flat. (I saw the burglars)
b. We use the past perfect tense to express the simple past and the present perfect tenses in
reported speech.
I have talked to him at least ten times.
Bill told me he had talked to her at least ten times.
I knew that he was with Mr. Smith.
John told me that he had known he had been with Mr. Smith.
Why did you leave your dictionary in my room?
Mr. Smith asked me why I had left my dictionary in his room.
Have you had this bicycle for long?
Janet wanted to know if I had had this bicycle for long.
c. The passive form of the past perfect tense is had been + verb3
Until Friday, the poor man had been operated on three times.
By the time we got back from holiday, our house had been painted.
The furniture had been delivered while I was out.
NOTE: We are going to see past perfect tense in different activities such as
NO SOONER . THAN or
HARDLY .. WHEN . ,

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

a. It is used to talk about something which had been in progress up to the past time, and
duration is given.
We had been driving for about two hours when our car broke down.

When they announced that they had sold out the tickets, we had been queuing for two
hours.
b. It may also express an activity in progress recent to another time or activity in the past.
He was rather tired because he had been working.
When he got home, he was still angry because he had been looking for his son.

TRY TO SEE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN the past continuous and past perfect
continuous tenses.
When the rain started, the children were playing in the park.
When the rain started, the children had been playing in the park for an hour.

9. Simple Future Tense

a) WILL
a. We can use the simple future tense with WILL when we predict the future. The following
verbs and expressions and adverbs of probability are often used with WILL
think
be sure

be afraid
probably

believe
certainly

hope
perhaps

expect

I'm sure our team will beat yours.

I'm afraid Mr. Smith will get angry with us.
Perhaps she will take us out for dinner tonight.
b. When we decide to do something at the moment of speaking, we can use WILL
Alan
Bill

: I'm going out for a walk.

: Oh, I'll come with you.

c. WILL is used to make a promise

Sorry, but I'll never get to school late again.
I'll love you forever, Barbara.
d. To express willingness, we use will.
Janet : There's a knock on the door.
John : Oh, I'll answer it.
e. will is used to express a future activity.
I'll take my brother to the park tomorrow.
f. will is used for threatening.
If you do that again, I'll give you a black eye.
g. Passive form is will be + verb3
A decision will be made as soon as possible.
b) BE GOING TO + verb1
a. We use be going to when we have a prior plan.

I'm going to paint the windows.

b. When we see the result of something in the present, we use be going to
Look! He's going to fall down the stairs.
NOTE: When you predict the future, you can use will.
Don't drive to London in that car.! It'll break down.
c. When you see the result of something in the present, you can use be going to.
Be careful! You're going to get burnt.
d. Passive form is be going to + be + verb3
The car is going to be towed to the nearest garage.
c. BE - Ving
a. The present continuous tense is also used for the future. It is used for a prior plan.
Bill is leaving tomorrow. Do you know that?
Aren't you taking your camera with you for the excursion tomorrow?

10. Future Continuous Tense

S + will be +V-ing
a. It expresses an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future. We have got the
same structure in Turkish ( -iyor / yor olacam).
I will be travelling to Istanbul at this time tomorrow.
What will you be wearing at the party tomorrow?
I suppose you'll be retiring soon, won't you?
It'll be a great party tonight. John will be playing the guitar. Roy will be singing.

11. Future Perfect Tense (Subject + will have + verb 3)

a. It expresses that an activity will be completed before another time or event in the future.
We have got the same structure in Turkish: ---- m olacam
I will have gone on a holiday by the time you get back.
b. An activity will be completed around a certain time.
She will have had an operation by May.
c. Passive form of the future perfect tense is Subject + will have been + verb 3
A bridge will have been built over the river by 2003.

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

a. It emphasizes the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time of
event in the future.
I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time you get back.

(Geri geldiinde 2 saattir uyuyor olacam.)

b. The following sentences give the same meaning
When Mr. Smith retires next month, he will have worked here for 28 years.
When Mr. Smith retires next month, he will have been working here for 28 years.

PARTICIPLES
A participle can be an -ing form like playing or a form like played, written
a. Sentence + V-ing

( -erak / -arak)

He walked into the room talking to himself.

He left the room slamming the door.
She spent the whole day at the hotel reading and watching television.
I had found out some things about Sweden (by) looking up into several encyclopaedias.
b. sentence + having V (reason)

( iin / -den sonra)

We weren't surprised with what he had done because we had expected him to do silly
things.
We weren't surprised with what he had done having expected him to do silly things.
John called some of his friends as he had thought they were going to help him.
John called some of his friends having thought they were going to help him.
After the members of the committee had discussed the matter once more, they
held a press conference.
Having discussed the matter once more, the members of the committee held a press
conference.
After John had been sent to another branch of the company, he decided not to work there.
Having been sent to another branch of the company, John decided not to work there.
As my brothers had not been to the village where our father was born before, they found
whatever they heard about their childhood very exciting.
Not having been to the village where our father was born before, my brothers found
whatever they heard about their childhood very exciting.
NOTE: THE SUBJECTS OF THE MAIN AND SUBORDINATE CLAUSES ARE THE SAME
A- NOW THE SUBJECTS OF THE MAIN AND SUBORDINATE CLAUSES ARE DIFFERENT
Subject (Different) having (been) V3..., Subject (Different) + V
When George was brought out of the sea, they gave him an artificial respiration.
George having been brought out of the sea, they gave him an artificial respiration.

As (When) the children caused a lot of trouble, their neighbours complained about them
to their parents.
The children having caused a lot of trouble, their neighbours complained about them to
their parents.
B-NOW THE SUBJECTS OF MAIN AND SUBORDINATE CLAUSES ARE DIFFERENT
(Different) Subject + being V3 I adjective.., (Different) Subject ......
When Mr. Smith was dead, his eldest son took over the company.
Mr. Smith being dead, his eldest son took over the company.
When the car crashed into a tree, its driver was killed as his head hit the windscreen
When the car crashed into a tree, it's driver being killed as his head hit the windscreen
As the weather was cold, we had to stay at home.
The weather being cold, we had to stay at home.
With the help of Mr Green, I used a computer after three days.
Mr Green had me using the computer after three days.
With my help, Oliver will be able to ride a bike after an hour.
l will have Oliver riding a bike after an hour.
d. V-ing .., sentence
When (As) Bill missed the last bus to work, he had to take a taxi.
Missing the last bus to work, Bill had to take a taxi.
As I was angry at what he had done, I shouted at him at the top of my voice.
Being angry at what he had done, I shouted at him at the top of my voice.
e) On V-ing sentence
As Bill missed the last bus to work, he had to take a taxi.
On missing the last bus to work, Bill had to take a taxi.
When (As) my elder sister found the film boring, she went straight to bed.
On finding the film boring, my sister went straight to bed.
f) When Subject + passive verb , sentence
When + verb3 ..,sentence
When the chairman was made to resign, he got up and left the room without saying
anything.
When made to resign, the chairman got up and left the room without saying anything.
When the man is taken to court, he'll have to tell the whole story, I think.
When take to court, the man will have to tell the whole story, I think.

Relative Clauses
A relative clause modifies a noun in English as it does in Turkish. The difference is that it comes
after the noun in English and it comes before the noun in Turkish.
Id like to talk to the man who sent the message last week.

Geen hafta mesaj gnderen adamla konumak istiyorum.

a. Noun + who / which Verb
I hate people who laugh at their own jokes.
The dog which bit me yesterday hasn't been found yet.
Note: THAT can also be used for people.
b. Noun + (who / whom I which) sentence
The man with whom you came here yesterday is in your office at the moment.
The man you came here with yesterday is in your office at the moment
The man who you came here with yesterday is in your office at the moment.
The house which Mr Smith bought last week is about 200 years old.
The house Mr Smith bought last week is about 200 years old.
c. noun + that
The train was just pulling out of the station that we were supposed to connect with. or
Just pulling out of the station was the train that we were supposed to connect with.
John turned down our offer that shocked us.
d. Noun (who / which + passive helping verb) V3
The man who has been accused of breaking into the supermarket has been to prison
several times.
The man accused breaking into the supermarket has been to prison several times.
e. noun + V-ing

(. mekte / -makta olan)

The boy who is playing with Julia is rather shy.

The boy playing with Julia is rather shy.
The people who live in those slums lead a terrible life.
The people living in those slums lead a terrible life.
f. Noun + to be V3

(-ilecek / -lacak)

As far as I'm concerned, the manager will check the report which will be sent to the
chairman.
As far as I'm concerned, the manager will check the report to be sent to the chairman.
g. Noun to V1

(-en / -an)

Do you know who the first man who had stepped on the moon is?
Do you know who the first man to step on the moon is?
Mr Smith was the most experienced person who would become the chairman.
Mr Smith was the most experienced person to become the chairman.
h. Noun + whose + noun
Do you know the man whose son broke our kitchen window?
Where is the chair whose legs are broken?
i. Noun + where I in which

Isn't that the house where Sait Faik was born?

Isn't that the house Sait Faik was born in?
Isn't that the house in which Sait Faik was born?
j. Noun + when
It was March 12th 1981 when the president opened this library.
Do you remember the day when you first met each other?

Connectors
1. PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
a. both .. and .

(hem hem de .)

Both Tom and Bill like classical music, but I don't.

You'd better invite both Carol and Janet to the party.
b. not only . but (also)/.as well

(sadece . deil ayn zamanda )

Not only the driver but also the passengers were injured.
Yesterday I not only finished my project but also helped my friends.
Not only did l help him but also lent him some money.
c. either.. or..

( ya .. ya da)

Either Carol or Tom has borrowed your dictionary.

You should buy either a book or a pop cassette for her.
I didn't like either the book or the film.
d. neither.. nor
( ne .. ne de .)
Neither the director nor the staff tried hard to complete the project.
We met neither Bill nor his brothers there.
2. as soon as / once

(r rmaz)

As soon as John gets back, we'll leave for London.

Once Bill leaves school, he'll work with his father.
3. until I till ("till "is used primarily in speaking rather than in writing) (e kadar)
She will stay here with us until we finish the meeting.
She will stay here with us till we finish the meeting.
4. as long as / so long as

(-dii srece)

I will support you as long as / so long as you follow my advice.

5. whenever I every time

(ne zaman -se / -sa)

Whenever she drops by me, she tells me something funny.

Every time she drops by me, she tells me something funny.
6. since / because / for / as long as / so long as / now that / inasmuch as (-dii iin / nk)
Because the traffic was very heavy, it took us two hours to drive home.
Since I'm not fond of classical music, Ill stay at home and read.

As long as you are not tired, could you help me with my project?
Now that I've passed the exams, I'm going on a holiday for some time.
In as much as you couldn't make a decision, you should stop complaining about it.
7. so / therefore / as a result / consequently / hence / thats why (bu yzden / sonu olarak)
It was rather cold, so we had to stay at home.
It hasn't rained for three months. Therefore, the farmers are having hard times.
They left home late. They, therefore, missed the bus.
They left home late. They missed the bus, therefore.
There was a lot of noise in the neighbourhood. Consequently, he had to move to another
place.
8. yet / but / nevertheless / however / whereas / while / on the other hand (fakat / bununla
birlikte)
Mr Smith is the richest man in the world, whereas his brother lives in poverty.
while
however
on the other hand
yet
9. (just) in case / in the event that (more formal than in case)
I'll write down your address in case l visit you
In the event that I visit you, I'll write down your address.
10. afterwards

(ondan sonra)

We talked to Mr Green once more. Afterwards, we agreed to start the business without him.
We talked to Mr Green once more. We agreed to start the business without him, afterwards.
11. even though / although / though / in spite of the fact that / despite the fact that + sentence
(-e ramen)

Even though we didn't know most of the guests, we had a wonderful time at the party.
Although
Though
The hotel was small. It was clean and comfortable, though. (though means but)
12. in spite oil despite + noun l noun clause (-e ramen)
In spite of the danger, they didn't change their minds and climbed the mountain.
Despite the hard times we had there, we never forget the town.
13. despite the fact that / in spite of the fact that + sentence (- e ramen)
In spite of the fact that we didn't like him, we let him join our party.
Despite the fact that the situation was hopeless, they never complained about it.
14. because of / owing to / due to +noun / noun clause (yznden / dolay / nedeniyle)
They've had to postpone the match because of the heavy rain.
She's still in shock owing to that terrible experience she had last week.

15. moreover / furthermore / in addition / what's more (stelik / stne stlk / ilaveten)
John is very clever. Moreover, he is hardworking.
They broke the windows and the furniture. What's more they accused us of destroying the
whole flat.
16. In addition to / besides (-e ilaveten / stelik / yansra)
In addition to the historical sites, there are a lot of sandy beaches around the town.
17. otherwise / or (else)

(aksi takdirde)

You have to obey all the rules here. Otherwise, you'll lose your job.
18. on the contrary ( Kar kma) (aksine)
Bir sz yada fikir kabul edilmediinde kullanilir.
I am known to hate classical music. On the contrary, I love it.
You say it's cold today. On the contrary, its hot.
19. meanwhile (bu esnada / bu srada)
I phoned for an ambulance; meanwhile John was trying to bandage the wound.
20. including (dahil olmak zere / -de dahil)
There are forty people in the rescue party, including three doctors and five nurses.
21. as a result + sentence / as a result of + noun (sonu olarak / -nin sonucu olarak)
We all got angry with him. As a result, we left his flat without saying anything.
All the flights had been cancelled as a result of the thick fog.
22. along with (beraberinde / yansra)
There was a letter along with the bunch of flowers.
23. let alone (yle dursun / bir yana brak)
He can't speak his mother language properly, let alone French.
24. given that (gznne alnrsa)
Given that they were really inexperienced they had done a good job.
25. on the whole (herey gznne alnrsa)
On the whole, her success made us very happy.
26. regarding

(- ile ilgili olarak)

Regarding your support on the matter, we'd like to thank you.

27. as a matter of fact / in fact / indeed (aslnda)
As a matter of fact, he has never done anything to help us with the problem.
28. the very

(ite tam )

Hey, look! Thats the very place where I can spend the rest of my life.

Conditionals ( If clauses)
a. Provided / Providing (that) ..

(If / only if) (kouluyla / artyla)

Providing (that) you are satisfied with the answers, I'll talk about something else.
Provided (that) she gets a scholarship, she will be able to attend university.
b. should

(if) less sure (-se / -sa / eer)

If I should pass the exam, they'll let me go on a holiday on my own.

(I'm less sure that I'll pass the exam.)
Should I pass the exam, they'll let me go on a holiday on my own. (inversion)
c. suppose / supposing

(If)

(especially in unreal situations)

Suppose I Supposing you were invited to meet Queen Elizabeth, how would you feel?
d. If subject + verb1 .., subject + verb1....

(genel gerek) ( -se / -sa . r / -ir)

If butter melts, it turns to liquid.

If someone is in financial trouble, it is likely to commit crimes.
e. if subject + verb1 .., subject + will I can + verb1 (-se/ -sa -ecek / -acak / -ebilir / -abilir)
If he comes here this afternoon, we'll discuss the matter in detail.
If they don't tell the truth, they can face some difficulties.
f. if subject + verb2 , subject + would + verb1 / could + verb1 / might + verb1
It is not a past tense activity and we do not change the verb in reported speech
If you knew me well, you would understand me much better.
(It means You don't know me well, and you don't understand me.)
If I had a brother, I would be happier.
g. were + subject ..., subject + would / could / might + verb1 (inversion)
Were I you, I wouldn't live in here.
h. if +subject + had + verb3, subject + would / could / might have + verb3
If you had told me you were going there, I would have joined you.
I might have been caught if I hadn't changed my clothes.
i. Had + subject + verb3, subject + would / could / might have + verb3 (inversion)
Had you tried harder, you would have passed the exam.
j. If + subject + could + verb1...., subject + would +verb1
If I could sing well, I would be a pop singer and make a lot of money.
It means, 'I cant sing well.'

k. If + subject + had + verb3 , subject + would + verb 1 (Gemite yle yapsaydn, imdi
-du / dun)
If you hadn't wasted your money in the past, you wouldn't lead a miserable life now.
It means, 'You wasted your money in the past, and now you lead a miserable life.
1. unless (-medike / -madka) (The verb is always positive, but the meaning is negative.)
Unless you tell me the truth, I'll never talk to you.
You can't go in unless you've got a ticket.
m. even if

(-se / -sa bile)

Even if we leave for the concert now, we'll be still late.

I'll never tell you even if I know who Julia is going out with.
n. as long as

(-dii / d srece)

You can come with us as long as you do what you're told.

You're allowed to have a picnic here as long as you don't make a fire..
o. whether

(or not)

You have to do the job whether you like it or not.

I don't know whether he'll stay at hotel or not.

Modals
a. must be + verb-ing

(-iyor / -yor olmal)

Carol must be watching television now. She always does that at this time every day.
They say Susan's heard the terrible news. She must be suffering a lot.
b. must be+ adjective (. Olmal)
He must be rich. He spends money like water.
He must be tired. He's been working since the morning.
c. must have + verb3

(-m / mi olmal)

She looks very happy. She must have heard the news.
None of the lights are on in the flat. They must have gone on a holiday.
d. can't be + adjective

(-m / -mi olamaz)

Sheila can't be tired. She hasn't done anything since the morning.
Barbara can't be at home. She always jogs in the park on Sunday morning.
e. shouldn't be + verb + -ing

(u anda -yor / -iyor olmamal)

You shouldn't be playing with your computer. You know, you're taking an exam tomorrow.
f. can't / couldn't have + verb3

(-m / -mi olamaz) (Past)

Bill can't have eaten your fish. He hates fish, you know.
She couldn't have walked away with his raincoat. She's been with the manager since the
morning.

g. should be / ought to be + verb +ing

(u anda) (-yor / -iyor olmalyd)

You should be studying now; You're taking an exam tomorrow.

They should be working now, but they're chatting in the corridor.
h. should / ought to have + verb3

(-meliydi / -malyd)

You should have let them know that you were thinking of changing your job.
He ought to have worn thick clothes last night. You know, it was very cold.
i. shouldn't / oughtn't + have + verb3 (-memeliydi / -mamalyd)
You shouldn't have shouted at her before her friends.
He oughtn't to have eaten so much. He says he has got a stomachache.
j. needn't have +verb3

(-mene / -mana gerek yoktu)

You needn't have bought any eggs. We've got a dozen in the fridge.
They needn't have met me at the airport. You know, I know the city very well.
k. 1. may / might have + verb3

(-e / -a bilirdi) ( P A S T) (zayf olaslk)

You might have cut your hand. Be careful the next time.
You might have broken the window. Stop playing basketball in here.
2. may / might have + verb3 (-m / -mi olabilir (olaslk) ( P A S T)
He might have missed the last bus, so we needn't wait for him for dinner.
They might have changed their minds.We'll find it out soon.
I. could have + verb3

(-ebilirdi / -abilirdi) (ama yapmad)

You could have painted it yourself. Why did you pay so much money for it?
We could have spent some time there, but we drove to the mountains.
m. may be + verb +ing

(-yor / -iyor olabilir)

He may be gardening at the moment. He sometimes does that on Saturdays.

n. can't be + verb + -ing

(-yor / -iyor olamaz) (u anda)

Bill can't be looking for a job at the moment, because he's just got one in London.
was / were going to + verb1

(-ecekti / -acakt)

They were going to have a picnic, but it rained and they stayed at home.
Would you mind + verb + -ing?

(-msnz) (rica)

Would you mind taking these boxes upstairs?

Would you mind if I + verb2

(-msn) (rica)

Would you mind if I left my things here?

a) must + verb1

(-meli / -mal)

I've got a terrible pain in my back. I must go and see the doctor,
I must talk to Mr Smith at once. I've got a message for him.
have to + verb1

(-mek / -mak zorundaym) (it is a rule)

We have to wear safety helmets at work.

MUST and HAVE TO both express necessity In most cases, there is no difference
between MUST and HAVE TO

All students must pass that exam.

All students HAVE TO pass that exam.
have got to + verb1 (-meli / -mal)(-mek / -mak zorunda)
You've got to think about it once more.
NOTE: HAD is the past form of MUST, HAVE TO and HAVE GOT TO.
mustn't + verb1
(-memelisin / -mamalsn)
You mustn't touch anything in here.
don't have to + verb1

(-meye / -maya gerek yok) (-mek / -mak zorunda deil)

There is no school tomorrow. I don't have to get up early.

needn't + verb1

(-meye / -maya gerek yok)

You needn't meet me at the airport. I know where you live.

don't need to + verb1

(-meye / -maya gerek yok)

She doesn't need to re-type the report.

haven't got to + verb1

(-meye / -maya gerek yok) (-mek / -mak zorunda deil)

We haven't got to wear suits.

should + verb1 / ought to + verb1 (-meli / -mal)
They are used for obligation and duty; to ask for and give advice.
You should learn to swim. You ought to learn to swim.
shouldn't + verb1 I ought not + verb1

(-memeliydin / -mamalydn)

You shouldn't tell lies. You oughtn't to tell lies.

had better + verb1

(-se / -sa iyi olur)

I'm driving to London very early tomorrow. I'd better go to bed.

Am / is / are supposed to + verb1

(-mesi / -mas bekleniyor)

Mr Smith is supposed to confess the truth.

You're not supposed to smoke in here.

would rather + verb1
I'd rather stay at home at weekends.
I'd rather not go there alone.
would rather + verb1 than verb1

(-y -e / -a tercih eder)

I'd rather make my own mind than ask for your advice.
would rather +subject + verb2

(-meyi / -may tercih etmek)

I'd rather you stayed with us here.

I'd rather you didn't work until late.
would rather + be + verb +ing

(u anda .-yor olmay tercih etmek)

I' d rather be sitting in the sun.

would rather + be + verb + ing than (be) + verb + ing
(u anda) ..-yor olamy . yor olmaya tercih etmek
I'd rather be sleeping than working in the office.
would rather + have + verb 3

-may tercih ederdim (past)

We got bored there. We'd rather have gone somewhere else.

How / What about + Verb-ing

(-meye / -maya ne dersin; -lim mi)

What / How about going for a swim tomorrow?

used to + verb1

(-erdi / -ard)

You used to suck your thumb when you were a baby.

didn't use to + verb1 / never used to + verb1

(hi -mezdi / -mazd)

I never used to like classical music when I was at university, but I'm fond of it now.
would + verb1

(-erd / -ard)

We would play hide and seek in that old building when we were at primary school.
NOTE:
a) You can say:' I used to be very naughty. 'You can't say 'I would be very naughty.'
b) You can say:' I used to have a bicycle. 'You can't say 'I would have a bicycle.'
won't + verb1

(-myor / -miyor)

a) There's something wrong with my car It won't start.

b) Bill won't do his homework. (He refuses to do homework)

wouldn't + verb1

(-medi / -mad)

Our washing machine wouldn't work yesterday.

may / might as well + verb1

(-ebilir / -abilir)

We might as well wait for the bus. We're not in a hurry, are we?
Suggest / insist / recommend + that + subject + should +verb1
(-meyi / -may nermek; -mekte / -makta srar etmek)
I was surprised that she should lose her job. 'I was surprised that she lost her job.'
It is important that we should attend the meeting.
She insisted that I should report it to the police.
She insisted that I reported it to the police.'
The doctor recommended that I should stay in bed several days.
You can omit (that ) in informal style.
as if / as though

(sanki; -m / -mi gibi)

It was as hot as if we were on the sun.

it looks as if you've got no friends here.
I feel as if Im going (or was I were ) going mad.
He acted as though he had never met us. It means, " He had met us before.
Whether or not

(-p / pmad)

We don't know whether he'll join us or not.

when / if
WHEN I go there, I'll discuss your problem with him. (I'll go there)
IF I go there, I'll discuss your problem with him. (It's not definite)
they say / think / know (that ) + sentence
They say his friends have left him.
They think Mr Smith has done his best to improve the conditions.
It is said I thought / known (that) + sentence
It is said (that) his friends have left him.
It is known (that) Mr Smith has done his best to improve the conditions.
he is said / known I believed + to verb1 / to have verb3 / to be verb + ing
They say Henry eats out on Saturdays.
Henry is said to eat out on Saturdays.
They believe Henry has left / left / had left the town.
Henry is believed to have left the town.
They know Henry is spending his holidays on an island in the Pacific Ocean.
Henry is known to be spending his holidays on an island in the Pacific Ocean.
get + verb3

Our flat got burgled when we were on holiday.

I don't think we'll get invited to the party.
It's (high / about) time subject + verb2

('It's NOT a past action)

We must tell him everything. We can't keep that secret any more.
It's time we told him everything. We can't keep that secret any more.
You must do something to solve the trouble.
It's high time you did something to solve the trouble.
A. Wish I Present Activities
1.

wish + subject + verb2

I wish I had more free time
I wish I were / was as tall as you are.

(You are likely to come across was instead of were) It's NOT a past action
I haven't got more free time NOW.
2)

wish + subject + could + verb1

I wish I could play a musical instrument.
('I can't play any musical instruments)

3)

wish + subject + would + verb1

I wish it would stop raining. ('I can't do anything to make the rain stop.)
I wish you wouldn't smoke.

4) wish + subject + was I were + verb + ing (keke u anda -yor / -iyor olsaydm)
I wish I were / was sleeping now.
B- wish / if only + subject + had + verb3

(keke .seydi / -sayd)

I wish I had gone somewhere else. (We didn't go anywhere else)

If only we had taken our thick clothes with us.
C- wish + subject + could have + done

(keke -bilseydi / -abilseydi)

I wish I could have paid him a visit when I was there.

if only = wish
If only I knew her present address.
If only I had taken my video camera with me. There were a lot to be recorded.
admit + verb + ing (diini kabul etmek / itiraf etmek)
The bank clerk admitted embezzling $ 10.000.000 from the bank.
have someone + verb1

(birisine ... - i yaptrtmak)

Fiil deiiklii have de olur

I must have Carol take these books to the library.
I've just had Tom mend the fuses.
have something + verb3

(birisine - i yaptrtmak)

Fiil deiiklii HAVE de olur.

I must have these books taken to the library.
I've just had the fuses mended.
get someone to + verb1

(birisine ..-i yaptrmak)

Fiil deiiklii GET de olur.

I will get Carol to take these books to the library.
get something + Verb3
Fiil deiiklii GET de olur.
I must get these books taken to the library.
I'm getting the fuses mended.
You must have the taps repaired by a professional plumber.
prefer + verb + ing / noun

( -i tercih etmek)

I prefer staying at home at weekends.

We prefer fish.
prefer + verb + ing TO verb + ing I noun

(-y .-e / -a tercih etmek)

In the evenings, I prefer staying at home to going out.

We prefer fish to meat.
would prefer to + verb1

(-meyi / -may tercih etmek)

I would prefer to listen to music.

She's told me that she'd prefer to be alone at weekends.
would prefer to + verb1 + rather than + verb1
(-meyi / -may .. meye / -maya tercih etmek)
I would prefer to read rather than watch television.
I know her well. She'd prefer to make her own clothes rather than buy them.
can't help + verb + ing

(-mek / -mak elinde deil)

I couldn't help laughing when Bill fell down the stairs.

I can't help laughing when someone boasts himself.
remember to + verb1

(-meyi / -may unutma(d))

Remember to turn off the lights before going to bed.

I remembered to turn off the lights before going to bed.

(Don't forget to ) (I didn't forget to)

remember + verb + ing

(-diini / -dn hatrlamak)

I remember leaving my bag here, but I can't find it.

Oh. yes. I remember meeting you at a party in London last year.
forget to + verb1

(-meyi / -may unutmak)

Sorry, but I forgot to bring the book back. I'll do that tomorrow morning.
I'm afraid I forgot to turn off the gas cooker. I'll go back home.
forget + verb + ing

(-diini / -dn unutmak)

Sorry. I forgot telling the same joke before.

I forgot meeting her at a party last year. When she smiled at me, I didn't know what to do.
try to + verb1

(-meye / -maya almak)

What are you trying to do over there, Bill?

Why have you been trying to open that old box, Henry?
try + verb + ing

(-meyi / -may denemek)

You say you've taken a lot of medicine for flu for a week.
Why don't you try having a hot shower?
I've done a lot of things to have a lot of money for ages, but I'm still poor. Im afraid I'll try
robbing a bank to be rich.
stop to + verb1

(-mek / -mak iin durmak)

You must stop to have a rest for a while. You've been working since the morning.
Why don't we stop to have coffee? You've been driving since the morning.
stop + verb + ing

(- meyi / -may brakmak)

I'm thinking of stopping smoking, but I don't know how to do that.

Please stop playing the guitar. You know, 3ohn's sleeping upstairs.
stop someone + verb + ing

(birisinin . mesine / -masna engel olmak)

You should stop children watching television long hours.

Why don't you stop your brother playing in the mud?
How did you stop him getting up late?
Begin + Verb + ing

(-meye balamak)

We began looking for him just after the sun set.

begin to + Verb1

(-meye balamak)

We began to feel cold just after the sun set.

NOTE :There is not much difference between the sentences given above, but we DON'T
normally use 'We are beginning feeling cold ', and we use ' to understand, to realize, to know
'after 'begin'
I began to understand what had happened upstairs when Bill walked in.

regret to + Verb1

(diinden zgn olmak)

I regret to let you know that your offer has not been accepted by the committee.
I regret to say that I won't be able to join you tomorrow.
regret + V-ing

(-diine piman olmak)

I regret leaving my shoes outside. Someone has walked away with them.
I regret saying he was the most boring person I'd ever known.
be used to Verb + ing / be accustomed to + Verb + ing (-e alkn olamk)
Don't worry. I'm used to getting up early.
Sorry, but I'm not accustomed to sleeping in the dark.
get used to + Verb + ing / get accustomed to + Verb + ing

(-e/-a almak)

When you begin to prepare for the university entrance exam, you'll get used to studying
hard.
Do you think it'll be easy for her to get accustomed to living alone?
need + Verb + ing

(-e/-a ihtiyac olmak)

Don't you think your shoes need polishing?

I don't think my hair needs cutting.
let someone Verb1

(birisinin bir ey yapmasna izin vermek)

I often wash his car, but he never lets me drive it.

make someone Verb1

(birisine zorla birey yaptrmak)

She made the children sit down and keep quiet when her favourite programme started on
TV.
Passive form is BE MADE TO Verb1
The children were made to sit down and keep quiet when the programme started on TV.
The protestors were made to leave the building by the police.
allow I permit someone to Verb1
(birisinin birey yapmasna izin vermek)
I often wash his car, but he never allows me to drive it.
If they had permitted me to talk about the matter, things would have been much different.
Force someone to Verb1

(birisini birey yapmaya zorlamak)

The robbers forced the people to lay down and keep quiet.
I know it's not so easy, but you should force yourself to talk to her face to face.

Verb + ing as a subject

Living in another country is not so easy, is it?
Eating less and doing much exercise are essential for a healthy life.
in order to / so as to / to

(-mek / -mak iin)

Carol has saved money in order to spend her holidays abroad.

Did you go there so as to take photographs?
We'd better hold a meeting to decide on a new plan.

in order that / so that subject + can / will + verb1(-mek / -mak iin)

Carol has saved money in order that she can spend her holidays abroad.
Did you go there so that you would take photographs ?
see / hear someone verb + ing

(birisini birey yaparken grmek / iitmek)

I saw you talking to an old lady this morning.

They say they heard you crying in your room this morning. What was the matter?
I noticed him staring at me. I was sure that I'd never seen him before.
see / hear someone verb1

(birisinin birey yaptn grmek / iitmek)

We saw you break the pencil. Why do you deny it?

I noticed someone tap my shoulder, but when I turned back1 there was nobody.
Verb + -ed as adjectives
When we felt the earthquake, we were horrified.
She was very excited when she heard she had won a prize.
Verb + -ing as adjectives
It's an interesting story, isn't it?
It was the most exciting story I'd ever heard about him.
need to be verb3

(-ilmeye / lmaya ihtiyac olmak)

The walls of the castle need to be restored, or they will collapse.

by the time subject + verb2 , Subject + had (already ) verb3
(-inceye kadar . -miti /-mt)
They had arranged everything by the time we got there.
By the time we left home, the rain had stopped, so we didn't take our umbrellas.
or
By the time he started studying the effects of sunshine on rocks, he had no idea about the
result he obtained in the end.
by the time subject + verb1, Subject + will have verb3
(-inceye kadar ... mi / -m olacak)
By the time you get back, I'll have finished it.
She'll have worked for 25 years for the company by the time she retires.

so + adjective + that . a clause .

(yle sfat ki .)

The workers standing outside the factory were so angry that they could pull down the
factory.
such (a / an / -) adjective + noun + that a clause

(yle isim ki .)

It was such a beautiful house that I could live there forever.

as for

(-e / -a gelince)
Everybody was trying to put out the fire. As for Tom, he didn't do anything but to watch the
people.

except I but

( hari )(cmle sonlarnda)

We all tried to do our best to achieve our goal except your brother.
Everybody brought their own food and drink but Mary.
apart from I except for

( hari) (cmle balarnda)

Apart from the weather, everything was great during the holiday.
Except for Mr Smith, everybody was satisfied with the decision.
*You are likely to come across apart from / except for at the end of some sentences.
Spend something verb + ing

(bireyi -erek / -arak geirmek / harcamak)

She spent the whole day watching the yatches in the harbour.
We'll spend several days camping in the mountains.
no matter how + adjective / adverb subject + verb
(ne kadar .-se / -sa yapsn) (ne kadar .-se / -sa olsun)
No matter how careful you are, you're likely to have an accident on an icy road.
No matter how carefully you drive, you're likely to have an accident on an icy road.
however + adjective / adverb subject ......
(ne kadar .-se / -sa yapsn) (ne kadar .-se / -sa olsun)
However careful you are, you're likely to have an accident on an icy road.
However carefully you drive, you're likely to have an accident on an icy road
Subject + had + no sooner + verb3 ..... than subject + verb2
(-li ok olmamt ki . oldu)
We had no sooner gone to bed than we heard a terrible explosion.
No sooner had + subject + verb3 ... than subject + verb2

(INVERSION)

No sooner had we gone to bed than we heard a terrible explosion.

Subject + had hardly + verb3 ..... when subject + verb2
(-dnda yeni . mt / -miti)
I had hardly left home when the rain started.

They had hardly gone to bed when the flat caught fire.
Hardly had + subject + verb3 ... when subject + verb2 (INVERSION)
Hardly had I left home when the rain started.
Hardly had they gone to bed when the flat caught fire.
allow / permit + verb + ing

(-meye / -maya izin vermek)

They allow smoking in that room, not in here.

They don't allow picnicking here.
We don't permit smoking in the building.
any longer / no longer / any more (artk / daha . yok)
You're not a child any longer, my boy. You should earn your pocket money.
You're no longer a child, my boy. You should earn your pocket money.
Mrs Dickey no longer lives here. She moved to Sydney last month
She's ruined all my dreams. I don't love her any more.
agree with / agree to / agree on
I don't think Helen agrees with you.
Does she agree to go there with you?
Do you really think they'll agree on the latest figures?
wait for / wait to
John's been waiting for the manager since 10.00.
John's been waiting to discuss the matter since 10.00.
John's been waiting for the manager to discuss the matter since 10.00
neither ( nor) do / did / can / subject

(-de/-da) olumsuz cmlelerle

Helen didn't like the idea of spending several days there, and neither did I.
They had never imagined an earthquake was going to hit Zonguldak,
and nor had I.
so do / did / can / subject
(-de / -da) olumlu cmlelerle
Helen liked the idea of spending several days there, and so did I.
I've been to some European countries, and so has my brother.
either

(-de / -da) olumsuz cmlelerle

Helen didn't like the idea of spending several days there. I didn't, either.
They had never imagined an earthquake was going to hit Zonguldak. I hadn't, either.

too

(-de / -da) olumlu cmlelerle

Helen liked the idea of spending several days there. I did, too.
Sheila can play basketball very well. Both of her brothers can, too.

a friend of hers / John's

(-nn . s /-si)

Bill is a very close friend of mine.

I'm wondering if Mr Johnson is a relative of Tom's.
seem to verb1

( gibi griniyor)

Your friend seems to be anxious. He shouldn't be, you know.

She seems to be sad. Do you know what's wrong with her?
seem to be verb + ing

(-yor gibi grnyor)

The boys seem to be enjoying themselves.

You seem to be thinking of something else.
seem to have verb3

(-m / -mi gibi grnyor) (past)

You seem to have had a row with Mr Green.

You seem to have seen a ghost. What's the matter?
It's no use / good verb + ing

(-nin / -nn yarar yok)

It's no use crying over the spilt milk. " British Proverb"
It's no good talking to him. He hasn't given us a hand up to now.
there is no point in verb + ing
(-menin / -mann yarar yok)
There's no point in discussing the matter once more.
There's no point in standing here. Why don't we go somewhere for a drink?
advise verb + ing
(-meyi / -may nermek)
I advised taking a taxi home as it was raining heavily.
She advises having a walk in the open air. She says it'll do us good.
can't / couldnt stand + verb + ing

(-meye / -maya tahamml edememek)

I can't stand listening to his silly adventures in Africa.

I couldn't stand getting orders from him. He treated me as if I were an idiot.
insisted that subject + verb1
(srar etmek / dayatmak)
I insisted that John polish my shoes.
It means" I made John polish my shoes."
The doctor insisted that she stay in bed for several days more.
It means" The doctor made her stay in bed for several days more.
none of (A)
(three or more than three) (Ann hibiri)
I've got some friends here. None of them like classical music, but I do.
There are five boys there, but none of them can help you with repairing the house as they
know nothing about carpentry.
both of (A)

(Ann her ikisi)

I've got two brothers. Both of them are ready to help you there.
neither of (A)
(negative meaning) (her ikiside deil)
I've got two brothers. Neither of them has (have) been abroad.
either of (A) (positive meaning) (-nin / -nn her biri)
I've got two brothers. Either of them is (are) ready to help you.
the more .. I the more ..
the -er . / the -er

(ne kadar o kadar )

The earlier you start working, the more work you do.
The less you spend, the more you save.
The more carefully you drive1 the fewer accidents you make.

don't mind verb + ing

(-meye / maya aldr etmez)

She doesn't mind helping her sisters and brothers

I never mind working long hours at work.
while / before / after verb + ing
The subjects must be the same

(-erken / -den once / -den sonra)

While looking for a place to spend the night in town, I came across an old friend of mine.
Before going out, I had locked all the windows, but when I came back, I found them open.
After saying good-bye to her friends, Sheila got into the car crying.
it's no worth + verb + ing

(-meye / -maya demez)

Do you think it's worth seeing that film?

It's not worth spending so much money on the restoration.

Do you mind if subject + verb1 ......

(-memin / -mamn sizce sakncas var m)

Do you mind if I stay here for ten minutes?

Do you mind if we ask Mr Smith for his advice?
Comman Mistakes for Turkish Students of English
Turkish students of English usually have difficulties in using prepositions while communicating and
they make mistakes because of the mother language interference. They think prepositions in
Turkish are exactly the same of certain prepositions in English, and when they want to use them,
they never think whether they are used in that way in English or not.
For example

Turkish
English

: Senden zr dilerim.
: I apologize to you.

They know that -den / -dan means from in English. They say I apologize from you.
ACCUSE OF
John accused me of breaking his pen.
AFRAID OF
I'm afraid of dogs.
ARRIVE AT
We arrived at the station late this morning.
ASHAMED OF
You must ashamed of yourself.
BELIEVE IN
We believe in God.
BY car, train, ship, bus I travel to school by bus.
COMPLAIN OF
She never complains of hard work
WAIT FOR
I'll be waiting for you then.
DIE OF
Her uncle died of cancer

GET RID OF
We managed to get rid of him in the end.
LOOK AT
What are you looking at?
LIVE ON
They live on vegetables.
SIT AT
Why don't we sit at that table?
GET TIRED OF
She has got tired of the city life
WRITE IN INK
You must write the letter in ink.
APOLOGISE TO
She should apologise to him.
BE LATE FOR
I was late for school this morning.
BE FAMOUS FOR Zonguldak is famous for its coal mines.
BE WITH SOMEONE I will be with Susan tomorrow.
BLAME FOR
She has blamed me for breaking it.
BE IN
Do you know the girl in the red dress?
COME UP TO SOMEONE Look Tom's coming up to us.
LISTEN TO I'm listening to the radio.
ASK FOR A THING She asked me for a book.
WAIT FOR
She has been waiting for you for an hour.
JEALOUS OF
Her sister is jealous of me.
WISH FOR
He wished for a book for his holiday.
DRESSED IN
She should be dressed in white at the party.
POINT TO
The baby pointed to the snake on the wall.
SHOUT AT when we are angry with someone
Bill was angry, and he shouted at his friends.
SHOUT TO when we call someone"
I shouted to my friends, but they did not hear me.
THROW AT when we are angry with someone
The man threw a stone at the dog, and it ran away.
THROW TO when we want someone to catch something
He threw the ball to me hard and I couldn't catch it.
LAUGH AT when we find someone or something funny
Everybody laughed at the jokes Bill told.

LAUGH when we are happy

Everybody laughed when they heard my story.
BETWEEN when we mention two places or objects
There is a bridge between Zonguldak and Dev'rek.
AS FAR AS when we mention a place
We walked as far as the restaurant.
LEAVE when we abandon a place
He left the town two years ago.
INTERVIEW SOMEONE
Your uncle was the first man to interview Madonna.
CONTACT SOMEONE
You should have contacted Bill Smith.
Determiners
Tantclardan A / AN - bir- anlamnda dnlmelidir. THE ise belirte.
Trke'de belirteler iin -i / - e taklar kullanlr.
rnein,

Kalemi buldum.
Bir kalem buldum.
Not:

- I've found the pen.

- I've found a pen

A John Brown .... John Brown diye biri

Ingilizce'de daglar, gller, denizler, nehirler ve bir ka devlet veya eyaletten olumu lkeler
iin THE kullanlmaktadr.
The Himalayas
the Black Sea
the United States of America

the Mississippi

zel islimlerden nce the gelmez, fakat u rnee dikkat ediniz:

The London train
Sfatlarn stnlk dereceleri ile
the tallest boy

the most expensive car.

Baz dilbilgisi yaplarnda da THE kullanlr.

The earlier you getup, the more work you do.
Ailelerden sz ederken the Browns eklinde ifade ederiz.
The Greens have lived in that house for more than 20 years.
SOME" ise biraz / birka anlamndadr.
Ive got some friends in Ankara
Ive got some food in the fridge.
ANY saysal ve miktar iin hi
I haven't got ANY friends in Ankara.
I haven't got ANY food in the fridge.
herhangi bir anlaminda kullanlr.
ANY child can do that. It's not so difficult.
When anybody wanted to give him a job to do, he would say, Not today, tomorrow."
ONE ve ONES saysal deildir; daha nce sz edilen isim veya isimler yerine kullanlr.
Both of the shirts are nice, but I'd like the blue ONE.
Most of the cars are American, but those two ONES are Japanese.
After gerunds, we can use determiners:
I'd like to find time for some fishing at the weekend.
I was disturbed by the ringing of the telephone.
FEW / A FEW -- LITTLE / A LITTLE
When we use FEW (countable) and LITTLE (uncountable), it means we cannot do anything
with it.

Life is very boring for me here. I've got few friends, and there's nothing to do in my free time.
When we use A FEW (countable) and A LITTLE (uncountable), it means there is enough to
meet our needs.
Well, life is all right for me here. I've got a few friends and I can find something to do in my
free time.
I'm sorry; I can't lend you any as I've got few. (little)
Oh, I've got a little (a few). That's enough for both of us.

SZCK TAHMN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

adjacent to (adj) - Our garage is adjacent to our house.

advocate (n. / v.) - Our group is an advocate of equal rights for men and women.
apt (adj) - Your ideas are not apt to this conversation.
attentively (adv) - If you don't listen to me attentively, you'll understand nothing.
barely (adv) I barely know my new neighbours. They've just moved in.
behold (v) - The clear blue-green lake is a lovely sight to behold.
be down for (ph. v) - My elder brother is down for a place at university. He'll be an electrical
engineer.
8. bring down (ph.v) - They are bringing down the prices in the canteen since the students
complained.
9. candid (adj) Ill be candid with you, John. You're the worst pianist Ive ever met.
10. circulate (v) - The teacher circulated around the room is the students studied.
11. congregate (v) - After the concert, the audience congregated around the singer.
12. come out with (ph. v) He came out with a very strange explanation.
13. considerably (adv) - I have considerably more work than I did last ',ear, so I work day and
night.
14. desolate (adj) - The town looked desolate after the storm. There was no one around.
15. discerning (adj) - A discerning eye can tell the difference between this shirt and the other one.
16. detachable (adj) - The legs of this table are detachable. You can carry it very easily.
17. embrace (v.n.) When she was back home after a long voyage, he embraced all the family
members.
18. emit (v) - A volcano emits fire from the earth.
19. evacuate (v)- if there's a fire, evacuate the building immediately.
20. excerpt (n) - In the magazine, you can read an excerpt of his latest novel, and you can have an
idea about the book.