Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac

Department for Applied Mechanics and Automatic

Control - Laboratory for Engineering Software

Miroslav ivkovi, PhD.

Sneana Vulovi, PhD.

N ON L I N E A R S T A T I C A N D
D Y N A MI C S TR U C TU R A L
A N A LY S I S

PRE- AND POST- PROCESSING EXAMPLES IN PROGRAM

FOR PROGRAM PACKAGE PAK

Kragujevac, 2013
SERBIA

FEMAP

Faculty of Engineering
ENGINEERING SOFTWARE LAB
Sestre Janjic 6, 34000 Kragujevac, SERBIA
Tel: +381 34 300790
Fax: +381 34 300791
Mob: +381 69 8288777
e-mail: [email protected]

Contents

EXAMPLE 1 Elasto-plastic analysis of rods

EXAMPLE 2 Elasto-plastic analysis of rods

EXAMPLE 3 Elasto-plastic analysis of rods

EXAMPLE 4 (SG_9) Large displacement with snap-through behaviour

A =0.02
12

EXAMPLE 5 (SG_10) Post-critical snap-back analysis

2
A =1

23

EXAMPLE 6 (SG_6) Large displacements of circle arc

EXAMPLE 7 (SG_6) Large displacements of a simple beam with local

buckling

EXAMPLE 8 Snap-through and snap-back of a shell

F
A

z
y
x

EXAMPLE 9 Shrinkage of a cylinder with free edges

EXAMPLE 10 (SE8_6) Half of sphere with hole subjected to concentrated

forces

EXAMPLE 11 (SG_12) Large strain necking of circular bar

EXAMPLE 12 (SG_13) Large strain necking of rectangular bar

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 1. Elasto-plastic analysis of rods

Description/Objective At first, we shell observe a simple example, where only the effects of
material non-linearity should be taken into consideration (Fig. 1). We shell assume that
displacements and deformations are small and that loads are applied slowly (statically), i.e. that
inertial forces are to be neglected. The force variation is presented in Fig. 1. Determine the
dependence between displacements, stress and force F.

600
500

Force [kN]

400
300
200
100
0
0

-100

E=2E8 kN/m2
=0
T=2.4E5 kN/m2
E T=2E7 kN/m2
A1=10 cm2
A2=8 cm2
l1=0.5m
l2=1 m

-200

Time [s]

Fig. 1

Suggested Exercise Steps:

I. Defining Materials and Properties
II. Generation of Nodes and Elements
III. Constraining the Model
IV. Loading the Model
V. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis
VI. Postprocessing and Review the Results

Example 1

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example1, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...

Femap 11 is used

Example 1

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I. Defining Materials and Properties

Rods are made of elastic-plastic material.
Model>Material...

1
3
2

7
Example 1

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Material - Isotropic press Cancel.
Model>Property...

2
3

Example 1

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

7
Create the second property.

10

11
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - ROD Element Type press Cancel.

II. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Model>Node (Ctrl+N)
The next dialogue box appears, in which the coordinates of the first node are entered.

1
2
Repeat the procedure for other nodes.

1
2

Example 1

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1
2

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Coordinates or Select with Cursor
press Cancel.
Press Ctrl+A or choose following command to autoscale the view:
View>Autoscale>Visible
Display labelling of nodes and elements by ID
View>Options...

(F6)

The following dialogue box appears

1
4

3
6

Model>Element...

(Ctrl+E)

The following dialogue box appears

1
2
Example 1

3
6

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Select the nodes or enter the number of nodes. However, it is easier to use graphical interface and to
select nodes at the screen by using the mouse. Click on the first Nodes box and select the nodes at
the screen in order shown in previous dialogue.
Remark: A node nearest to the cursor will be highlighted by yellow X( ), by mouse click,
highlighted node will be selected - you do not need to precisely click on a node!
Repeat the procedure for the second element.

1
2

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define ROD Element - Enter Nodes or Select with
Cursor press Cancel.
You can change the colors of model entities (nodes) using next commands:
Modify>Color>Node...

1
2

Modify>Color>Elements...

1
2

Example 1

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

On the Fig. 2 finite element model (nodes and elements) is shown.

Fig. 2

Example 1

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

III. Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Shift+F2)

2
3

Example 1

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of nodes in which constraints are given (1 and 3)
on screen, Fig. 2. They will be marked by +1 and +3 and added to Entity Selection box, so they
could not be selected (marked) again.

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Modify>Update other>Perm Constraint...

1
2

3
4

Example 1

10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

IV. Loading the Model

Modal>Function...
Added dynamic XY plotting of functions to the Function Definition dialog box.

3
2

5
4

Example 1

11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

7
6

Example 1

12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

11

10

12
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Function Definition press Cancel.
Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load.

Example 1

13

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Ctrl+F2)

2
3

Modal>Load>Nodal
Force at node 2 should be specifying.

Example 1

14

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
2

4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off Perm Constraint), use the FEMAP View
Visibility Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):

Example 1

15

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
The Fig. 3 shows a finite element model with numbering of nodes and elements and given
constraints and loads.

Fig. 3
We suggested you to save your work that you have done till now, using File>Save (short-cut F4).
Example 1

16

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

V. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

Create the input file and solve the model. Click on a PAK in main menu to start PAK translator.
Pak translator should automatically create new DAT file and start PAK solver.

For nonlinear static analysis you need to input aditional parameters. To do this click on a button
Edit Analysis Options after which a General Options dialog will apear.

Example 1

17

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5
6

10
Now model is ready for the analysis. Run the PAK solver by click on the Analyse button.

Example 1

18

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

11

When the analysis is complete a dialog Analysis Complete is shown. Click on Load Results button
closes PakTranslator and loads results in the Femap.

12

Example 1

19

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

Viewing the rod axial forces in the truss as follows:
FEMAP can generate XY plots of results using the Charting dockable pane. There are two different
entities in the Charting pane, Charts and Data Series. Any number of Chart entities may exist in
the model and each Chart may display any number of selected Data Series. The Type of Data
Series determines what will be displayed in the selected Chart. In addition, each Type of Data
Series requires specific input to properly create the XY plot.
If the Charting pane is already displayed, skip this step...

Tools>Charting (or click the Charting icon on the Panes Toolbar

Click the Chart Manager icon (

) in the Charting pane to create a new Chart.

The Charting dialog box will appear. This tabbed dialog box allows a number of options to be
selected for the new chart. For this example, the default Chart settings are OK.

Example 1

20

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Note: In a new model, the Chart Selector is set to 0..None/Create New by default. Because of
this, when a new Data Series is created, a default Chart will also be created along with the Data
Series. Therefore, it is not really required to use the Chart Manager unless you are creating multiple
Charts.
Click the Chart Data Series Manager icon (

Example 1

) in the Charting pane to create a new Data Series.

21

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 1

22

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 1

23

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9

10
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Chart Data Series press Cancel.

11

Example 1

24

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The FEMAP diagram is shown in the Fig. 4.

Fig. 4
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data.
Writing diagram data into Clipboard.
Click the Copy Chart to Clipboard icon (

) in the Charting pane to write data to Clipboard.

Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office> Microsoft Office Excel
(In this example, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2010.)
In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force.
By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data to Excel. With Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the
clipboard contents to the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of
the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 5.

Example 1

25

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 5
Plotting the diagrams
From Insert menu choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot like in next
picture:

After select type of chart blank chart is appeared on the window. Click right mouse button on white
surface and pick Select data from menu.

Example 1

26

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Define the chart data. Click on a Add button, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 1

27

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

By another click on

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

Example 1

28

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10
By clicking on OK button, a following chart appears.

Fig. 6

Example 1

29

PAK-S Examples

Example 1

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

30

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 2. Elasto-plastic analysis of rods

Description/Objective A structure composed of 7 perfectly plastic rods is analyzed by LNDR
method (Arc length + Newton-Raphson method). Geometry changes are considered. A model is
shown in the following figure. Determine the dependences between displacements and force.

2H =10.
A =1.
E =2.e5
ET =0
Y =100

Fig. 1

Suggested Exercise Steps:

I. Defining Materials and Properties
II. Generation of Nodes and Elements
III. Constraining the Model
IV. Loading the Model
V. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis
VI. Postprocessing and Review the Results

Example 2

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example2, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...

Femap 11 is used

Example 2

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I. Defining Materials and Properties

Rods are made of elastic-plastic material.
Model>Material...

1
3
2

6
Example 2

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Repeat the procedure for the second material.

1
3
2

6
After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Material - Isotropic press Cancel.
Example 2

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Property...

2
3

Example 2

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

7
Repeat the procedure for the second property.

10

11
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - ROD Element Type press Cancel.

Example 2

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

II. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Model>Node...

(Ctrl+N)

The next dialogue box appears, in which the coordinates of the first node are entered.
1
2
Repeat the procedure for other nodes.
1

1
2

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Coordinates or Select with Cursor
press Cancel.
Press Ctrl+A or choose following command to autoscale the view:
View>Autoscale>Visible
Display labeling of nodes and elements by ID
View>Options...

(F6)

The following dialogue box appears.

Example 2

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1
4

3
6

Model>Element...

(Ctrl+E)

The following dialogue box appears

1
2

Select the nodes or enter the number of nodes. However, it is easier to use graphical interface and to
select nodes at the screen by using the mouse. Click on the first Nodes box and select the nodes at
the screen in order shown in previous dialogue.
Remark: A node nearest to the cursor will be highlighted by yellow X( ), by mouse click,
highlighted node will be selected - you do not need to precisely click on a node!
Repeat the procedure for other elements.

1
2

Example 2

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define ROD Element - Enter Nodes or Select with
Cursor press Cancel.
On the Fig. 2 finite element model (nodes and elements) is shown.

Fig. 2

Example 2

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

III. Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Shift+F2)

2
3

Example 2

10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Note: Graphically pick the location of nodes in which constraints are given (1 and 4) on screen,
Fig. 2. They will be marked by +1 and +4 and added to Entity Selection box, so they could not be
selected (marked) again.

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint...
1
2

3
4

Example 2

11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

IV. Loading the Model

Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load.
Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Ctrl+F2)

2
3

Example 2

12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Modal>Load>Nodal...
Force at nodes 2 and 3 should be specified.

6
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.

The Fig. 3 shows a finite element model with numbering of nodes and elements and given
constraints and loads.

Example 2

13

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 3
We suggested you to save your work that you have done till now, using File>Save (short-cut F4).

V. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis

Create the input file and solve the model. Click on a PAK in main menu to start PAK translator.
Pak translator should automatically create new DAT file and start PAK solver.

Example 2

14

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

For nonlinear static analysis you need to input aditional parameters. To do this click on a button
Edit Analysis Options after which a General Options dialog will apear.

4
5
6

7
Data for automatic load stepping: Node number: Node with controlled displacement; Direction:
Controlled degree of freedom of node; Value: Value of controlled displacement; AG: Coefficient of
increase of displacement; DS: Coefficient of arc lenght increase.

Example 2

15

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9
10
11
12
13
14

15
Now model is ready for the analysis. Run the PAK solver by click on the Analyse button.

16
Example 2

16

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

When the analysis is complete a dialog Analysis Complete is shown. Click on Load Results button
closes PakTranslator and loads results in the Femap.

17

VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

Viewing the rod axial forces in the truss as follows:
FEMAP can generate XY plots of results using the Charting dockable pane. There are two different
entities in the Charting pane, Charts and Data Series. Any number of Chart entities may exist in
the model and each Chart may display any number of selected Data Series. The Type of Data
Series determines what will be displayed in the selected Chart. In addition, each Type of Data
Series requires specific input to properly create the XY plot.
If the Charting pane is already displayed, skip this step...

Tools>Charting (or click the Charting icon on the Panes Toolbar

Click the Chart Manager icon (

) in the Charting pane to create a new Chart.

Example 2

17

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The Charting dialog box will appear. This tabbed dialog box allows a number of options to be
selected for the new chart. For this example, the default Chart settings are OK.

Note: In a new model, the Chart Selector is set to 0..None/Create New by default. Because of
this, when a new Data Series is created, a default Chart will also be created along with the Data
Series. Therefore, it is not really required to use the Chart Manager unless you are creating multiple
Charts.
Click the Chart Data Series Manager icon (

Example 2

) in the Charting pane to create a new Data Series.

18

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 2

19

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5

Example 2

20

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9

10
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Chart Data Series press Cancel.

11

Example 2

21

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The FEMAP diagram is shown in the Fig. 4.

Fig. 4
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data.
Writing diagram data into Clipboard.
Click the Copy Chart to Clipboard icon (

) in the Charting pane to write data to Clipboard.

Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office> Microsoft Office Excel
(In this example, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2010.)
In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force.
By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data to Excel. With Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the
clipboard contents to the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of
the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 5.

Example 2

22

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 5
Plotting the diagrams
From Insert menu choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot like in next
picture:

After select type of chart blank chart is appeared on the window. Click right mouse button on white
surface and pick Select data from menu.

Example 2

23

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Define the chart data. Click on a Add button, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 2

24

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

By another click on

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
Series Y values: click on
column (see window below).

Example 2

25

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10
By clicking on OK button, a following chart appears.

Example 2

26

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 6

Example 2

27

PAK-S Examples

Example 2

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

28

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 3. Elasto-plastic analysis of rods

Description/Objective A structure composed of 3 perfectly plastic rods, which geometry changes
are taken into account, was analyzed by LNDR method (Arc length + Newton-Raphson method). A
model is shown in Fig. 1. Determine the dependence between displacements and force P.

Fig. 1

Suggested Exercise Steps:

I. Defining Materials and Properties
II. Generation of Nodes and Elements
III. Constraining the Model
IV. Loading the Model
V. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis
VI. Postprocessing and Review the Results

Example 3

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example3, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...

Femap 11 is used

Example 3

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I. Defining Materials and Properties

Rods are made of elastic-plastic material.
Model>Material...

1
3
2

6
Example 3

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Remark: In a message window at the bottom of the screen, you can see a confirmation that material
is created. Repeat the procedure for the second material.

1
3
2

6
After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Material - Isotropic press Cancel.
Example 3

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Property...

2
3

Example 3

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

7
Repeat the procedure for the second property.

10

11
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - ROD Element Type press Cancel.

II. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Model>Node...

(Ctrl+N)

The next dialogue box appears, in which the coordinates of the first node are entered.

1
2

Repeat the procedure for other nodes.

1
2

Example 3

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1
2

1
2

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Coordinates or Select with Cursor press
Cancel.
Press Ctrl+A or choose following command to autoscale the view:
View>Autoscale>Visible
Display labelling of nodes and elements by ID
View>Options...

(F6)

The following dialogue box appears

1
4

Example 3

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Element...

(Ctrl+E)

The following dialogue box appears

1
3

Select the nodes or enter the number of nodes. However, it is easier to use graphical interface and to
select nodes at the screen by using the mouse. Click on the first Nodes box and select the nodes at
the screen in order shown in previous dialogue.
Remark: A node nearest to the cursor will be highlighted by yellow X( ), by mouse click,
highlighted node will be selected - you do not need to precisely click on a node!
Repeat the procedure for other elements.

1
3

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define ROD Element - Enter Nodes or Select with
Cursor press Cancel.
On the Fig. 2 finite element model (nodes and elements) is shown.

Fig. 2

Example 3

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

III. Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Shift+F2)

2
3

Example 3

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Note: Graphically pick the location of nodes in which constraints are given (1, 2 and 4) on screen,
Fig. 2. They will be marked by +1, +2 and +4 and added to Entity Selection box, so they could not
be selected (marked) again.

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Modify>Update other>Perm Constraint...

1
2

3
4

Example 3

10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

IV. Loading the Model

Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load.
Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Ctrl+F2)

2
3

Example 3

11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Modal>Load>Nodal...
Force at node 3 should be specifying.

6
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off Perm Constraint), use the FEMAP View
Visibility Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):

Example 3

12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
The Fig. 3 shows a finite element model with numbering of nodes and elements and given
constraints and loads.

Fig. 3
Save your model by pressing F4.
Example 3

13

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

V. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

Create the input file and solve the model. Click on a PAK in main menu to start PAK translator.
Pak translator should automatically create new DAT file and start PAK solver.

For nonlinear static analysis you need to input aditional parameters. To do this click on a button
Edit Analysis Options after which a General Options dialog will apear.

Example 3

14

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5
6

Data for automatic load stepping: Node number: Node with controlled displacement; Direction:
Controlled degree of freedom of node; Value: Value of controlled displacement; AG: Coefficient of
increase of displacement; DS: Coefficient of arc lenght increase.

8
9
10
11

12
13

14

Example 3

15

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Now model is ready for the analysis. Run the PAK solver by click on the Analyse button.

15

When the analysis is complete a dialog Analysis Complete is shown. Click on Load Results button
closes PakTranslator and loads results in the Femap.

16

VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

Viewing the rod axial forces in the truss as follows:
FEMAP can generate XY plots of results using the Charting dockable pane. There are two different
entities in the Charting pane, Charts and Data Series. Any number of Chart entities may exist in
the model and each Chart may display any number of selected Data Series. The Type of Data
Series determines what will be displayed in the selected Chart. In addition, each Type of Data
Series requires specific input to properly create the XY plot.
If the Charting pane is already displayed, skip this step...

Tools>Charting (or click the Charting icon on the Panes Toolbar

Click the Chart Manager icon (
Example 3

) in the Charting pane to create a new Chart.

16

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The Charting dialog box will appear. This tabbed dialog box allows a number of options to be
selected for the new chart. For this example, the default Chart settings are OK.

Example 3

17

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Note: In a new model, the Chart Selector is set to 0..None/Create New by default. Because of
this, when a new Data Series is created, a default Chart will also be created along with the Data
Series. Therefore, it is not really required to use the Chart Manager unless you are creating multiple
Charts.
Click the Chart Data Series Manager icon (

) in the Charting pane to create a new Data Series.

Example 3

18

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 3

19

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5

Example 3

20

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9

10
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Chart Data Series press Cancel.

11

Example 3

21

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The FEMAP diagram is shown in the Fig. 4.

Fig. 4
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data.
Writing diagram data into Clipboard.
Click the Copy Chart to Clipboard icon (

) in the Charting pane to write data to Clipboard.

Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office> Microsoft Office Excel
(In this example, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2010.)
In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force.

Example 3

22

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data to Excel. With Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the
clipboard contents to the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of
the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 5.

Fig. 5
Plotting the diagrams
From Insert menu choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot like in next
picture:

After select type of chart blank chart is appeared on the window. Click right mouse button on white
surface and pick Select data from menu.

Example 3

23

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Define the chart data. Click on a Add button, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 3

24

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

By another click on

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

Example 3

25

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10
By clicking on OK button, a following chart appears.

Example 3

26

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 6

Example 3

27

PAK-S Examples

Example 3

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

28

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 4. (SG_9) Large displacement with snap-through

behavior
Description/Objective We shell observe a simple example, a rod with a force directed in opposite
direction (Fig. 1). This example illustrates the procedures for automatic selection of loads in the
area of sub-critical behavior. Incremental procedures with monotonic increase in levels of outer
loads can not comprise a complete behavior of such structure. Analytical connection between force,
F, and displacement is analogue to expression:
1
0
1
F EA o
L sin 0 Y
0
0
0
2
L 2 LY sin Y
L

where Y is displacement of the point at which the force is given.

E=2.1E6
=0.3
A=1
L=10

Fig. 1
The example is solved with constant arc length method and the solution agrees with analytical
solution.

Suggested Exercise Steps:

I. Defining Materials and Properties
II. Generation of Nodes and Elements
III. Constraining the Model
IV. Loading the Model
V. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis
VI. Postprocessing and Review the Results

Example 4

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example3, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...
1

Femap 11 is used

Example 4

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I. Defining Materials and Properties

Rods are made of elastic-plastic material.
Model>Material...

3
Remark: In a message window at the bottom of the screen, you can see a confirmation that material
is created.
After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Material - Isotropic press Cancel.
Model>Property...

2
3

Example 4

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

7
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - ROD Element Type press Cancel.

Example 4

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

II. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Model>Node...

(Ctrl+N)

The next dialogue box appears, in which the coordinates of the first node are entered.
The next dialogue box appears, in which the coordinates of the first node are entered.

1
2

Repeat the procedure for the second node.

1
2

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Coordinates or Select with Cursor
press Cancel.
Press Ctrl+A or choose following command to autoscale the view:
View>Autoscale>Visible
Display labelling of nodes and elements by ID
View>Options...

(F6)

The following dialogue box appears.

1
4

Example 4

PAK-S Examples
Model>Element...

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

(Ctrl+E)

The following dialogue box appears.

1
2

Select the nodes or enter the number of nodes. However, it is easier to use graphical interface and to
select nodes at the screen by using the mouse. Click on the first Nodes box and select the nodes at
the screen in order shown in previous dialogue.
Remark: A node nearest to the cursor will be highlighted by yellow X( ), by mouse click,
highlighted node will be selected - you do not need to precisely click on a node!
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define ROD Element - Enter Nodes or Select with
Cursor press Cancel.
On the Fig. 2 finite element model (nodes and elements) is shown.

Fig. 2

Example 4

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

III. Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Shift+F2)

2
3

Example 4

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of nodes in which constraints are given (1) on
screen, Fig. 2. It will be marked by +1 and added to Entity Selection box, so it could not be selected
(marked) again.

Now, select node 2.

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Modify>Update other>Perm Constraint...

1
2

3
4
Example 4

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

IV. Loading the Model

Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load.
Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Ctrl+F2)

2
3

Example 4

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Modal>Load>Nodal...
Force at node 2 should be specifying.

4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.

To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off Perm Constraint), use the FEMAP View
Visibility Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):

Example 4

10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
The Fig. 3 shows a finite element model with numbering of nodes and elements and given
constraints and loads.

Fig. 3
Save your model by pressing F4.

Example 4

11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

V. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

Create the input file and solve the model. Click on a PAK in main menu to start PAK translator.
Pak translator should automatically create new DAT file and start PAK solver.

For nonlinear static analysis you need to input aditional parameters. To do this click on a button
Edit Analysis Options after which a General Options dialog will apear.

Example 4

12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5
6

7
Data for automatic load stepping: Node number: Node with controlled displacement; Direction:
Controlled degree of freedom of node; Value: Value of controlled displacement; AG: Coefficient of
increase of displacement; DS: Coefficient of arc lenght increase.

8
9
10
11
12
13
14

15
Now model is ready for the analysis. Run the PAK solver by click on the Analyse button.
Example 4

13

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

16

When the analysis is complete a dialog Analysis Complete is shown. Click on Load Results button
closes PakTranslator and loads results in the Femap.

17

VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

Viewing the rod axial forces in the truss as follows:
FEMAP can generate XY plots of results using the Charting dockable pane. There are two different
entities in the Charting pane, Charts and Data Series. Any number of Chart entities may exist in
the model and each Chart may display any number of selected Data Series. The Type of Data
Series determines what will be displayed in the selected Chart. In addition, each Type of Data
Series requires specific input to properly create the XY plot.
If the Charting pane is already displayed, skip this step...

Tools>Charting (or click the Charting icon on the Panes Toolbar

Click the Chart Manager icon (

Example 4

) in the Charting pane to create a new Chart.

14

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The Charting dialog box will appear. This tabbed dialog box allows a number of options to be
selected for the new chart. For this example, the default Chart settings are OK.

Example 4

15

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Note: In a new model, the Chart Selector is set to 0..None/Create New by default. Because of
this, when a new Data Series is created, a default Chart will also be created along with the Data
Series. Therefore, it is not really required to use the Chart Manager unless you are creating multiple
Charts.
Click the Chart Data Series Manager icon (

) in the Charting pane to create a new Data Series.

Example 4

16

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 4

17

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5

Example 4

18

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9

10
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Chart Data Series press Cancel.

11

The FEMAP diagram is shown in the Fig. 4.

Example 4

19

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 4
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data.
Writing diagram data into Clipboard.
Click the Copy Chart to Clipboard icon (

) in the Charting pane to write data to Clipboard.

Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office> Microsoft Office Excel
(In this example, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2010.)
In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force.
By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data to Excel. With Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the
clipboard contents to the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of
the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 5.

Example 4

20

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 5
Plotting the diagrams
From Insert menu choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot like in next
picture:

Example 4

21

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After select type of chart blank chart is appeared on the window. Click right mouse button on white
surface and pick Select data from menu.

Define the chart data. Click on a Add button, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 4

22

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

By another click on

Example 4

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

23

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

Example 4

24

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10
By clicking on OK button, a following chart appears.

Fig. 6

Example 4

25

PAK-S Examples

Example 4

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

26

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 5. (SG_10) Post-critical snap-back analysis

Description/Objective Based on previous example, then following model is formulated, in which
an effect known as "snap-back" occurs. According to Fig. 1, it is obvious that the dependence force
F - displacement Y is the same as in previous example.

A =0.02

E=2.1E6
=0.3
L=10

12

2
A =1
23

Fig. 1
In border conditions, when a rod 12 is absolutely stiff, displacement X is for every value of force F
equal to displacement Y. In real conditions, displacements X and Y are equal only in the case when
F=0. Solution is obtained by the use of LDNR method, with displacement of node 1 (U*=0.1)
being given at the first step, and the total number of steps being 40.

Suggested Exercise Steps:

I. Defining Materials and Properties
II. Generation of Nodes and Elements
III. Constraining the Model
IV. Loading the Model
V. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis
VI. Postprocessing and Review the Results

Example 5

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example5, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...

Femap 11 is used

Example 5

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I. Defining Materials and Properties

Model>Material...

2
3

4
Remark: In a message window at the bottom of the screen, you can see a confirmation that material
is created.
After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel.
Model>Property...

2
3

Example 5

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

7
Generation of the second property.

9
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - ROD Element Type press Cancel.
Example 5

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

II. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Model>Node...

(Ctrl+N)

The next dialogue box appears, in which the coordinates of the first node are entered.

1
2
Repeat the procedure for other nodes.

1
2

1
2

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Coordinates or Select with Cursor
press Cancel.
Press Ctrl+A or choose following command to autoscale the view:
View>Autoscale>Visible
Display labelling of nodes and elements by ID
View>Options...

(F6)

The following dialogue box appears.

Example 5

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1
4

Model>Element...

(Ctrl+E)

The following dialogue box appears.

1
3

Select the nodes or enter the number of nodes. However, it is easier to use graphical interface and to
select nodes at the screen by using the mouse. Click on the first Nodes box and select the nodes at
the screen in order shown in previous dialogue.
Remark: A node nearest to the cursor will be highlighted by yellow X( ), by mouse click,
highlighted node will be selected - you do not need to precisely click on a node!

1
2

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define ROD Element - Enter Nodes or Select with
Cursor press Cancel.

On the Fig. 2 finite element model (nodes and elements) is shown.

Example 5

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 2

III. Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Shift+F2)

Example 5

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of nodes in which constraints are given (3) on
screen, Fig. 2. It will be marked by +3 and added to Entity Selection box, so it could not be selected
(marked) again.

Now, select nodes 1 and 2.

Example 5

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Modify>Update other>Perm Constraint...

1
2

3
4

Example 5

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

IV. Loading the Model

Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load.
Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Ctrl+F2)

2
3

Example 5

10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Load>Nodal...
Force at node 1 should be specifying.

4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off Perm Constraint), use the FEMAP View
Visibility Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):

Example 5

11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
The Fig. 3 shows a finite element model with numbering of nodes and elements and given
constraints and loads.

Fig. 3
Save your model by pressing F4.
Example 5

12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

V. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

Create the input file and solve the model. Click on a PAK in main menu to start PAK translator.
Pak translator should automatically create new DAT file and start PAK solver.

For nonlinear static analysis you need to input aditional parameters. To do this click on a button
Edit Analysis Options after which a General Options dialog will apear.

Example 5

13

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5
6

7
Data for automatic load stepping: Node number: Node with controlled displacement; Direction:
Controlled degree of freedom of node; Value: Value of controlled displacement; AG: Coefficient of
increase of displacement; DS: Coefficient of arc lenght increase.

8
9
10
11
12
13
14

15
Now model is ready for the analysis. Run the PAK solver by click on the Analyse button.
Example 5

14

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

16

When the analysis is complete a dialog Analysis Complete is shown. Click on Load Results button
closes PakTranslator and loads results in the Femap.

17

VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

Viewing the rod axial forces in the truss as follows:
FEMAP can generate XY plots of results using the Charting dockable pane. There are two different
entities in the Charting pane, Charts and Data Series. Any number of Chart entities may exist in
the model and each Chart may display any number of selected Data Series. The Type of Data
Series determines what will be displayed in the selected Chart. In addition, each Type of Data
Series requires specific input to properly create the XY plot.
If the Charting pane is already displayed, skip this step...

Tools>Charting (or click the Charting icon on the Panes Toolbar

Click the Chart Manager icon (

Example 5

) in the Charting pane to create a new Chart.

15

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The Charting dialog box will appear. This tabbed dialog box allows a number of options to be
selected for the new chart. For this example, the default Chart settings are OK.

Example 5

16

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Note: In a new model, the Chart Selector is set to 0..None/Create New by default. Because of
this, when a new Data Series is created, a default Chart will also be created along with the Data
Series. Therefore, it is not really required to use the Chart Manager unless you are creating multiple
Charts.
Click the Chart Data Series Manager icon (

) in the Charting pane to create a new Data Series.

Example 5

17

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 5

18

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5

Example 5

19

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9

10

Example 5

20

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

11

12
13

14
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Chart Data Series press Cancel.

15

The FEMAP diagram is shown in the Fig. 4.

Example 5

21

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 4
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data.
Writing diagram data into Clipboard.
Click the Copy Chart to Clipboard icon (

) in the Charting pane to write data to Clipboard.

Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office> Microsoft Office Excel
(In this example, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2010.)
In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force.
By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data to Excel. With Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the
clipboard contents to the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of
the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 5.
Example 5

22

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 5
Plotting the diagrams
From Insert menu choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot like in next
picture:

Example 5

23

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After select type of chart blank chart is appeared on the window. Click right mouse button on white
surface and pick Select data from menu.

Define the chart data. Click on a Add button, Edit Series dialog are opened.
Example 5

24

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

Example 5

25

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4

PAK-S Examples

By another click on

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

Example 5

26

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

7

PAK-S Examples

9
Click on a Add button do define second line, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 5

27

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10

11
12

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

13

14

Example 5

28

PAK-S Examples
By another click on

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

15

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

16

17

Example 5

29

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

17

18
By clicking on OK button, a following chart appears.

Fig. 6

Example 5

30

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 6. (SG_4) Large displacements of circle arc

Description/Objective Circle arc having unsymmetrical supports is loaded by force (Fig. 1). Force
increase causes large displacements of a structure. Material is isotropic and elastic. Example shows
the application of iterative arc-length method, follows the history of deformation of the structure
with snap-through and snap-back effects.

Fig. 1

Suggested Exercise Steps:

I. Defining Materials and Properties
II. Creating the Geometry
III. Generation of Nodes and Elements
IV. Constraining the Model
V. Loading the Model
VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis
VII. Postprocessing and Review the Results

Example 6

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example5, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...

Femap 11 is used

Example 6

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I. Defining Materials and Properties

Model>Material...

3
After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel.
Model>Property...

2
3

Example 6

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - MEMBRANE Element Type press
Cancel.

Example 6

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

II. Creating the Geometry

We shall create circle arc on an active workplane by entering the coordinates of a center, beginning
and final points of arc.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Center-Start-End...

1
2

3
4

5
6

Created circle arc is plotted at the screen, let's create another circle arc.

1
2

3
4

5
6

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Center of Arc press Cancel.
Adjustment of a view of whole drawing at the screen with command:
View>Autoscale>Visible (short-cut key Ctrl+A)

A following figure is now shown at the screen, Fig. 2.

Example 6

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 2
Let's define a surface between created arcs.
Geometry>Surface>Ruled...

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Ruled Surface press Cancel.
A surface shown in the following figure (Fig. 3) will be created from selected arcs and straight lines
(created by joining corresponding ends of arcs).

Fig. 3
Example 6

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

III. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Note: The first thing which we need to do is to set the mesh size for surface.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface...
Note: You can graphically pick the location of surface on screen, Fig. 3.

2
3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size
press Cancel.
Now we will create nodes and elements on the surface.
Mesh>Geometry>Surface... (short-cut key Shift+F11)

To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP View
Visibility Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):

Example 6

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
Display labelling of nodes and elements by ID
View>Options...

(short-cut key F6)

The following dialogue box appears.

3
Finite element model is shown in the Fig 4.
Example 6

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 4

IV. Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Shift+F2)

Example 6

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of nodes in which constraints are given (31, 62
and 32) on screen, Fig. 4.

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.

Example 6

10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Modify>Update other>Perm Constraint...

1
2

3
4

V. Loading the Model

Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load.
Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Ctrl+F2)

2
3

Example 6

11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
Modal>Load>Nodal...
Force at node 16 should be specifying.

6
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off Perm Constraint), use the FEMAP View
Visibility Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
Example 6

12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1

3
The Fig. 5 shows a finite element model with numbering of nodes and elements and given
constraints and load.

Fig. 5
Save your model by pressing F4.
Example 6

13

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

Create the input file and solve the model. Click on a PAK in main menu to start PAK translator.
Pak translator should automatically create new DAT file and start PAK solver.

For nonlinear static analysis you need to input aditional parameters. To do this click on a button
Edit Analysis Options after which a General Options dialog will apear.

Example 6

14

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5
6

7
Data for automatic load stepping: Node number: Node with controlled displacement; Direction:
Controlled degree of freedom of node; Value: Value of controlled displacement; AG: Coefficient of
increase of displacement; DS: Coefficient of arc lenght increase.

8
9
10
11
12
13
14

15
Now model is ready for the analysis. Run the PAK solver by click on the Analyse button.
Example 6

15

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

16

When the analysis is complete a dialog Analysis Complete is shown. Click on Load Results button
closes PakTranslator and loads results in the Femap.

17

VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

FEMAP can display displacements in y direction of model as following:
View>Select... (short-cut key F5)

Example 6

16

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

5
6

8
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcessing Data press OK.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.
Througout a few steps from Post Toolbar and Entity Display Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup
appropriate view of your results on the screen.
Post Toolbar
1
2
3

Example 6

17

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Entity Display Toolbar

1

2
3

Real deformation in 50th step is now shown at the screen, together with undeformed (original)
model, Fig. 6.

Fig. 6
Let's plot force-displacement diagram at node 16 at which load is given.
FEMAP can generate XY plots of results using the Charting dockable pane. There are two different
entities in the Charting pane, Charts and Data Series. Any number of Chart entities may exist in
the model and each Chart may display any number of selected Data Series. The Type of Data
Series determines what will be displayed in the selected Chart. In addition, each Type of Data
Series requires specific input to properly create the XY plot.
If the Charting pane is already displayed, skip this step...

Tools>Charting (or click the Charting icon on the Panes Toolbar

Click the Chart Manager icon (

Example 6

) in the Charting pane to create a new Chart.

18

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The Charting dialog box will appear. This tabbed dialog box allows a number of options to be
selected for the new chart. For this example, the default Chart settings are OK.

Example 6

19

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Note: In a new model, the Chart Selector is set to 0..None/Create New by default. Because of
this, when a new Data Series is created, a default Chart will also be created along with the Data
Series. Therefore, it is not really required to use the Chart Manager unless you are creating multiple
Charts.
Click the Chart Data Series Manager icon (

) in the Charting pane to create a new Data Series.

Example 6

20

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 6

21

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5

Example 6

22

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9

10

Example 6

23

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

11

12
13

14
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Chart Data Series press Cancel.

15

The FEMAP diagram is shown in the Fig. 7.

Example 6

24

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 7
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data.
Writing diagram data into Clipboard.
Click the Copy Chart to Clipboard icon (

) in the Charting pane to write data to Clipboard.

Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office> Microsoft Office Excel
(In this example, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2010.)
In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force.
By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data to Excel. With Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the
clipboard contents to the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of
the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 5.
Example 6

25

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 5
Plotting the diagrams
From Insert menu choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot like in next
picture:

Example 6

26

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After select type of chart blank chart is appeared on the window. Click right mouse button on white
surface and pick Select data from menu.

Define the chart data. Click on a Add button, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 6

27

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

Example 6

28

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4

PAK-S Examples

By another click on

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
Series Y values: click on
column (see window below).

Example 6

29

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

7

PAK-S Examples

10
By clicking on OK button, a following chart appears.

Example 6

30

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 7
Repeat the procedure for the second diagram; select the X-displacements (column B row 183-362)
and the force (column B row 364-543) from the sheet.

Fig. 8

Example 6

31

PAK-S Examples

Example 6

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

32

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 7. (SG_6) Large displacements of a simple beam with

local buckling
Description/Objective A beam is loaded by a force at its free end (Fig. 1). Due to flexibility of the
structure, the force causes local buckling. Displacement is given at the point the force is acting on.
Force is computed by calculations. Determine force-displacement relations and fields of stress and
deformations.
Example shows that local buckling of a flexible structure can be solved by the use of shell elements
of the PAK-S program.

Fig. 1

Suggested Exercise Steps:

I. Defining Materials and Properties
II. Creating the Geometry
III. Generation of Nodes and Elements
IV. Constraining the Model
V. Loading the Model
VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis
VII. Postprocessing and Review the Results

Example 7

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example7, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...

Femap 11 is used

Example 7

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I. Defining Materials and Properties

Model>Material...

2
3

4
After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel.
Model>Property...

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - PLATE Element Type press Cancel.

Example 7

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

II. Creating the Geometry

We shall create lines. We will plot lines on an active workplane by entering end points of line.
Geometry>Curve-Line>Project Points...

1
2

3
4
We created the first line, let's create the other lines.

1
2

3
4

1
2

3
4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter First Location for Projected Line press
Cancel.
Adjustment of a view of whole drawing at the screen with command:
View>Autoscale>Visible

(Ctrl+A)

A following figure is now shown at the screen, Fig. 2.

Example 7

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Line 3

Line 2

Line 1

Fig. 2
Definition of number and sizes of elements along corresponding lines.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Size Along Curve... (Shift+F10)
Select horizontal lines (1 and 3, shown in Fig. 2).

Select vertical line (2).

Example 7

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size press
Cancel.
Creating the nodes on the lines.
Mesh>Geometry>Curve...

1
2

Copying curves and nodes.

Geometry>Copy>Curve...

1
2

Example 7

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
Now we define a translation vector (vector defines dislocation of the copy in relation to original).

In order to see copied lines, it is necessary to change "view".

View>Rotate>Model...

(F8)

1
2

Adjustment of a view of whole drawing at the screen with command:

View>Autoscale>Visible

(Ctrl+A)

The following figure can be seen on the screen.

Line 3
Line 2
Line 1

Fig. 3
Example 7

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

III. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Generation of shell elements.
Mesh>Extrude>Curve...
Select the first three lines that we have drawn, see Fig. 3.

2
3
4
In next dialogue box, it is necessary to define a vector along which the elements are to be created.

A following figure shows on screen.

Fig. 4
Example 7

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Mesh>Extrude>Curve...
Select the copied lines (4, 5 and 6).

2
3
4
In the following dialogue box, it will be necessary to define a vector along which the elements are
created.

5
6

Adjusting the view of the whole plot on the screen, with command:
View>Autoscale>Visible

(Ctrl+A)

Elimination of overlapping nodes.

Tool>Check>Coincident Node...

1
2

3
In a message window, overlapping nodes that have been eliminated with this command will be
listed.
Example 7

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Renumbering of nodes.
Modify>Renumber>Node

1
2

The following figure is on the screen.

Lines
1, 2 and 3

Fig. 5

Example 7

10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

IV. Constraints of Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Shift+F2)

2
3

4
Now we define corresponding nodal constraints.
Example 7

11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Select nodes on lines in XY plane (lines that have been created firstly, see Figs. 3 and 5).

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
In order to set remaining constraints, it is necessary to change the "view".
View>Rotate>Model...

Example 7

(F8)

12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1
2

There is the following figure on the screen.

Selection box

Fig. 6
Model>Constraint>Nodal...
We use shell with five degrees of freedom, therefore is necessary to constrain all nodes except
nodes at borders (where shells connect orthographically). We will select nodes by selection box.
Press Shift tab and hold the left mouse button pressed, then select nodes with "making boxes" as
shown in Fig. 6, then let go of a left mouse button; selected nodes will be found in Select dialogue
box. Procedure is to be repeated for the rest of the nodes that has to be selected.

3
2

Example 7

13

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Since we have also selected the nodes with given constrains, FEMAP asks question if you want to
keep them and add new (No) or to erase them and replace with new ones (Yes).

V. Loading the Model

Functions allow you to input tables of parameters that are used to describe loading, material, or
property behavior. Here we use it to define time dependent loading for transient response analyses.
You must always create the function first before referencing it when creating a load. When you
assign a function to a load, the Y function values are used to multiply the constant values that are
defined by those entities.
Model>Function...
Added dynamic XY plotting of functions to the Function Definition dialog box.

Example 7

14

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

5
4

...

6
7
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Function Definition press Cancel.
In order to make the setting load simpler, change "view".
View>Rotate>Model...

(F8)

1
2

Example 7

15

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Adjusting the view of a whole figure on the screen with command:

View>Autoscale>Visible

(Ctrl+A)

To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off constraints), use the FEMAP Entity
Display Toolbar.

We have the following figure on the screen.

Node at which
displacement is given

Fig. 7
Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load.
Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Ctrl+F2)

Example 7

16

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Modal>Load>Nodal...
Displacements at node 284 should be specifying (see previous figure).

Example 7

17

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
3

5
Save your model by pressing F4.

VI. Pepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

Create the input file and solve the model. Click on a PAK in main menu to start PAK translator.
Pak translator should automatically create new DAT file and start PAK solver.

For nonlinear static analysis you need to input aditional parameters. To do this click on a button
Edit Analysis Options after which a General Options dialog will apear.

Example 7

18

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5
6

Example 7

19

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10
Now model is ready for the analysis. Run the PAK solver by click on the Analyse button.

11

When the analysis is complete a dialog Analysis Complete is shown. Click on Load Results button
closes PakTranslator and loads results in the Femap.

12

Example 7

20

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

FEMAP can display displacements in y direction of model as following:
View>Select... (short-cut key F5)

5
6

8
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcessing Data press OK.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.
Example 7

21

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Througout a few steps from Post Toolbar and Entity Display Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup
appropriate view of your results on the screen.
Post Toolbar
1
2

Entity Display Toolbar

2
3

1
Real deformation in 52nd step is now shown at the screen, Fig. 8.

Fig. 8
Plotting the diagrams in FEMAP
Let's plot force-displacement diagram at node 284 at which load is given.
FEMAP can generate XY plots of results using the Charting dockable pane. There are two different
entities in the Charting pane, Charts and Data Series. Any number of Chart entities may exist in
22
Example 7

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

the model and each Chart may display any number of selected Data Series. The Type of Data
Series determines what will be displayed in the selected Chart. In addition, each Type of Data
Series requires specific input to properly create the XY plot.
If the Charting pane is already displayed, skip this step...

Tools>Charting (or click the Charting icon on the Panes Toolbar

Click the Chart Manager icon (

) in the Charting pane to create a new Chart.

The Charting dialog box will appear. This tabbed dialog box allows a number of options to be
selected for the new chart. For this example, the default Chart settings are OK.

Example 7

23

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Note: In a new model, the Chart Selector is set to 0..None/Create New by default. Because of
this, when a new Data Series is created, a default Chart will also be created along with the Data
Series. Therefore, it is not really required to use the Chart Manager unless you are creating multiple
Charts.
Click the Chart Data Series Manager icon (

Example 7

) in the Charting pane to create a new Data Series.

24

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 7

25

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5

Example 7

26

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9

10
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Chart Data Series press Cancel.

15

The FEMAP diagram is shown in the Fig. 9.

Example 7

27

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 9
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data.
Writing diagram data into Clipboard.
Click the Copy Chart to Clipboard icon (

) in the Charting pane to write data to Clipboard.

Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office> Microsoft Office Excel
(In this example, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2010.)
In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force.
By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data to Excel. With Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the
clipboard contents to the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of
the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 10.
Example 7

28

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 10

Plotting the diagrams

From Insert menu choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot like in next
picture:

Example 7

29

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After select type of chart blank chart is appeared on the window. Click right mouse button on white
surface and pick Select data from menu.

Define the chart data. Click on a Add button, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 7

30

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

Example 7

31

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4

PAK-S Examples

By another click on

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
Series Y values: click on
column (see window below).

Example 7

32

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

7

PAK-S Examples

Example 7

33

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10

By clicking on OK button, a following chart appears.

Fig. 11

Example 7

34

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 8. Snap-through and snap-back of a shell

Description/Objective Cylindrical shell is loaded by the force, P. Straight edges of shells are
flexibly connected, while curved edges are free. Two thicknesses of shells are considered 6.35mm
and 12.7mm. In both cases, a procedure for automatic selection of loads in the area of sub-critical
behavior is used. Due to symmetry of model and loads, a quarter model is created (Fig. 1).
Determine the stress field and cylinder deformations and force-displacement dependence at points B
and C.

E=3.10275 kN/mm2
=0.3
R=2540 mm
L=254 mm
h=6.35 mm
=0.1 rad

P=1 kN

Fig. 1

Suggested Exercise Steps:

I. Defining Materials and Properties
II. Creating the Geometry
III. Generation of Nodes and Elements
IV. Constraining the Model
V. Loading the Model
VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis
VII. Postprocessing and Review the Results

Example 8

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example8, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...

Femap 11 is used

Example 8

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I. Defining Materials and Properties

Model>Material...

1
2
3

4
After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel.
Model>Property...

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - PLATE Element Type press Cancel.

Example 8

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

II. Creating the Geometry

We shall create circle arc in XZ plane because of that we need to set XZ plane as actual workplane.
Tools>Workplane... (F2)

3
.

Lets show workplane on the screen.

View>Rotate>Model...

(F8)

2
1
Creating a circle arc.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Angle-Center-Start...
We shall plot a circle arc in a workplane by setting a center, beginning and angle of the circle arc.

1
2

3
4

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Center of Arc press Cancel.
Example 8

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Adjustment of a view of whole drawing at the screen with command:

View>Autoscale>Visible

(Ctrl+A)

The first arc is plotted; we will create the second by copying previously plotted arc.
Geometry>Copy>Curve...

2
Translation vector is defined by two points. Distance between them represents the translation
vector.

In order to see the copied line, it is necessary to change a "view".

View>Rotate>Model

(F8)

Adjustment of a view of whole drawing at the screen with command:

View>Autoscale>Visible

(Ctrl+A)

Display labelling of curves and surfaces by ID

View>Options...

Example 8

(F6)

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1
3

5
On the Fig. 2 arcs 1 and 2 are shown.

Fig. 2

You will create a surface between plotted arcs. Other two edges are automatically created during
surface creation (by joining end points of arcs).

Example 8

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Geometry>Surface>Ruled...

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Ruled Surface press Cancel.
You have completed geometry for this example as shown on Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

III. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Note: The first thing which we need to do is to set the mesh size for surfaces.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface...
Note: You can graphically pick the location of surface on screen, Fig. 3.

2
3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size
press Cancel.
Example 8

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Mesh>Geometry>Surface... (Shift+F11)

To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Entity Display
Toolbar..
1
Display labelling of nodes by ID
View>Options...

(F6)

3
Finite element model is shown in the Fig. 4.
Example 8

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 4

IV. Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (Shift+F2)

Example 8

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Select nodes at symmetry line (on corresponding line 8, see Fig. 3).

Example 8

10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Select nodes at symmetry arc (on corresponding arc 7, see Fig. 3).

Example 8

11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Since nodes with given constraints have also been selected, FEMAP asks if we want to keep them
and add new (No) or to erase them and replace them with new nodes (Yes).

Select nodes at line where cylinder is flexibly connected (corresponding line 6, see Fig. 3).

Example 8

12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Since nodes with given constraints have also been selected, FEMAP asks if we want to keep them
and add new (No) or to erase them and replace them with new nodes (Yes).

6
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Modify>Update other>Perm Constraint...

1
2

3
4

Example 8

13

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

V. Loading the Model

Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load.
Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (Ctrl+F2)

2
3

Example 8

14

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Modal>Load>Nodal...
Force at node 7 should be set (see Fig. 4).

4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off Perm Constraint), use the FEMAP View
Visibility Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
1

Example 8

15

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The Fig. 5 shows a finite element model with numbering of nodes and elements and given
constraints and loads.

Fig. 5
Save your model by pressing F4.

Example 8

16

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

Create the input file and solve the model. Click on a PAK in main menu to start PAK translator.
Pak translator should automatically create new DAT file and start PAK solver.

For nonlinear static analysis you need to input aditional parameters. To do this click on a button
Edit Analysis Options after which a General Options dialog will apear.

Example 8

17

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5
6

7
Data for automatic load stepping: Node number: Node with controlled displacement; Direction:
Controlled degree of freedom of node; Value: Value of controlled displacement; AG: Coefficient of
increase of displacement; DS: Coefficient of arc lenght increase.

8
9
10
11
12
13
14

15
Now model is ready for the analysis. Run the PAK solver by click on the Analyse button.
Example 8

18

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

16

When the analysis is complete a dialog Analysis Complete is shown. Click on Load Results button
closes PakTranslator and loads results in the Femap.

17

VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

FEMAP can display displacements in y direction of model as following:
View>Select... (F5)

Example 8

19

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

5
6

8
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcessing Data press OK.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.
Througout a few steps from Post Toolbar and Entity Display Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup
appropriate view of your results on the screen.
Post Toolbar
1
2

Example 8

20

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Entity Display Toolbar

1

2
3

Real deformation in 30th step is now shown at the screen, Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

Plotting the diagrams in FEMAP

FEMAP can generate XY plots of results using the Charting dockable pane. There are two different
entities in the Charting pane, Charts and Data Series. Any number of Chart entities may exist in
the model and each Chart may display any number of selected Data Series. The Type of Data
Series determines what will be displayed in the selected Chart. In addition, each Type of Data
Series requires specific input to properly create the XY plot.
If the Charting pane is already displayed, skip this step...
1
Tools>Charting (or click the Charting icon on the Panes Toolbar
Click the Chart Manager icon (

Example 8

) in the Charting pane to create a new Chart.

21

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The Charting dialog box will appear. This tabbed dialog box allows a number of options to be
selected for the new chart. For this example, the default Chart settings are OK.

Example 8

22

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Note: In a new model, the Chart Selector is set to 0..None/Create New by default. Because of
this, when a new Data Series is created, a default Chart will also be created along with the Data
Series. Therefore, it is not really required to use the Chart Manager unless you are creating multiple
Charts.
Click the Chart Data Series Manager icon (

) in the Charting pane to create a new Data Series.

Example 8

23

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 8

24

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5

Example 8

25

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9

10

Example 8

26

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

11

12
13

14
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Chart Data Series press Cancel.

15

The FEMAP diagram is shown in the Fig. 7.

Example 8

27

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 7
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data.
Writing diagram data into Clipboard.
Click the Copy Chart to Clipboard icon (

) in the Charting pane to write data to Clipboard.

Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office> Microsoft Office Excel
(In this example, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2010.)
In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force.
By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data to Excel. With Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the
clipboard contents to the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of
the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 8.

Example 8

28

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 8
Plotting the diagrams
From Insert menu choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot like in next
picture:

After select type of chart blank chart is appeared on the window. Click right mouse button on white
surface and pick Select data from menu.
Example 8

29

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Define the chart data. Click on a Add button, Edit Series dialog are opened.

2
3

Example 8

30

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

By another click on

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

Example 8

31

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

PAK-S Examples

Click on a Add button do define second line, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 8

32

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10

11
12

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

Example 8

33

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

13

14

By another click on

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

15

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

Example 8

34

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

16

17

18

Example 8

35

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

19
By clicking on OK button, a following chart appears.

Fig. 9

Example 8

36

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 9. Shrinkage of a cylinder with free edges

Description/Objective Large displacements of a cylinder shown in Fig. 1, are considered in this
example. Due to symmetry, 1/8 of a cylinder is modeled with finite elements. The model has a mesh
made of 12x8 shell elements. Cylinder is loaded by force linearly increasing in time. Determine the
stress field and cylinder deformations and force-displacement dependence at points A and B.

E=10.5x103kN/m2
=0.3125
L=10.35m
R=4.953m
Thickness=0.094m
P=1 kN

Fig. 1

Suggested Exercise Steps:

I. Defining Materials and Properties
II. Creating the Geometry
III. Generation of Nodes and Elements
IV. Constraining the Model
V. Loading the Model
VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis
VII. Postprocessing and Review the Results

Example 9

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example9, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...

Femap 11 is used

Example 9

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I. Defining Materials and Properties

Model>Material...

1
2
3

4
After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel.
Model>Property...

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - PLATE Element Type press Cancel.

Example 9

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

II. Creating the Geometry

We shall create circle arc in XZ plane because of that we need to set XZ plane as actual workplane.
Tools>Workplane... (F2)

3
.

Lets show workplane on the screen.

View>Rotate>Model...

(F8)

2
1
Creating a circle arc.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Center-Start-End...
We shall plot a circle arc in a workplane by setting a center, beginning and angle of the circle arc.

1
2

3
4

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Center of Arc press Cancel.
4
Example 9

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The first arc is plotted; let's create the second by copying previously plotted arc.
Geometry>Copy>Curve...
Select previously created arc.

2
Translation vector is defined by two points. Distance between them represents the translation
vector.

In order to see the copied line, it is necessary to change a "view".

View>Rotate>Model

(F8)

Adjustment of a view of whole drawing at the screen with command:

View>Autoscale>Visible

(Ctrl+A)

Display labelling of curves and surfaces by ID

View>Options...

Example 9

(F6)

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1
3

5
On the Fig. 2 arcs 1 and 2 are shown.

Fig. 2
Example 9

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

You will create a surface between plotted arcs. Other two edges are automatically created during
surface creation (by joining end points of arcs).
Geometry>Surface>Ruled...

You have completed geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Example 9

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

III. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Note: The first thing which we need to do is to set the mesh size for surfaces.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface...
Note: You can graphically pick the location of surface on screen, Fig. 3.

2
3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size
press Cancel.
Mesh>Geometry>Surface...

To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Entity Display
Toolbar..
1

Display labelling of nodes by ID

View>Options...

Example 9

(F6)

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
Finite element model is shown in the Fig. 4.

Node at which
force acts

Upper symmetry
line (8)

Arc 7 (at
symmetry line

Lower symmetry
line (6)

Fig. 4
Example 9

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

IV. Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (Shift+F2)

2
3

Example 9

10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Select nodes at upper symmetry line (on corresponding line 8, see Fig. 4).

Select nodes at arc that represents the symmetry line of cylinder (on corresponding arc 7, see Fig.
4).

1
Example 9

11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Since nodes with given constraints have also been selected, FEMAP asks if we want to keep them
and add new (No) or to erase them and replace them with new nodes (Yes).

Select nodes at lower symmetry line (on corresponding line 6, see Fig. 4).

1
Example 9

12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Since nodes with given constraints have also been selected, FEMAP asks if we want to keep them
and add new (No) or to erase them and replace them with new nodes (Yes).

6
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Modify>Update other>Perm Constraint...

1
2

Example 9

13

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
4

V. Loading the Model

Definition of linear function used in generation of loads.
Model>Function...

5
44
6
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Function Definition press Cancel.
Example 9

14

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load.
Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (Ctrl+F2)

2
3

Example 9

15

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Modal>Load>Nodal...
Force at node 1 should be specifying (see Fig. 4).

4
3

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off Perm Constraint), use the FEMAP View
Visibility Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
1

Example 9

16

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
The Fig. 5 shows a finite element model with numbering of nodes and elements and given
constraints and loads.

Fig. 5
Save your model by pressing F4.
Example 9

17

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

Create the input file and solve the model. Click on a PAK in main menu to start PAK translator.
Pak translator should automatically create new DAT file and start PAK solver.

For no static analysis you need to input aditional parameters. To do this click on a button Edit
Analysis Options after which a General Options dialog will apear.

Example 9

18

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5
6

10
Now model is ready for the analysis. Run the PAK solver by click on the Analyse button.

Example 9

19

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

11

When the analysis is complete a dialog Analysis Complete is shown. Click on Load Results button
closes PakTranslator and loads results in the Femap.

12

VI. Postprocessing and Review the Results

FEMAP can display displacements in y direction of model as following:
View>Select... (F5)

Example 9

20

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

5
6

8
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcessing Data press OK.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.
Througout a few steps from Post Toolbar and Entity Display Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup
appropriate view of your results on the screen.
Post Toolbar
1
2

Example 9

21

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Entity Display Toolbar

2
1
Real deformation in 30th step is now shown at the screen, Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

Plotting the diagrams in FEMAP

In this example, we want to plot diagrams displacement-force in point A and B, Fig. 1.
FEMAP can generate XY plots of results using the Charting dockable pane. There are two different
entities in the Charting pane, Charts and Data Series. Any number of Chart entities may exist in
the model and each Chart may display any number of selected Data Series. The Type of Data
Series determines what will be displayed in the selected Chart. In addition, each Type of Data
Series requires specific input to properly create the XY plot.
If the Charting pane is already displayed, skip this step...
1
Tools>Charting (or click the Charting icon on the Panes Toolbar
Click the Chart Manager icon (

Example 9

) in the Charting pane to create a new Chart.

22

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The Charting dialog box will appear. This tabbed dialog box allows a number of options to be
selected for the new chart. For this example, the default Chart settings are OK.

Example 9

23

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Note: In a new model, the Chart Selector is set to 0..None/Create New by default. Because of
this, when a new Data Series is created, a default Chart will also be created along with the Data
Series. Therefore, it is not really required to use the Chart Manager unless you are creating multiple
Charts.
Click the Chart Data Series Manager icon (

) in the Charting pane to create a new Data Series.

Example 9

24

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 9

25

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5

Example 9

26

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9

10
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Chart Data Series press Cancel.

11

The FEMAP diagram is shown in the Fig. 7.

Example 9

27

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 7
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data.
Writing diagram data into Clipboard.
Click the Copy Chart to Clipboard icon (

) in the Charting pane to write data to Clipboard.

Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office> Microsoft Office Excel
(In this example, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2010.)
In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force.
By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data to Excel. With Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the
clipboard contents to the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of
the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 8.
Example 9

28

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 8

Plotting the diagrams

From Insert menu choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot like in next
picture:

Example 9

29

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After select type of chart blank chart is appeared on the window. Click right mouse button on white
surface and pick Select data from menu.

Define the chart data. Click on a Add button, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 9

30

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

Example 9

31

PAK-S Examples
By another click on

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

Click on a Add button do define second line, Edit Series dialog are opened.
Example 9

32

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10

11
12

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box
13 and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).
14

By another click on
Example 9

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

33

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

15

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

16
17

18

Example 9

34

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

19
By clicking on OK button, a following chart appears.

Fig. 9

Example 9

35

PAK-S Examples

Example 9

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

36

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 10 - Half of sphere with hole subjected to concentrated

forces
Description/Objective Half of sphere with hole is subjected to concentrated forces, shown in Fig.
1(a). Geometrical and material data are given in Fig. 1(b). Due to symmetry in geometry, boundary
conditions and loading, one quarter of the structure is modelled. Note that symmetry conditions
along edges AB and DC imply that there is no rotation along tangents to these lines; also, there is no
displacement normal to plane of symmetry (u= 0 along AB, and w= 0 along DC). In order to
prevent rigid body motion in y-direction, it is taken vE= 0, as shown in the figure. Four-node shell
elements are employed (mesh 16x16).
Determine value of displacement w at the point A and display field of displacement of sphere.
R=10 cm
h=0.04 cm
E=6.825107 N/cm2
=0.3
F=1.0 N

a)

b)
Fig. 1

Suggested Exercise Steps:

I. Defining Materials and Properties
II. Creating the Geometry
III. Generation of Nodes and Elements
IV. Constraining the Model
V. Loading the Model
VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis
VII. Postprocessing and Review the Results

Example 10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example10, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...
1

Femap 11 is used

Example 10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I. Defining Materials and Properties

Model>Material...

2
3

4
After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Material - Isotropic press Cancel.
Model>Property...

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - PLATE Element Type press Cancel.

Example 10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

II. Creating the Geometry

To create an arc AD in XZ plane first you must set the workplane, Fig. 1.
Tools>Workplane... (F2)

3
.

Lets show workplane on the screen.

View>Rotate>Model...

(F8)

2
1

Create the arc AD, Fig. 1, in XZ plane.

Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...

1
2

3
4

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel.
Example 10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

View>Autoscale>Visible

(Ctrl+A)

Now, you will create the arc BC which lying in the plane parallel to XZ plane. Coordinates of point
B, Fig. 1: xB=0, yB=Rcos =10cos(18o)=9.51cm, zB=Rsin =10sin(18o)=3.09cm.
Lets set the proper workplane.
Tools>Workplane... (F2)

2
3
.
Create the arc BC, Fig. 1.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...

1
2

3
4

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel.

On the Fig. 2 arcs AD and BC are shown.

Example 10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 2
Now, you will create arc AB in the plane YZ and arc CD in the plane XY. Coordinates of point C
are: xC=Rsin =10sin(18o)=3.09cm, yC=Rcos =10cos(18o)=9.51cm, zC=0.
First, set the workplane to create the arc AB.
Tools>Workplane... (F2)

2
3

4
.

Lets show workplane on the screen.

View>Rotate>Model... (F8)

Example 10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...

1
2

3
4

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel.
Since we will be working in 3-D, let`s rotate the view so we can see the complete geometry.
View>Rotate>Model... (F8)

1
2

Now, let`s set the workplane to create the arc CD.

Tools>Workplane... (F2)

Example 10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
.

Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...

1
2

3
4

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel.
Display labelling of curves and surfaces by ID
View>Options... (F6)

Example 10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1
3

5
You have created edge curves of surface as shown on Fig. 3.

Fig. 3
You will now create the surface between these edge curves.
Example 10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Geometry>Surface>Edge Curves...
Note: Now, you have to graphically pick the location of curves 1, 4, 2 and 3 on screen, Fig. 3.

1
2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Edge Surface press Cancel.
You have completed geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

III. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Note: The first thing which we need to do is to set the mesh size for surfaces defining by size along
curve.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface...
Note: You can graphically pick the location of surface on screen, Fig. 4.

Example 10

10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size
press Cancel.
Mesh>Geometry>Surface...

To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Entity Display
Toolbar..
1

Display labelling of nodes by ID

View>Options...

Example 10

(F6)

11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Finite element model is shown in the Fig 5.

Fig. 5
Example 10

12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

IV. Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (Shift+F2)

2
3

Example 10

13

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Graphically pick the location of arc 5 (AB) on screen, Fig. 4.

Example 10

14

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Graphically pick the location of arc 7 (DC) on screen, Fig. 4.

Graphically pick the location of node E (middle point of arc BC, Fig. 1, i.e. curve 6 in Fig. 4) on
screen.

Example 10

15

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint...

1
2

3
4

V. Loading the Model

Definition of linear function used in generation of loads.
Model>Function...

Example 10

16

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

5
4
6
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Function Definition press Cancel.
Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load.
Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (Ctrl+F2)

2
3

Example 10

17

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Load>Nodal...
Graphically pick the location of point A, Fig. 1 (node 1, Fig. 5).

4
3

5
Graphically pick the location of point D, Fig. 1 (node 49, Fig. 5).

Example 10

18

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

9
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
The model shown on the Fig. 6 is now complete and ready for analysis.

Example 10

19

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 6
Save your model by pressing F4.

VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis
Create the input file and solve the model. Click on a PAK in main menu to start PAK translator.
Pak translator should automatically create new DAT file and start PAK solver.

For no static analysis you need to input aditional parameters. To do this click on a button Edit
Analysis Options after which a General Options dialog will apear.

Example 10

20

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5
6

Example 10

21

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10
Now model is ready for the analysis. Run the PAK solver by click on the Analyse button.

11

When the analysis is complete a dialog Analysis Complete is shown. Click on Load Results button
closes PakTranslator and loads results in the Femap.

12

Example 10

22

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

FEMAP can display displacements in y direction of model as following:
View>Select... (F5)

5
6

8
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcessing Data press OK.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.
Example 10

23

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Througout a few steps from Post Toolbar and Entity Display Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup
appropriate view of your results on the screen.
Post Toolbar
1
2

Entity Display Toolbar

1

2
3

Real deformation in 30th step is now shown at the screen, Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

Plotting the diagrams in FEMAP

In this example, we want to plot diagrams displacement-force in point A and B, Fig. 1.
Example 10

24

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

FEMAP can generate XY plots of results using the Charting dockable pane. There are two different
entities in the Charting pane, Charts and Data Series. Any number of Chart entities may exist in
the model and each Chart may display any number of selected Data Series. The Type of Data
Series determines what will be displayed in the selected Chart. In addition, each Type of Data
Series requires specific input to properly create the XY plot.
If the Charting pane is already displayed, skip this step...
1
Tools>Charting (or click the Charting icon on the Panes Toolbar
Click the Chart Manager icon (

) in the Charting pane to create a new Chart.

The Charting dialog box will appear. This tabbed dialog box allows a number of options to be
selected for the new chart. For this example, the default Chart settings are OK.

Example 10

25

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Note: In a new model, the Chart Selector is set to 0..None/Create New by default. Because of
this, when a new Data Series is created, a default Chart will also be created along with the Data
Series. Therefore, it is not really required to use the Chart Manager unless you are creating multiple
Charts.
Click the Chart Data Series Manager icon (

Example 10

) in the Charting pane to create a new Data Series.

26

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 10

27

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5

Example 10

28

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9

10
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Chart Data Series press Cancel.

11

The FEMAP diagram is shown in the Fig. 7.

Example 10

29

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 7
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data.
Writing diagram data into Clipboard.
Click the Copy Chart to Clipboard icon (

) in the Charting pane to write data to Clipboard.

Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office> Microsoft Office Excel
(In this example, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2010.)
In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force.
By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data to Excel. With Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the
clipboard contents to the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of
the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 8.
Example 10

30

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 8

Plotting the diagrams

From Insert menu choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot like in next
picture:

Example 10

31

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After select type of chart blank chart is appeared on the window. Click right mouse button on white
surface and pick Select data from menu.

Define the chart data. Click on a Add button, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 10

32

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

By another click on

Example 10

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

33

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

Click on a Add button do define second line, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 10

34

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10

11
12

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

13

Example 10

14

35

PAK-S Examples
By another click on

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

15

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

17
16

18

Example 10

36

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

19
By clicking on OK button, a following chart appears.

Fig. 9

Example 10

37

PAK-S Examples

Example 10

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

38

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 11. (SG_12) Large strain necking of circular bar

Description/Objective A circular bar, with dimensions used in standard uniaxial tests, is subjected
to uniaxial tension. Necking of the bar, with 3D stress/strain state and large strains, develops during
extension.
Three-dimensional, 20-node elements are used. Due to symmetry, one-eight of the bar is modelled,
with symmetry conditions for nodes lying in coordinate planes. The FE model consists of 96
elements. Four element layers of smaller size and 4 element layers of larger size along the bar axis
are used, as shown in Fig. 1. Initial imperfection is defined in a way that the bar radius linearly
increases from R in the middle to 1.01 R at end of the bar.
Large strain formulation with logarithmic strain as the strain measure, and stress integration
according to governing parameter method (GPM), Kojic (1997), are employed.
Deformation of the bar is increased by prescribed axial displacements at end nodes. Solution is
obtained by 35 steps of displacement increments equal to 0.2 mm; and with full-Newton iteration
method with line search.
Geometrical and material data are shown in the Fig. 1.

R=6.35mm

y yv H e P
(C y yv )[1 e ne ]
P

E=210.401557 N/mm2
=0.311831822
yv=0.45 N/mm2
Cy=0.715 N/mm2
H=0.12924 N/mm2
n=16.93

Fig. 1
Suggested Exercise Steps:
I. Defining Materials and Properties
II. Creating the Geometry
III. Generation of Nodes and Elements
IV. Constraining the Model
V. Loading the Model
VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis
VII. Postprocessing and Review the Results
Example 11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example12, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...

File>Preferences...

(Ctrl+Shift+P)

Femap 11 is used

Example 11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I. Defining Materials and Properties

Test tube is made of steel and, for nonlinear analysis, elastic-plastic properties of material are
entered.
Model>Material...

Example 11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1
4
2
3

8
After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Material - Isotropic press Cancel.

Example 11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Property...

2
3

Example 11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

7
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - SOLID Element Type press Cancel.

II. Creating the Geometry

Let's create lines.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...

1
2

3
4

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate-Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel.
Adjustment of a view of whole drawing at the screen with command:
View>Autoscale>Visible

(Ctrl+A)

Geometry>Curve-Line> Points...

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Line from Points press Cancel.
Example 11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Display labelling of curves and surfaces by ID

View>Options... (F6)

1
3

5
The following figure is shown on the screen (Fig. 2):

Fig. 2
Example 11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Now, all plotted curves should be divided in half, one by one, in order to construct auxiliary lines
needed for generation of surfaces. Selection of lines is done with cursor.
Modify>Break...

(Ctrl+K)

Select the same line again.

The same procedure should be repeated for remaining line and arc.

Example 11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Select Curve(s) to Break press
Cancel.
Geometry>Curve-Line>Points...

Fig. 3
Points marked above should be joined, Fig. 3.

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Line from Points press Cancel.
The last created line should be divided in half.
Modify>Break...

Example 11

(Ctrl+K)
9

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Select the same line again.

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Select Curve(s) to Break press
Cancel.
You have to delete curve 7 on the Fig. 4.

C
B

A
Fig. 4
Delete>Geometry>Curve...

Example 11

10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Let`s create two curves to connect points A B, and B C, Fig. 4.

Geometry>Curve-Line>Points...
Note: You may graphically (using mouse) pick the location of points A, B and C on screen, Fig. 4.

After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Line from Points press Cancel.
All created curves are shown on the Fig. 5.

Fig. 5
Now, you should create three surface.
Geometry>Surface>Edge Curves... (Shift+F9)
You may graphically (using mouse) pick the location of proper curves to create surfaces, Fig. 5.

1
2

1
2
Example 11

11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1
2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Edge Surface press Cancel.
You have geometry as shown on Fig. 6.

Fig. 6
Now, you sholud be copy surfaces.
Geometry>Copy>Surface...

1
2

Example 11

12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Geometry>Copy>Surface...

In order to see the effects of plotting and copying of surfaces, it is necessary to change the view.
View>Rotate

(F8)

Adjustment of whole plot view on the screen is done by using Ctrl+A or selecting a command:
View>Autoscale>Visible
The following surfaces should be appearing on the screen, Fig. 7.

Example 11

13

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 7
Initial imperfection is defined in a way that the bar radius linearly increases from R in the middle to
1.01 R at end of the bar. Therefore is necessary to scale surfaces being at the center of arc by the
factor in x and y directions.
Modify>Scale>Surface...
These commands are used to change the size of your model. You specify a relative scaling factor
and a point to scale around. FEMAP will adjust the selected coordinates appropriately. Like other
modification commands, entities which reference the selected entities which you have selected to
scale will also be scaled.

Example 11

14

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Select point assigned by A on the Fig. 7.

4
5

Modify>Scale>Surface...

Select point assigned by arrow B on the Fig. 7.

2
3

Example 11

15

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Now, we should create volumes between generated surfaces.

Geometry>Volume>Between...
Then, select two opposite surfaces and confirm OK.

Repeat the same procedure for generation of all six volumes.

Enter the following data (see Table 1.) into proper fields From Surface and To Surface of
previous dialog box when pop up:
Table 1. Volume
Volume Surface 1 Surface 2
2
2
5
3
3
6
4
4
7
5
5
8
6
6
9
After the last volume 6 between the survaces 6 and 9 has been created and FEMAP displays again
dialog box Create Volume Between press Cancel to end command.
The following figure is shown on the screen (Fig. 8).

Example 11

16

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 8

III. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Note: The first thing which we need to do is to set the mesh size for surfaces.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface...
Select all nine surfaces on the quarters of circle.

3
2

2
Now, select all surfaces except those at the quarters of the circle; there are 24 of them. You can to
select surface pick them by mouse or press button Select All next check radio button Remove and
select nine surfaces on the quarters of circle (see dialogue below).
Example 11

17

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
4

6
7
After FEMAP displays dialog box Entety Selection- Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press
Cancel.
Let's generate the elements.
Mesh>Geometry>Volume...

1
2

3
4
5

Now, delete redundant nodes (nodes on the mid surface).

Delete>Model>Node...

1
2

Example 11

18

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

In the Message window you can see

Now, it is necessary to renumber the nodes, first in x direction, then in y direction and, finally, in z
direction.
Modify>Renumber>Node...

1
2

3
4

Repeat renumbering in y axis direction, then in z axis direction.

Modify>Renumber>Node...

1
2

Example 11

19

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
4

Modify>Renumber>Node...

1
2

To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Quick Options
(short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
1

Finite element model is shown in the Fig 9.

Example 11

20

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 9

IV. Constraints of Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (Shift+F2)

2
3

Example 11

21

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Now we define corresponding nodal constraints.

Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Push Method^ button and select on Surface, option, then select all four surfaces from side A and
limit their translation in X direction (TX) .

Example 11

22

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
4

Push Method^ button again and select on Surface, option, then select all four surfaces from side B
and limit their translation in Y direction (TY).

1
2

5
Rotate the model to see side C, push Method^ button, select on Surface option, then select all
three surfaces from side C and limit their translation in Z direction (TZ).

Example 11

23

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

5
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Setting constraints for the whole model.
Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint...

1
2

3
4
Now, set the equations of coupled displacements of all nodes at the upper surface with the node at
the center of circle (node 545).
545
546
Equation for coupled displacements of nodes 545 and 546 is
0 uz uz
We will use next command to set the equations of coupled displacements.
Mesh>Connection>Closest Link...

This command enables you to choose two sets of nodes, and FEMAP will automatically generate
constraint equations between each node in the first set of nodes (the Generate From selection) to the
nearest node in the second set of nodes (the Generate To selection, in this example only node 281 in
the second set). This is a useful method to automatically generate a series of connections between
two patterns of nodes or between a pattern of nodes and a single node.
Push Method^ button again and select on Surface, then select all surfaces from side D and again
press Method^ button and select ID, then select Remove radio button and select node at the center
of circle (node 545).

Example 11

24

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Now select only node 545.

Now FEMAP displays the Generate Connection Options dialog box, although the Connection Type
may change based upon the command. You select Constraint Equations, and you must select the
DOFs to connect. One constraint equation will be created for each DOF checked with a coefficient
values of 1 and -1 for the primary and secondary node, respectively.

7
6
8

After equations of coupled displacements are created, displacements are now set only at one node
(node 545, because all other nodes are coupled with it).

Example 11

25

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

V. Loading the Model

Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load.
Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (Ctrl+F2)

2
3

Example 11

26

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Load>Nodal...

4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.

Save your model by pressing F4.

Example 11

27

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis
Create the input file and solve the model. Click on a PAK in main menu to start PAK translator.
Pak translator should automatically create new DAT file and start PAK solver.

For no static analysis you need to input aditional parameters. To do this click on a button Edit
Analysis Options after which a General Options dialog will apear.

Example 11

28

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

5
6

7
After Translator displays dialog box General options press Next.

Example 11

29

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10

Now model is ready for the analysis. Run the PAK solver by click on the Analyse button.

11

When the analysis is complete a dialog Analysis Complete is shown. Click on Load Results button
closes PakTranslator and loads results in the Femap.

12

Example 11

30

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

Values of stresses and deformations can be presented by using the following commands:
View>Select... (F5)

5
6

After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.

Througout a few steps from Post Toolbar and Entity Display Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup
appropriate view of your results on the screen.
Post Toolbar

Example 11

31

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1
2

Entity Display Toolbar

2
1

On the Fig. 10 field of eeffective plastic strain is shown.

Fig. 10 Effective plastic field

On the Fig. 11 field of total displacements is shown.

Example 11

32

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 11 Total displacement field

Plotting the diagrams in FEMAP

In this example, we want to plot diagrams displacement-force at node 265 at which displacement is
given, Fig. 5.
FEMAP can generate XY plots of results using the Charting dockable pane. There are two different
entities in the Charting pane, Charts and Data Series. Any number of Chart entities may exist in
the model and each Chart may display any number of selected Data Series. The Type of Data
Series determines what will be displayed in the selected Chart. In addition, each Type of Data
Series requires specific input to properly create the XY plot.
If the Charting pane is already displayed, skip this step...
1
Tools>Charting (or click the Charting icon on the Panes Toolbar

Click the Chart Manager icon (

Example 11

) in the Charting pane to create a new Chart.

33

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The Charting dialog box will appear. This tabbed dialog box allows a number of options to be
selected for the new chart. For this example, the default Chart settings are OK.

Example 11

34

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Note: In a new model, the Chart Selector is set to 0..None/Create New by default. Because of
this, when a new Data Series is created, a default Chart will also be created along with the Data
Series. Therefore, it is not really required to use the Chart Manager unless you are creating multiple
Charts.

Click the Chart Data Series Manager icon (

) in the Charting pane to create a new Data Series.

Example 11

35

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 11

36

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5

Example 11

37

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9

10
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Chart Data Series press Cancel.

11

The FEMAP diagram is shown in the Fig. 12.

Example 11

38

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 12

In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data.
Writing diagram data into Clipboard.
Click the Copy Chart to Clipboard icon (

) in the Charting pane to write data to Clipboard.

Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office> Microsoft Office Excel

(In this example, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2010.)

In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force.
By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data to Excel. With Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the
clipboard contents to the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of
the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 13.
39
Example 11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 13

Plotting the diagrams

From Insert menu choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot like in next
picture:

Example 11

40

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After select type of chart blank chart is appeared on the window. Click right mouse button on white
surface and pick Select data from menu.

Define the chart data. Click on a Add button, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 11

41

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

Example 11

42

PAK-S Examples

By another click on

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

9
Example 11

43

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Click on a Add button do define second line, Edit Series dialog are opened.

10

By clicking on OK button, a following chart appears.

Fig. 10

Example 11

44

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 12. (SG_13) Large strain necking of rectangular bar

Description/Objective A rectangular bar, with dimensions shown in Fig. 1, is subjected to uniaxial
tension. Necking with large strain develops during extension of the bar.
y yv He P
(C y yv )[1 e ne ]
P

E=210.40 kN/mm2 =0.3118

yv=0.45 kN/mm2
Cy=0.715 kN/mm2
2
H=0.12924 kN/mm n=16.93

a=16 mm
b=4 mm
L=52 mm

a)

b)
Fig. 1

Three-dimensional 20-nodes elements are used in the analysis. Due to symmetry, one-eight of the
bar is modelled, with symmetry conditions for nodes lying in coordinate planes. The FE model
consists of 32 elements, with two zones in axial directions (see Fig. 1(b)): one, with axial length of
elements equals to 2 mm, and the other with 4 mm of axial length. Initial imperfection is defined by
decrease of the central cross-section dimensions for 1%, Fig. 1(a).
Large strain formulation with logarithmic strain as the strain measure, and stress integration
according to governing parameter method (GPM), Kojic (1997), are employed.
Deformation of the bar is increased by prescribed axial displacements at end nodes. Solution is
obtained by 40 steps of displacement increments equal to 0.2 mm; and with full Newton with line
search iteration method.

Suggested Exercise Steps:

I. Defining Materials and Properties
II. Creating the Geometry
III. Generation of Nodes and Elements
IV. Constraining the Model
V. Loading the Model
VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis
VII. Postprocessing and Review the Results
Example 12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File>Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example13, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...

File>Preferences...

(Ctrl+Shift+P)

Femap 10.3.0 is used

Example 12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I. Defining Materials and Properties

Test tube is made of steel and, for nonlinear analysis, elastic-plastic properties of material are
entered.
Model>Material...

Example 12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

1
4
2
3

8
After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Material - Isotropic press Cancel.

Example 12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Model>Property...

2
3

Example 12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

7
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - SOLID Element Type press Cancel.

II. Creating the Geometry

Let's create surface.
Geometry>Surface>Corners...
1
2

3
4

5
6

7
8

After FEMAP displays dialog box Locate Enter First Corner of Surface press Cancel.
Lets show surface on the screen.
View>Rotate...

(F8)

2
1
Example 12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Adjustment of a view of whole drawing at the screen with command:

View>Autoscale>Visible

(Ctrl+A)

Geometry>Copy>Surface...

Geometry>Copy>Surface...

In order to see the effects of plotting and copying of surfaces, it is necessary to change the view.
View>Rotate...
Example 12

(F8)
7

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Adjustment of whole plot view on the screen is done by using Ctrl+A or selecting a command:
View>Autoscale>Visible
Display labelling of surfaces by ID
View>Options...

(F6)

3
The following surfaces should be appearing on the screen, Fig. 2.

Fig. 2
Example 12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Now, it is necessary to make a volume between generated surfaces.

Geometry>Volume>Between...

After FEMAP displays dialog box Create Volume Between press Cancel.
You have created volumes as shown on Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

III. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Note: The first thing which we need to do is to set the mesh size for surfaces.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface...
Note: You can graphically pick the location of surface on screen, Fig. 3.

Example 12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

2
3

2
3

2
3

Example 12

10

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3
After FEMAP displays dialog box Entity Selection- Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press
Cancel.
Mesh>Geometry>Volume...

1
2

3
4

Nodes in the middle of an element are deleted as follows:

Delete>Model>Node...

1
2

Now, it is necessary to merge nodes.

Example 12

11

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Tools>Check>Coincident Nodes...

1
2

3
In the Message window you can see

Now, it is necessary to renumber the nodes and elements, first in z direction, then in x direction and,
finally, in y direction.
Modify>Renumber>Node...

1
2

3
4

Example 12

12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Modify>Renumber>Node...

1
2

Modify>Renumber>Node...

1
2

3
4

To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Quick Options
(short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
1
Finite element model is shown in the Fig 4.
Example 12

13

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

A
C

Fig. 4
Now, we should introduce imperfection to the model according to task scheme. It is necessary to
scale nodes of surface being at the base of xy plane by the factor 0.99 in x and z directions.
Modify>Scale>Node...

Example 12

14

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

6
7

10

9
Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen.

Example 12

15

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

IV. Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (Shift+F2)

2
3

Example 12

16

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Modal>Constraint>Nodal...
Push Method^ button and select on Surface, option, then select surface from side A (see Fig. 4)
and limit their translation in Y direction (TY) .

Push Method^ button again and select on Surface, option, then select all four surfaces from side B
(surface 7 and 11, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4) and limit their translation in X direction (TX).

Example 12

17

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
Push Method^ button, select on Surface option, then select all three surfaces from side C (surface
4 and 8, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4) and limit their translation in Z direction (TZ).

4
After FEMAP displays dialog box Entity Selection- Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint...

1
2

Example 12

18

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

3
4
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off Perm Constraint), use the FEMAP Quick
Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):

2
Rotate the model to see side D, as shown on the Fig. 5.

Node 265
Fig. 5

Example 12

D
19

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Now, set the equations of coupled displacements of all nodes at the surface D with the node at the
corner of the surface (node 265, see Fig. 5).
We will use next command to set the equations of coupled displacements.
Mesh>Connection>Closest Link...
This command enables you to choose two sets of nodes, and FEMAP will automatically generate
constraint equations between each node in the first set of nodes (the Generate From selection) to the
nearest node in the second set of nodes (the Generate To selection, in this example only node 281 in
the second set). This is a useful method to automatically generate a series of connections between
two patterns of nodes or between a pattern of nodes and a single node.
Push Method^ button again and select on Surface, option, then select all surfaces from side D and
again press Method^ button and select ID, then select Remove radio button and select node at the
corner of the surface (node 265).
1
2

Now select only node 265.

Now FEMAP displays the Generate Connection Options dialog box, although the Connection Type
may change based upon the command. You select Constraint Equations, and you must select the
DOFs to connect. One constraint equation will be created for each DOF checked with a coefficient
values of 1 and -1 for the primary and secondary node, respectively.

5
4
6

After equations of coupled displacements are created, displacements are now set only at one node
(node 265, because all other nodes are coupled with it).

Example 12

20

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

V. Loading the Model

Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load.
Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (Ctrl+F2)

2
3

Example 12

21

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Modal>Load>Nodal...
Displacements at node 265 should be set.

4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
The model shown on the Fig. 6 is now complete.

Fig. 6
Save your model by pressing F4.
Example 12

22

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis
Create the input file and solve the model. Click on a PAK in main menu to start PAK translator.
Pak translator should automatically create new DAT file and start PAK solver.

For no static analysis you need to input aditional parameters. To do this click on a button Edit
Analysis Options after which a General Options dialog will apear.

Example 12

23

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

5
6

7
After Translator displays dialog box General options press Next.

Example 12

24

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10
Now model is ready for the analysis. Run the PAK solver by click on the Analyse button.

11

When the analysis is complete a dialog Analysis Complete is shown. Click on Load Results button
closes PakTranslator and loads results in the Femap.

12

Example 12

25

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

VII. Postprocesing and Review the Results

Values of stresses and deformations can be presented by using the following commands:
View>Select... (F5)

5
6

After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.

Througout a few steps from Entity Display Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup appropriate view
of your results on the screen.
Entity Display Toolbar
2
1

Example 12

26

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

On the Fig. 7 effective plastic strain field is shown.

Fig. 7 Effective plastic field

Plotting the diagrams in FEMAP

In this example, we want to plot diagrams displacement-force at node 265 at which displacement is
given, Fig. 5.
FEMAP can generate XY plots of results using the Charting dockable pane. There are two different
entities in the Charting pane, Charts and Data Series. Any number of Chart entities may exist in
the model and each Chart may display any number of selected Data Series. The Type of Data
Example 12

27

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Series determines what will be displayed in the selected Chart. In addition, each Type of Data
Series requires specific input to properly create the XY plot.
If the Charting pane is already displayed, skip this step...
1
Tools>Charting (or click the Charting icon on the Panes Toolbar
Click the Chart Manager icon (

) in the Charting pane to create a new Chart.

The Charting dialog box will appear. This tabbed dialog box allows a number of options to be
selected for the new chart. For this example, the default Chart settings are OK.

Example 12

28

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Note: In a new model, the Chart Selector is set to 0..None/Create New by default. Because of
this, when a new Data Series is created, a default Chart will also be created along with the Data
Series. Therefore, it is not really required to use the Chart Manager unless you are creating multiple
Charts.
Click the Chart Data Series Manager icon (

Example 12

) in the Charting pane to create a new Data Series.

29

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Example 12

30

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4
5

Example 12

31

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

8
9

10
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Chart Data Series press Cancel.

11

The FEMAP diagram is shown in the Fig. 8.

Example 12

32

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 8
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data.
Writing diagram data into Clipboard.
Click the Copy Chart to Clipboard icon (

) in the Charting pane to write data to Clipboard.

Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office> Microsoft Office Excel
(In this example, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2010.)
In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force.
By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data to Excel. With Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the
clipboard contents to the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of
the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 9.
33
Example 12

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Fig. 9

Plotting the diagrams

From Insert menu choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot like in next
picture:

Example 12

34

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

After select type of chart blank chart is appeared on the window. Click right mouse button on white
surface and pick Select data from menu.

Define the chart data. Click on a Add button, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 12

35

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

2
3

Series X values: Click on

button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink.
Select values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear
in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below).

Example 12

36

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

4

PAK-S Examples

By another click on

icon, dialogue box spreads again.

Series Y values: click on

button at the end of the text box and then select values from the second
column (see window below).

Example 12

37

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

7

PAK-S Examples

Click on a Add button do define second line, Edit Series dialog are opened.

Example 12

38

PAK-S Examples

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

10
By clicking on OK button, a following chart appears.

Fig. 10

Example 12

39

PAK-S Examples

Example 12

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

40