This document discusses finite impulse response (FIR) filters. It begins by listing the main advantages of FIR filters, including stability and the ability to design filters with linear phase. It then discusses methods for designing FIR filters, including the Fourier series method and using windows. Common window types are examined like rectangular, Hanning, Hamming, and Blackman windows. The document concludes by covering realization structures for FIR filters, including direct and cascade forms.
This document discusses finite impulse response (FIR) filters. It begins by listing the main advantages of FIR filters, including stability and the ability to design filters with linear phase. It then discusses methods for designing FIR filters, including the Fourier series method and using windows. Common window types are examined like rectangular, Hanning, Hamming, and Blackman windows. The document concludes by covering realization structures for FIR filters, including direct and cascade forms.
This document discusses finite impulse response (FIR) filters. It begins by listing the main advantages of FIR filters, including stability and the ability to design filters with linear phase. It then discusses methods for designing FIR filters, including the Fourier series method and using windows. Common window types are examined like rectangular, Hanning, Hamming, and Blackman windows. The document concludes by covering realization structures for FIR filters, including direct and cascade forms.
This document discusses finite impulse response (FIR) filters. It begins by listing the main advantages of FIR filters, including stability and the ability to design filters with linear phase. It then discusses methods for designing FIR filters, including the Fourier series method and using windows. Common window types are examined like rectangular, Hanning, Hamming, and Blackman windows. The document concludes by covering realization structures for FIR filters, including direct and cascade forms.
Main advantages of the FIR filter over IIR filter.
FIR filters are always stable FIR filters with exactly linear phase can easily be designed FIR filters can be realized in both recursive and non-recursive structures FIR filters are free of limit cycle oscillations, when implemented on a finite-word length digital system Excellent design methods are available for various kinds of FIR filters
The disadvantages of FIR filters are:
The implementation of narrow transition band FIR filters are very costly, as it requires considerably more arithmetic operations and hardware components such as multipliers, adder and delay elements. Memory requirement and execution time are very high.
Fourier Series Method of Designing FIR filters
The frequency response H( ) of a system is periodic in 2. From Fourier series analysis we know that any periodic functions can be expressed as a linear combination of complex exponentials. Therefore, the desired frequency response of an FIR filter can be represented by the Fourier Series (1) Where the Fourier coefficients response sequence of the filter
are the desired impulse
The z-transform of the sequence is given by :
(2) (3)
Whereby equation 3 represents a non-causal digital filter of
infinite duration. To get an FIR filter transfer function, the series can be truncated by assigning = 0 otherwise.
Then, (4) (5)
For a symmetrical impulse response having symmetry at n=0
(6) Therefore, equation 4 can be written as (7) The above transfer function is not physically realizable. Realizability can be brought by multiplying Eq.7 by where
is delay in samples.
(8)
Design an ideal highpass filter with a frequency response
for for Find the values of h(n) for N=11. Find H(z). Plot the magnitude response. Solution The desired frequency response is shown in Fig.1 We know
Figure1: the ideal frequency response of highpass filter of example 1
Truncating
to 11 samples, we have for
= 0 otherwise For n=0
From the given frequency response we can find that =0. Therefore, the filter coefficients are symmetrical about n = 0 satisfying the condition For n=1 = - 0.225 the transfer function of the filter is given by = = 0.75 + The transfer function of the realizable filter is
= 0.0045 0.075 0.075 -0.045
- 0.159
-0.225
=h(5) = 0.75 , .
+ 0. 75
-0.225
-0.159
(9)
Design of FIR filters using windows
The desired frequency response of a filter is periodic in frequency and can be expanded in a Fourier series. The resultant series is given by
Where
and known as Fourier coefficients having infinite length. One possible
way of obtaining FIR filter is to truncate the infinite Fourier series at , where N is the length of the desired sequence. But abrupt truncation of the Fourier series results in oscillation in the passband and stopband. These oscillations are due to slow convergence of the Fourier series and this effect is known as the Gibbs phenomenon. To reduce these oscillations, the Fourier coefficients of the filter are modified by multiplying the infinite impulse with a finite weighing sequence called a window where for = 0 for
After multiplying window sequence
with , we get a finite duration sequence that satisfies the desired magnitude response for = 0 for
The
frequency
convolution of
of
response and
the
filter
can
be
obtained
by
Figure 2: Windowing technique
Rectangular window The rectangular window sequence is given by = 0 otherwise An example is shown in Fig 3 for N = 25.
Figure 3: Rectangular window
The spectrum of the rectangular window is given by
The frequency spectrum for N = 25 is shown in Fig 4.
Figure 4: (a) Frequency response of rectangular window N=25 (b) Log
magnitude response of rectangular window for N=25.
Hanning window The Hanning window sequence can be obtained as follow:
= 0 otherwise The frequency response of Hanning window is
The window sequence
and its frequency response are shown in
Fig.5 and Fig.6 respectively. The main lobe width of Hanning window is twice that of the rectangular window, which results in a doubling of the transition region of the filter. The magnitude of the side lobe level is -31dB, which is 18dB lower than that of rectangular window. This results is smaller ripples in both passband and stopband of the lowpass filter designed using Hanning window. The minimum stopband attenuation of the filter is 44 dB which is 23dB lower than the filter designed using rectangular window. At higher frequencies, the stopband attenuation is even greater.
Figure 5: Hanning window sequence
Figure 6: (a) Frequency response of Hanning window for N = 25 (b) Log
magnitude response of Hanning window for N = 25.
Hamming window The equation for Hamming window can be obtained as follows:
= 0 otherwise The frequency of the Hamming window is
Figure 7: (a) Frequency response of Hanning window for N = 51 (b) Log
magnitude response of Hanning window for N = 51.
Figure 8: Frequency response of LPF using Hanning window for N = 25
Figure 9: Log magnitude response of LPF using Hanning window for N = 25
are shown in Fig.10 and The window sequence and its magnitude response Fig.11 respectively. The peak side lobe level is down about 41dB from the main lobe peak, an improvement of 10dB relative to the Hanning window. The magnitude and log magnitude response of lowpass filter designed using Hamming window are shown in Fig.13 and Fig.14 respectively. The first side lobe peak is -53dB; an improvement of 9dB with respect to Hanning window filter. However, at higher frequencies the stopband attenuation is low when compared to that of Hanning window.
Because the Hamming window generates lesser oscillation in the side of the lobes than the Hanning window for the same main lobe width, the Hamming window is generally preferred.
Figure 10: Hamming window sequence
Figure 11: (a) Frequency response of Hamming window for N = 25 (b) Log magnitude response of Hamming window for N = 25.
Figure 12: (a) Frequency response of Hamming window for N = 51 (b) Log magnitude response of Hamming window for N = 51.
Figure 13: Frequency response of LPF using Hamming window for N = 25
Figure 14: Log magnitude response of LPF using Hamming window for N = 25
Blackman window
The Blackman window sequence is given by
= 0, otherwise
Figure 15: Blackman window sequence
Figure 16: (a) Frequency response of Blackman window for N = 25 (b) Log magnitude response of Blackman window for N = 25.
The additional cosine terms (compared with the Hamming and the Hanning windows) reduces the sidelobes, but increases the main lobe width to
. The frequency
sponse of the Blackman window is shown in Fig.17. the peak side lobe level is down about 57dB from the main lobe peak, an improvement of 16 dB relative to the Hamming window. From Fig.19 we can observe that the side lobe attenuation of a lowpass filter using Blackman window is -74dB.
Figure 17: (a) Frequency response of Blackman window for N = 51 (b) Log magnitude response of Blackman window for N = 51.
Figure 18: Frequency response of LPF using Blackman window for N = 25
Figure 19: Log magnitude response of LPF using Blackman window for N = 25
Example 2: Repeat the example 1 using (a) Hanning window (b)
Hamming window Solution (a)Hanning window
= 0 otherwise For N = 11
= 0 otherwise
The filter coefficients can be obtained as below
The filter coefficients using Hanning window are
otherwise
The transfer function of the filter is given by
The transfer function of the realizable filter is
The causal filter coefficients are
Figure 20: Log magnitude response of example 2 using
Hanning window
(a)Hamming window The Hamming window sequence is given by
The window sequence for N = 11 is given by
The filter coefficients using Hamming window sequence are
The transfer function of the filter is given by
The transfer function of the realizable filter is
The filter coefficients of causal filter are
Figure 21: Log magnitude response of example 2 using Hamming window
Realization of FIR Filters
Transversal Structure The system function of an FIR filter can be written as
(1)
The equation can be realized as shown in figure 22.
Figure 22: Direct realization of Eq.Y(z)
This structure is known as transversal structure or direct form realization. The transversal structure requires N multipliers, N-1 adders, and N-1 delay elements.
Cascade realization The equation 1 can be realized in cascade form from the factored form of H(z). For N odd
(2)
For N odd, N-1 will be even and H(z) will have (N-1)/2 second order factors. Each second order factored form of H(Z) is realized in direct form and is cascaded to realize H(z) as shown in figure 23.
Figure 23: Cascade realization of Eq.2
For N even (3) For N even, N-1 will be odd and H(z) will have one first order factor (N2)/2 second order factors.
Each factored form of H(Z) is realized in direct form and is cascaded to
realize H(z) as shown in figure 24.
Figure 24: Cascade realization of Eq.3
Example 3 Determine the direct form realization of system function
Solution Given
The above equation can be realized as shown in Fig.25
Figure 25: Realization structure of example 3
Example 4 Obtain the cascade realization of system function Solution
Where
and (1) (2)
The Eq.1 and Eq.2 can be realized in direct form and can be cascaded as shwn in Fig.26.
Figure 26: Cascade realization of example 4
Example 5 Obtain the cascade realization of system function
Solution Given
The above equation can be realized in cascade form as shown in Fig.27
