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Phy - Motion Graph Analysis

The document contains information about graphs that can represent straight line motion, including displacement-time graphs, velocity-time graphs, and acceleration-time graphs. It provides examples of how to interpret these graphs and extract information from them, such as the velocity, acceleration, and displacement of an object based on the slope and area under the graphs. It also discusses how graphs can represent changes in motion direction and non-uniform motion like acceleration and deceleration.

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Gkid Gkid
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
267 views

Phy - Motion Graph Analysis

The document contains information about graphs that can represent straight line motion, including displacement-time graphs, velocity-time graphs, and acceleration-time graphs. It provides examples of how to interpret these graphs and extract information from them, such as the velocity, acceleration, and displacement of an object based on the slope and area under the graphs. It also discusses how graphs can represent changes in motion direction and non-uniform motion like acceleration and deceleration.

Uploaded by

Gkid Gkid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Graphs of straight line motion

1
A
B
C
D

Which is correct about the graph?


u v
Slope =
velocity
t
v u
Slope =
t
Slope =
Slope =

t
v u
t
u v

v
u
time
t

The displacement of an object at


different times is recorded:
Displacement s / m

Time t/s

2
4.5

1
2

10

Which of the following statements about


the motion of the object is correct?
A

The object moves with a constant


velocity.

The object is accelerating.

The object is decelerating.

When an object is moving at a uniform


speed of 4 m s1 ,
4
it travels _______
m in each second.

Straight line motions

A straight road marked with numbers:

Start point
(zero point)

forward

1
2

Straight line motions

A straight road marked with numbers:

Start point
(zero point)

forward

1
2

Move forward 4 m (or +4 m)

Straight line motions


A straight road marked with numbers:
Move backward
4 m (or -4 m)

-4

Start point
(zero point)

backward

-3
-2

-1

forward

1
2

Motion graphs
displacement / m

time

Motion graphs tell you


how far body moves
(displacement)

how fast it moves


how speed changes

Displacement-time graph
A displacement-time graph or s-t
graph ()

gives the displacement of a moving


object at different times.

1
s/m

Displacement-time graph
Consider: A car is travelling at a constant
or uniform velocity of 10 m s1.

40

moves 10 m every 1 s

30
20

10
0

t/s

Slope of s-t graph


s
s1
s2

s2 s1
= velocity
slope =
t2 t1
t1

t2

The slope of the s-t graph gives the velocity


of the body.

Velocity-time graph

A velocity-time graph or v-t graph


()
gives the velocity of a moving object
at different times.

Velocity-time graph

The v-t graph for the car travelling at a


constant velocity of 10 m s1:

v/m s1
10

a horizontal line: the


velocity stays the same
all the time.
t/s

Slope of v-t graph


The slope of the v-t graph gives the
acceleration of the body.

v
v1
v2

v2 v1
slope =
t2 t1
t1

t2

= acceleration

a
v/m s1
10

Slope of v-t graph


The v-t graph is a
horizontal line

it has a zero slope


the car is travelling
at an unchanged
t/s
velocity
with no acceleration

Area under v-t graph

The area under a v-t graph is the displacement


(s) during the time interval.

v
This area
= displacement

Explanation:
A butterfly flies with a velocity v for a time t.

(i)

v
v

v t

area = v t
t

s = v t
t

(ii)

A butterfly flies with 3 different velocities.


t

v1

v3

v2
v1 t

v2 t

v3 t

s = v1 t + v2 t +v3 t

A1=v1 t
t

A2=v2 t
t

A3=v3 t
t

(iii) A butterfly flies with n different velocities.


t

v1

v2
v1 t

vn
vn t

v2 t

s = v1 t + v2 t +...+vn t

A1=v1 t
t

A2=v2 t
t

An=vn t
t

(iv) A butterfly flies with various velocities.

v
total displacement = area
under graph

(Q1-4)

A car travels...

A car travels on a road as shown.


45 m

(Q1-4)
s/m

A car travels...

s-t graph of the car


from a traffic light

40
30
45 m

20

10
1

t /s

Q1 Which of the following...


Which of the following statements is correct?
A

The car passes by the traffic


light when t = 0 s.

The car moves with a uniform


velocity in the first 3 seconds.

The car accelerates between


t = 3 s and t = 4 s.

The car stops after 5 seconds.

t
4 5

Q2 The velocity...
The velocity of the car at t = 2 s is

9 m s1

10 m s1

40

15 m

s1

30

30 m

s1

s/m

20

10
1

t /s

Q3 The car is...


The car is _____
25 m away from the traffic light
at t = 1.5 s.
s/m
40
30
20

10
1

t /s

Q4 True or false...
The car passes the tree before it stops.

(T/F)

s/m
40
30

45 m

20
10
1

t /s

Acceleration-time graph

The acceleration-time graph or a-t


graph ()
gives the acceleration of the car at
different times.

Acceleration-time graph

a/m

s2

The a-t graph for the car travelling at a


constant velocity of 10 m s1:
The graph is exactly zero all the
time...
since the car is moving at
constant velocity: zero acceleration.
Acceleration = 0 m s2

t/s

Other motions

Displacement-time graph
displacement/m

Car A moves at
uniform velocity
(slope)
moves 10 m
every 1 s

Car A

constant
slope

(20 0) m
slope
(2 0) s

uniform / constant v

time/s

= 10 m s1
= velocity

s/m

Car A

m
A

s/m

Car B

m
t/s

t/s

In 5 s, car B moves a greater displacement.


slope: graph (ii) > graph (i)
car B moves faster than A
slope of s-t graph is velocity

Other motions

s/m

Car C

v2

v2 > v1

accelerates!!

v1

t/s

Other motions
Car D

s/m

Slope (velocity) = 0
remains stationary at 50 m

t/s

s-t and v-t graphs


Car A

v / m s1

s/m

uniform
velocity!

t/s

t/s

s-t and v-t graphs


Car C

v/m s1

s/m

t/s

t/s

s-t and v-t graphs


Car D

v/m s1

s/m
slope = 0

Slope of s-t
graph = 0 = v

t/s

t/s

v-t and a-t graphs


Car E
1
v/m s

a/m s2

slope = acceleration

t/s

uniform a

2
3

t/s

v-t and a-t graphs

v/m s

a/m s

All slopes 0 !

Car B
Car A

Car C

Car C

Car A

t/s

Car B

t/s

no change
change in
no
invv

Conclusion

The slope of a s-t graph gives the velocity.


The larger the slope of a s-t graph,
the higher is the velocity of the body.

The slope of an v-t graph gives the


acceleration.

Graphs of motion with a change


in direction

Car E is travelling at a constant velocity of


10 m s-1.
It then decelerates to rest,
reverses direction,
accelerates for a short time...

t = 0 to t = 2 s
constant v of

Car E

10 m s

v/ms
10

t = 2.5 s
at rest

5
10

accelerates at
2
a = 20 m s
(decelerates)

accelerates at
2
t/s
a = 20 m s (in
opposite direction)
constant v of
10 m s1

Example 5
A displacement-time graph of a boy
walking along a straight road.

(a)

Describe his motion.

Example 5
(a) distance / m
0-100 s: uniform velocity
300-400 s: at rest
200
100-200 s: at rest
100

200-300 s: smaller
uniform velocity

100

200

300

400

Example 5
(b)(i) Calculate the total displacement
travelled.

distance / m
200

150

100

100 200 300 400

time / s

Total displacement travelled = 150 m

Example 5
(b)(ii) Calculate the average velocity during
the time intervals 0-100 s, 100-200 s,
200-300 s and 300-400 s.
distance / m

200
100
0

100 200 300 400

time / s

Example 5
Average velocity during 0-100 s

displacement of 0-100 s
time of 0-100 s

100
100

= 1 m s-1

Example 5
Average velocity
during 100-200 s
=0

slope of 100-200 s = 0

Example 5
Average velocity during
200-300 s

displacement of 200-300 s
=
time of 200-300 s
=

50
100

= 0.5 m s-1

Example 5
Average velocity during 300400 s
=0

slope of 300-400 s= 0

Example 5
(b)(iii) Calculate the
average velocity
during whole
journey (0-400 s).
Average velocity during whole journey

total displacement
total time

150
400

= 0.375 m s-1

Example 6
The figure shows the v-t graph of a car
travelling along a straight road.
velocity / m s1

15
10

5
0

time / s
20

50 60

Example 6
(a)

What is its acceleration during the time


intervals represented by OA, AB and BC?
For OA, the car accelerates uniformly.
Acceleration = slope
15 0
=
= 0.75 m s2
20 0
For AB, the car travels at a uniform
velocity of 15 m s1.
Acceleration = 0

Example 6
For BC, the car decelerates uniformly.
Acceleration = slope
0 15 = 1.5 m s2
=
60 50

Negative acceleration means deceleration.

Example 6
(b)

What are the displacements during each


time interval?

velocity / m

Displacement is the
area under the graph.

s1

15
10
5
0

time / s
20

50

60

Example 6
For OA:
1
displacement = 15 20 = 150 m
2

For AB:
displacement = 15 30 = 450 m
For BC:
1
displacement = 15 10 = 75 m
2

Example 6
(c)

What is the average velocity for the whole


journey?
Overall displacement = 150 + 450 + 75
= 675 m
Total time taken
= 60 s

Average velocity for the whole journey


overall displacement
675
=
=
total time taken
60
= 11.25 m s1

Q1 A car moving...
A car moving on a road has oil leakage. Oil
drips out drop by drop steadily and leaves
some dirt marks on the road.

v / ms1

t/s

Q1 Which of the following...

Which of the following dirt mark patterns is


v
correct?

t
A
B
C

Stop at here
and change
direction!

Q2 In a race...
In a race, 2 runners X & Y start at time t = 0.

v
X

Y
10

Q2 In a race...

Which picture is correct?

X
v

Y
10

Y
C

Q3 True or false...
The figure describes something moving in one
direction only.
a
t

(T/F)

Q4 True or false...
The figure shows that an objects deceleration
is greater than its acceleration.

t
(T/F)

The End

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