CONTROL VALVE

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid by opening, closing, or partially obstructing
various passageways.
Valve Functions :

Stopping and starting fluid flow.

Varying (throttling) the amount of fluid flow.

Controlling the direction of fluid flow.

Regulating downstream system or process pressure.

In a control loop, the final execution or the correction is done by the element of the loop called Final Control
Element. The main function of the FCE in a loop is the transfer of energy or material with respect to time.
CONTROL VALVE is a FCE in a closed loop. The other FCEs are dampers, variable resistors, motors and pumps.

A control valve is one of the most widely used Final Control Element in a process plant which regulates the
process flow by creating variable orifice in flow path and controls various process parameters like pressure,
temperature, flow, level etc.

Classification of Valves
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION
Isolation
Gate valve, Ball valve, Butterfly valve, Diaphragm valve
Control (flow/pressure)
1

Globe valve, Ball valve, Butterfly valve, Diaphragm valve

Prevention of flow reversal
Check valve (swing, lift, piston, etc.)
Flow diversion
Ball valve, Plug valve, Angle valve (Three way, Four way, etc.)
The following are some of the commonly used valve classifications, based on mechanical motion:

Linear Motion Valves : The valves in which the closure member, as in gate, globe, diaphragm, pinch moves
in a straight line to allow, stop, or throttle the flow.

Rotary Motion Valves : When the valve-closure member travels along an angular or circular path, as in
butterfly, ball, plug valves.

Quarter Turn Valves : Some rotary motion valves require approximately a quarter turn, 0 through 90,
motion of the stem to go to fully open from a fully closed position or vice versa.

Classification of valves based on motion

Linear Motion Valves

GLOBE VALVE:A globe valve has a globular shaped valve body; hence it is named as Globe Valve. In this type of valve the
process fluid enters in the valve body through the inlet and it exits through the outlet. An opening called Seat Ring
is provided between inlet and outlet. A plug is used to open and close the seat. We can control the flow by adjusting
the position of the plug inside the seat ring. A plug-stem is used to transfer the actuator movement to the plug.

Globe valves are again classified into Single Seated Stem Guided Plug Valve and Double Seated Stem
Guided Plug Valve. In Double Seated Valve the process pressure that acts on both the sides of the plug will be the
same and thus the plug movement due to high fluid pressure can be eliminated. Generally these types of valves have
globular shape.
Globe valves are generally available in a variety of metal and alloy constructions, as well as plastics. Globe
valves offer precise throttling and control, but they offer a low coefficient of flow.
Handwhe
el
Spindle
Bonnet

Plug

Seat
Ring

Inlet

Outlet

Guiding
arrangements
Cage guided valve : cage is a part of valve that surrounds the plug and can provide flow chracterization
and/or a seating surface. It also provide stability, guiding, balance and alignment. The walls of the cage contain
openings that usually determine the flow characteristic of the control valve. The flow control is done by raising or
lowering the plug.

Double shaft guided valve:

GATE VALVE:A Gate Valve also known as Sluice Valve, is a Valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular Gate/wedge
(Flat Plate) out of the path of the fluid. The plate (Gate) is sometimes tapered and fits into a tapered slot in the valve
body. A Gate Valve can be recognized by the extra space required in the valve body for the retraction of the Gate.
They are used mainly for shut-off purposes. Their control characteristics make them a poor choice for automatic
control.
Gate valves are used in many industrial applications including the oil and gas industry pharmaceuticals,
manufacturing, marine etc.
Gate valves are advantageous in applications involving slurries, as their gate can be cut right through the
slurry.they are also used in applications that involve viscous liquids such as heavy oils, light grease, varnish, honey
etc.
Gate valves are designed to minimize pressure drop across the valve in the fully opened position, and stop the flow
of fluid completely. The diameter through which the process fluid passes is essentially equal to that of the pipe,
hence they tend to have minimal pressure drop whn fully opened.

Handwhe
Gate
(Disk)
Bod
y

Ste
m

Seat
Ring

Gate valve

Gate valve

Different shapes of gate are shown below :

NEEDLE VALVE:The principle of operation of Needle Valve is same as that of Globe Valves, and is using with high pressure
and low flow applications.
A tapered needle is placed inside the valve body and the flow can be controlled by adjusting the position of needle.
Needle valves made up of stainless steel, Brass etc are available.
Needle valves are widely used to accurately regulate the flow of liquids and gases and also in pilot plant for
controlling additive liquid flow to various processes. For engines in which carburetorsare commonly included, a
needle valve is often the device that helps to regulate the flow of fuel.

DIAPHRAGM VALVE (SOUNDERS VALVE):A flexible diaphragm (Neoprene) is used to control flow. Diaphragm valves are simple, when the valve is opened the
diaphragm is lifted out of the flow path and the fluid has a smooth streamlined flow. When the valve is closed the
diaphragm is tightly seated against the seat in the body.
5

They are self cleaning, require no stem packing and can be shut off as tightly as a Butterfly valve. They should not be
used in high pressure and high temperature applications because of the nature of the diaphragm material.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROTARY TYPE VALVES (2 PORT)

BUTTERFLY VALVE:A Butterfly Valve is one in which a circular plate rotates to fill the passage way through the body of the valve
to shut off flow. They are used to control the flow of semi-fluid solids such as powdered coal. Large sized Butterfly
Valves are operated through gear arrangement either by hand or by electric motors.
The main disadvantage of butterfly valve is that it could not be shut off as tightly as globe valve.

BALL VALVE:It is similar to butterfly valve except that its flow control element is sphere instead of a disc, so it requires a
greater seating area. The seat is usually made up of PTFE (Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene). PTFE is inert to all
chemicals and it has low co-efficient of friction. Ball Valve is used for flow and pressure control of corrosive fluids,
slurries, normal fluids and gases. It can be used for high temperature and pressure services. Tight shut off is possible
in Ball Valves

CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLE VALVE (3 PORT)

ANGLE VALVE
These valves usually single ported which are used where space is minimum. It can be used in the space of
900 elbow bending in the pipe. These types of valves are used in the control of level and pressure of slurries and
corrosive fluids where high pressure drop and flashing occurs.

THREE WAY VALVE:Three way valves are usually designed for blending and diverting flowing streams. For Blending purpose, it will
have two inlets and one outlet. For diverting purposes, it will have one inlet and two outlets

CONTROL VALVE ACTUATORS

9

Every valve needs a means by which it can be operated. At a basic level, an actuator is a control mechanism
that is operated by an energy source. There are a variety of options to achieve this including handwheels, lever,
pneumatic, hydraulic and electric actuators.
The purpose of the valve actuator is to accurately locate the valve plug in a position dictated by the control
signal. The actuator accepts a signal from the control system and in response, moves the valve to a fully-open or
fully-closed position or a more open or a more closed position.
Hand wheel
One of the principle accessories on automatic control valve is hand wheel. Hand wheels are mounted on
control valve for manual operation in emergency. There are two types of hand wheel provided on the control valve.

Top mounted hand wheel is a simple device for manual repositioning of actuator stem.

Side mounted hand wheels are usually found on large control valve where required height would make it
inconvenient for the operator to actuate the valve manually from the topmost part of the valve.

10

Hand wheels are mounted on control valve for manual operation in emergency
1. To operate on air supply failure
2. To operate during start up
3. To operate when there is no by pass valve
Safety precaution
Hand wheel must be disengaged during the normal operation of control valve.

PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR
Pneumatic actuators are commonly used in industrial control system. Their basic function is to convert a
pressure signal input into steam movement of control valve.
The two major types of pneumatic actuators are,
Diaphragm and spring actuators
Piston and cylinder actuators
Diaphragm and spring actuators
11

Diaphragm and spring actuator includes a rubber diaphragm, spring and stem in a circular steel housing. This
style of actuators is ideal for valves requiring shorter travel, such as diaphragm valves and globe valves.
Diaphragm actuators may be direct or reverse acting. A direct acting actuator is designed so that increasing
air pressure on top of the diaphragm moves the stem downward and reverse acting actuator is designed so that
increasing air pressure on bottom of the diaphragm moves the stem upward.
Advantages:
-

Lowest cost
Low supply pressure required

Large size and weight

Disadvantages:

Direct acting
In these actuators stem moves towards the seat. This is also called air to close or fail to open.
Reverse acting
In this the actuator stem moves away from the seat. This is also called air to open or fail to close.

Pressur
e
Inlet

Diaphrag

Pressur
e
Inlet

Sprin

Direct
Acting

Reverse
Acting

The control valve operational forms

12

Air to close (A/C) when valve received 3 psi, it is completely opened and when it received 15 psi it is closed.
Air to open (A/O) when valve received 3 psi, it is completely closed , and when it received 15psi it is wide open.

Two port Valves

Actuator action

Direct

Reverse

Reverse

Direct

Valve action

Direct

Reverse

Direct

Reverse

On air failure

Valve opens

Valve closes

PISTON AN1D CYLINDER

In this arrangement piston and cylinder are used and no spring and diaphragm arrangement. Piston actuators are
generally used for rotary movement. Air supply is given to top cylinder for forward movement and to bottom
cylinder for backward movement.
Advantages:
-

Light weight
Fast stroking speed

Higher cost
High supply pressure required

Disadvantages:

HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS

13

Hydraulic valve actuators convert fluid pressure into motion in response to a signal. Hydraulic actuators are
normally used, when a large amount of force is required to operate a valve.
A typical piston-type hydraulic actuator is shown in the illustration below. The piston slides vertically inside
the cylinder and separates the cylinder into two chambers. The upper chamber contains the spring and the lower
chamber contains hydraulic oil. Hydraulic actuators can be either spring return or double acting.
When there is no hydraulic fluid pressure, the spring force holds the valves in closed position. As fluid enters
the lower chamber, pressure in the chamber increases and moves the bottom of the piston up the stem and against the
force caused by the spring. As the piston moves upwards and compresses the spring, the valve opens. The valve is
closed again when the hydraulic fluid is drained from the lower chamber. Hydraulic valve actuators can be used for
throttling by adjusting the amount of fluid in the lower chamber.

Cylind
er

Spring

Pisto
n

Hydraulic
fluid

Hydraulic
supply &
Return Line

Valve
body

Ste
m

Advantages:
-

Excellent throttling ability

Fast stroking speed

Complexity and maintenance difficulty

High cost

Disadvantages:

EXAMPLES:
Brake system in automobiles of hydraulic operations.
ELECTRICAL MOTOR ACTUATORS
14

Traditional electric actuator designs use an electric motor and some form of gear reduction to move the
valve. Single-phase or three-phase AC or DC motors drive a combination of gears. Gearing is used to reduce the

high output speed of the electric motor. Electric motor valve actuators are the most popular actuator used due to
their high level of precision and their fast response time. A typical electrical motor actuator is shown in figure.
Terminal box &
position indicating
device

Clutch
Handle

Process
piping

Local
position

Valve
body

Clutch & Gear

box

Handwheel

Electric
Motor

The motor moves the stem through the gear assembly. The motor reverses its rotation to either open or
close the valve. The clutch and clutch lever disconnects the electric motor from the gear assembly and
allows the valve to be operated manually with the hand wheel. The cables connected to the terminals are
used for transmitting the commands to the actuator and sending feedback signal on the actuator.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
-

Slow stroking speed

High cost

Principle, construction and operation of control valve

(Diaphragm & spring actuated control valve)
The principle of operation is based upon balanced force between a pneumatic force from the
diaphragm against a mechanical force produced by the actuator spring.
15

The control valve worked with pneumatic signal 3 to 15 psi, the motion starts 3 psi and the end of
the stroke takes place at 15 psi.
When a pressure higher than 3 psi is applied on the diaphragm, it will start overcoming the spring
force, moving the diaphragm plat which in turn pushed the actuator stem fixed to the valve stem.
As a result the inner valve or plug starts closing or opening depending on its action (A/O or A/C).
All these parts are connected so that any motion in the diaphragm is transmitted to the valve plug.
When the diaphragm pressure decreases the spring fore tends to return the diaphragm to its initial position.
At the point where the actuator stem is fixed to the valve stem, there is a washer is which is
indicated the valve position on the travel indicator scale.

16

Pressure
Inlet

Dish type
Diaphragm

Diaphragm
Upper case

Diaphragm
Lower case

Diaphragm
Plate
Actuator
Spring

Vent
hole
Spring
Seat
Spring
Adjuster

Actuator
Stem
Travel
indicating
Yok
e
Packing
Flange

Travel
indicating
Yoke Lock nut

Bonn
et
Plug

Plug
stem

Plug Seat
or
Seat ring

Valve
body
17

THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF A CONTROL VALVE

1. ACTUATOR
It is the moving part of the valve, which supplies the necessary force required to drive the valve. There are also
reversible actuator which can be installed either with air to open or air to close

VALVE ACTUATOR
1. AIR INLET CONNETION
2. DIAPHRAM CASING
3. DIAPHRAM
4. DIAPHRAM PLATE
5. ACTUATOR STEM
6. ACTUATOR SPRING
7. SPRING SEATER
8. SPRING ADJUSTER
9. STEM CONNECTOR
10. YOKE
11. TRAVEL INDICTOR
12. TRAVEL INDICATOL SCALE
13. VENT

VALVE BODY
18

It is a container with one or more internal parts through which the fluid is controlled. Bodies vary in design and
construction according to the fluid characteristics. Bodies may also have one or two seats depending on the process
requirements .it is installed in a pipe, and inlet and outlet connections being flanged or welded.
1. VALVE STEM
2. YOKE LOCK NUT
3. BONNET

CONROL VALVE COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

1. Diaphragm Case: - It is circle shaped metallic part with holes on its parametrical edge that permits the
installation of the screws which hold it so the rest of the actuator and the diaphragm. On the case center,
there is a 1/4 inch connection through which the pneumatic signal (3 to 15 psi) enters.
2. Diaphragm: -It is made up of rubber. In a circular shape and it is held to the case with the screws. It
received the pneumatic signal (3 to 15 psi) on the upper face. Its bottom face pushes the plate which it
is fastened to the stem this bottom face also pushes the spring.
3. Diaphragm plate: - It has a circular shape and it is made of metal. It is installed between diaphragm
and actuator spring. It has a threaded hole in the center of the plate where the stem of the actuator is
assembled and operates vertically.
4. Actuator stem: - It is a metallic shaft. The upper end is screwed in the diaphragm plate. Its bottom end
connects to the valve shaft by means of nuts or a couple.
5. Actuator spring: - The function of this part is to balance the mechanical force of the diaphragm. Its
upper end fits on the diaphragm plate, whereas the bottom end leans on the spring seat. When the
pneumatic force overcomes the spring mechanical force, the spring is compressed thus allowing the
stem to slide downward. The spring force in this case maintains the valve open.
6. Spring seat: - This part is placed in the bottom of the spring. Its function is to support and align the
spring in its position.

19

7. Yoke: - The yoke is part made of forged metallic material. Its function is to support and protect the
actuator components.
8. Spring adjuster: -It is part screwed on the threaded bottom of the yoke body, it supports the spring
seat. Its function is to vary the spring tension which increases by the screw clockwise and decreases by
turning it counterclockwise.
9. Travel indicator: - It is a metallic round washer, installed on the stem coupling between the actuator
and the valve. Its functions to indicate the valve position in the travel indicator scale.
10. Travel indicator scale :- It is small , rectangular plate with a stamped scale indicating O (for open)
and C(for close)
11. Valve stem: - It is a steel shaft connected to the actuator stem. At the bottom end the valve stem has
plug. Its position with respect to the valve body parts determine the valve opening and the flow allowed
through the valve. Any varieties in the pneumatic signal will position the stem upwards or downwards,
modifying the flow.
12. Packing housing: - This housing holds the Teflon packing to seal and prevent leaks through the stem.
13. Gasket flange: - This plate normally in circular shape is used to compress the Teflon gaskets by the
means of the packing follower. The plate has a hole in the center where the stem slides freely.
14. Packing follower: - It is a circular metallic piece used to compress the Teflon packing.
15. Guide bushings: - It is cylindrical metallic piece through which the valve stem slides freely.
16. Valve body: - The body could be made of cast iron or forged steel as required. Arrows are stamped on
the flange sides to determine the inlet for piping connections. The body contains the ducts through
which the fluid circulates. The fluid flow is controlled depending on the plug position.
17. Valve seat: - The seat is a steel part usually mirror finished.
18. Inner valve or plug: - The inner valve is composed of the stem and the plug. The shape of the plug is
designed according to the valve seat where it rests. It may be conical or parabolic of V type etc. the
position of the valve plug in relation to the seat determines the amount of fluid flow.
19. Bottom cover: - This acts as seal. It is fixed to the valve body by means of stud bolts and nuts.

20

20. Gaskets: - These are made of 1/16 inches. Asbestos or as required. They are installed in the four
flanges of the valve body. To prevent fluid leaks.

.
GLAND PACKING (STEM SEAL):
It prevents the process fluid escaping from valve body through the annular space around the stem to the atmosphere.
TYPE OF STEM SEAL
1. BELLOW SEAL For highly toxic or radioactive process fluid
2. GRAPHITE ASBESTOS For high temperature (above 230C)
3. TEFLON ASBESTOS For temp. up to 230C
4. LUBRICATOR silicon grease
MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION

VALVE BODY

Body Materials

For small valves are usually brass, bronze, or forged steel

For larger valves, cast iron, cast ductile iron or cast steel as required for the pressure and service.

Cast iron, Carbon steel, PVC, Hastallcy, Monel, Bronze

VALVE TRIM
SS316, HVDI, Hastallcy, Nickel, Monel

CATAGORY OF VALVES

ON _ OFF SERVICES
Gate valve

THROTTLING SERVICES
Globe valve
21

Ball valve

Butter fly valve

Diaphragm valve

Diaphragm valve

Plug valve

Pinch valve

Butter fly valve

CONTROL VALVE FOR CRYOGENNIC SERVICE

To maintain the cryogenic process efficiency, thin walled bonnet extension and small valve stem are provided for this
type valve. The extension bonnet should extend 4 to 6beyond the cold box to provide more number of gland
packing.
The valves which are using for high temperature services are also need special design .the valve for
such applications must be able to reduce the temperature or protect the temperature for avoiding the leakage through
them.
In most of the valves for temperature applications use radiation fin bonnet which act as a heat sink , which reduces
the temperature to the stem and thus protecting from leakage

22

DEFINITIONS:
TRIM
Trim of a control valve is the removable internal parts which come in to contact with the flowing fluids. Trim
includes the seat and plug, the stem, the gland follower and the gland nut. These parts are often specified to the made
from material different from that of the body of the valve.
Cv (VALVE CO-EFFICIENT) OR FLOW CO-EFFICIENT
A number of us gallons per minute pass through valve a pressure drop across the valve is 1 PSI .flow
co-efficient decides flow capacity of control valve.
Eg: if Cv=25
Means 25GPM of maximum flow will be pass through valve when value is fully opened (100%)
23

Benchset of contol valve

Benchset of control valve is the range of air supply pressure to which the control valve is calibrated to operate from
0-100%
Eg: 3-15
Noise
Noise results the turbulence associated with high velocity streams in the controlling of gas or vapour. When the
pressure is reduced across the valve, the velocity increases sharply and considerable noise is generated when the
velocity approaches some level slotted type cage is reduce the noise and vibration
When using wet and dirty gas.
Cavitation
when high velocity liquid is passing through a control valve bubbles are formed at the downstream when the
pressure of liquid momentarily drops below its vapour pressure cavitations is the noise and potentially damaging
impression of the bubbles.cavitation causes several corrosion and destructive vibration .it can be reduced by
providing cages in the sliding stem valve.
Lapping
Due to cavitation, flashing, oration or unidentified causes the graph shall be produced between the plug and seating.
Such a gap shall causes leaking, to eliminate the leaking the only way is lapping. Lapping is a process of controlled
grinding using lapping paste, lapping paste is pasted form of grads of carborandom.the process of lapping is done by
applying a little paste on the seating portion of the plug and put the plug and bonnet back.

CONTROL VALVE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

Control valves are also classified according to their flow characteristics, i.e. the successive changes in flow
rate they produce as the valve stem moves from fully opened to fully closed.
What is Flow Characteristics?
The relation between valve stem position and the flow rate through a control valve is described by a curve called the
valves flow characteristic curve or simply the valve characteristic.
It is the relationship between valve opening and flow rate under constant pressure.
24

It is also the relationship between flow rate and orifice pass area..
For same valve opening for different types of plug and seat gives different flow rate.
There are 3 types of flow characteristics:1) Linear Flow Characteristics:When the valve stem position (in percentage open) corresponds directly to the flow (in percentage of
maximum flow rate), it is called linear flow characteristics.
For example, stem position 20% open results in a 20% flow, and a 40% open results in a 40% flow rate etc. It
provides fine throttling at low flow capacity and linear at higher flow capacity. All types of globe valves have linear
characteristics
2) Equal Percentage Flow Characteristics:In this case, for equal increments of valve travel, the change in flow rate will be a constant percentage of the
flow rat, at the time of change. The change in flow rate observed with respect to travel will be relatively small when
the valve plug is near its seat and relatively high when the plug is nearly wide open. This means that the same
percentage increase in flow will occur when the stem position changes from 40% to 50% of travel as would occur
when the stem position changes from 70% to 80%. In other words, same change in valve stem position results in
small change in flow near the shut position and a large change near the full open position.
e.g.:- 40% to 50% - 8% to 12%
70% to 80% - 30% to 45%
(4/8)*100 = 50% of existing flow rate
(30/45)*100 = 50% of existing flow rate

3) Quick Opening Flow Characteristics:It is just the reverse of the equal percentage characteristics. large flow changes occur near the valve shut
position and small flow changes occur near the full open position.

25

THE SHAPE OF THE TRIM DETERMINES THE VALVE CHARACTERSTIC

CONTROL VALVE ACCESSORIES

26

1) Air pressure regulator

2) I/P converter
3) Valve positioner
4) Solenoid valve
5) Air lock relay (lockup relay)
6) Limit switches

I/P CONVERTER
A control valve consists of a valve body and an actuator. For getting proper operation and more safety of control
valve, many subsidiary accessories are required.
In telemetry systems we are using analog electrical signals of 4-20mA, because of 4-20mA analog
give more accuracy, long transmission etc.than pneumatic and digital signal.
The valves which are using mostly are pneumatic because of low cost and safety against hazards conditions. So for
operating pneumatic control valve the analog electrical signals have to convert into proportional pneumatic signal.
This is done by universal equipment called I/P converter.
An I/P convert standard electrical signal into standard pneumatic signal. An I/P converter has two pneumatic
port and electrical port. Most of the I/Ps are working with electromagnetic induction principle and flapper nozzle
mechanism.

OPERATION OF I /P CONVERTER

27

in the motion balance type the flapper moves proportional to the electric current signal. this movement of flapper
makes a variable distance between flapper and nozzle, which creates a variable back pressure to the relay unit.
According to the variations in the back pressure the output of the relay will also change ultimately the pneumatic
output of the I/P varies with respect to the input mill ampere signal.
Main parts
1) AIR RELAY
2) FLAPPER CARRYING THE INDUCTION COIL
3) NOZZLE
4) PERMANANT MAGNET
5) ZERO AND RANGE ADJUSTMENT SCREW
6) O/P CONNECTION (3-15 PSI)
7) INPUT (4-20MA) TERMINAL
8) WORKING SUPPLY PRESSURE (20 PSI)

EXPERIMENTAL DIAGRAM

28

Hook up the equipment and apply the different standard percentage signals and take the appropriate output signals.
Correct the pneumatic output pressure if it is required by adjusting the zero or span screws.
VALVE POSITIONER
It is mechanically connected to moving parts of actuator and automatically adjusts output to actuator to maintained
desire position proportional to input signal.
A positioner is a device attached to an actuator that receives a electronic or pneumatic signal from a
controller and compare that signal to the actuator position if the signal and actuator position differ, the positioner
sends the necessary power to move the actuator until the correct the position is reached .the positioned is
mechanically connected to the stem of the valve. A separate air supply at exactly the point required for by the
controller .The positioner acts to overcome the hysteresis, due to pressure drop.
The calibration of the positioner is done by zero (starting) adjusting, that is setting of the amplification or actuation
of feedback movement from stem position

29

Type of positioner
1. Pneumatic positioner
2. Electro pneumatic positioner
SOLENOID VALVE
A Solenoid valve consists of a electromagnetic coil called solenoid and iron rod inside the solenoid as plunger .one
end of the iron rod is acting as acting as the plug of the valve. When the power is available to the solenoid, the
electromagnetic coil energies and the plunger is attracted by the coil, a movement is generated with tik sound.

30

Solenoids are available in different power rating according to the control system. It is available with 12 V,24V,48V,
230VAC and 110v ac operated solenoid valve are also available.
TYPE OF SOLENOID VALVE:
1. 2 WAY
2. 3 WAY
3. 4 WAY

31

2 way-used for locking a pneumatic supply electrically.

3 way-used for remote ON/OFF operation of control valve or emergency shut off or release.
4 way-used in a junction with piston operated actuators
APPLICATION

32

LIMIT SWITCHES

33

It is a transducer which converts a mechanical position contact in to electrical switching contact. the application of a
limit switch is for sensing the ON/OFF position of a valve stem remotely. the limit switch is attached to the actuator
yoke by a suitable bracket at a required position. The liver connected to the stem will touch the limit switch roller
that will make a change in the switching contact, this change in contact can be used for alarming, controlling,remote
indication etc.

LOCK UP RELAY
Lock up relay is equipment used to maintain a valve in a fail safe position fail-As-Is (FAI) incase of a air failure. this
is actually a pneumatic relay, which is controlled by the supply pressure itself.

in the case of the failure of instrument air supply, the relay valve will close and the pressure applied to the diaphragm
will be hold in the diagram casing, thus the valve will hold in a position it was this accessory is used in control valve
where highly sensitive control is required. Lock up relay is connecting in the O/P of the position.
34

AIR BOOSTERS
Volume boosters multiply the available volume of the air signal. The air regulator sends its output signal to the
volume boosters instead of directly to the valve. Volume relay as can be used to increase the frequently response of a
control valve. This is sometimes preferable to the use of positioner on fast control valves
PROCESS LOOP
TEMPERATURE CONTROL LOOP

LEVEL CONTROL LOOP

35

PRESSURE CONTROL LOOP

36

37