CAUSATIVE VERBS

a. Have/ Get ( the pattern Have active)

1. Marry has John wash the car (present tense)

2. Marry had John wash the car (past tense)
3. Marry is having John wash the car ( present continuous)
4. Marry has had John wash the car (present perfect)
5. Marry had had John wash the car (past perfect)
6. Marry will have John wash the car (future tenses)
b. The pattern Get Active
1. Marry gets John to wash the car (simple present)
2. Marry got John to wash the car (past tense)
3. Marry is getting John to wash the car (present continuous)
c. The pattern Have and Get Passive
Examples
1. James has/gets his shirts cleaned at the drycleaners
2. Pat is having/is getting her car repaired this week
3. Anna had/got her paper typed by a friend.

Make can be followed only by a clause in the active voice. It is stronger than have
or get. It means force.
The pattern Make/force
S + make + complement + verb in simple form
any tense

v1

S + force + complement + verb in Infinitive

any tense

to + v1

Examples
1. The teacher always makes the children stay in their class
2. The teacher always forces the children to stay in their class
3. The manager made the salesmen attend the conference
4. The manager forced the salesmen to attend the conference
5. The president is making his cabinet members sign this document
6. The president is forcing his cabinet members to sign this document

Let is not actually causative, it means allow or permit.

The pattern Let/ permit/allow
S + let + complement + verb in simple form

(any tense)

v1

S + permit + complement + verb in infinitive

allow
(any tense)

to + v1

Examples
1. John let his daughter swim with her best friend
2. John permitted/ allowed his daughter to swim with her best friend
3. Dr Jones is letting the students hand in the papers
4. Dr. Jones is permitting/allowing the students to hand in the papers
Countable and uncountable nouns
a. Countable
examples :
Singular Form

Plural Form

an apple

six apples

a house

seven houses

an orange

ten oranges

a skirt

two skirts

o Many : plural countable nouns, negative, interrogative sentences

Example : hasan doesnt have many toys
o A Few : Countable nouns, Positive ideas, some
Example : I have a few coins in my pocket.
I can buy a candy bar
o Few : countable nouns, negative ideas,
Example : I have few coins in my pocket.
I cant buy a candy bar
We cannot use uncountable nouns in plural
also we cannot use a/an articles with them.
rice

chicken

salt

bread

money

pepper

cheese

news

coffee

water

gold

air

tea

butter

fish

1. Much = uncountable nouns, negative, interrogative sentences

example : how much sugar do you want, mom? not much, just a little
2. A little = uncountable nouns, positive ideas, some
Example :Dont worry mike. we have a little time before it leaves
3. Little = uncountable nouns , negative ideas
Example : hurry up, john! We have little time before the bus leaves
ELLIPTICAL SENTENCE
I am happy and you are too.
(Saya senang dan kamu juga)
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
(Mereka akan bekerja di laboratorium besok, dan kamu juga)
I didnt go to school this morning, and John didnt either.
Saya tidak pergi ke sekolah pagi ini, dan John juga tidak)
I didnt go to school this morning, and neither did John.
(Saya tidak pergi ke sekolah pagi ini, dan John juga tidak)
I am hungry = I am hungry, and you are too.
You are hungry = I am hungry, and so are you.
He has seen her plays = He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.
The girls have seen her plays = He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.
We go to school = We go to school, and my brother does too.
My brother goes to school = We go to school, and so does my brother.
I didnt go to the mosque yesterday, and Ali didnt either.
I didnt go to the mosque yesterday, and neither did Ali.
PREPOSITION
1) Kata keterangan sebagai objek

Beberapa kata keterangan waktu atau tempat dapat dipakai sebagai objek untuk preposisi
yang menunjukkan hubungan waktu atau tempat :

Contoh: He has studied hard from then till now. Ia telah belajar giat dari waktu itu sampai
sekarang
2) Ungkapan sebagai objek

Ungkapan yang bersifat kata keterangan (yaitu ungkapan yang tidak berakhir dengan kata
depan atau kata sambung) dapat dipakai sebagai objek untuk preposisi :

Contoh: She didnt return till about a week afterwards. Ia tidak kembali sampai kira-kira
seminggu kemudian
3) Anak kalimat kata benda (noun clause) sebagai objek

Noun clause (anak kalimat yang melakukan pekerjaan kata benda) dapat menjadi objek
untuk preposisi dengan cara yang sama seperti kata benda dan kata ganti :

Contoh: My departure will depend upon whether I get leave or not. Keberangkatanku
akan tergantung pada apakah aku mendapat izin cuti atau tidak

B. Bentuk preposisi
1) Simple preposition (preposisi tunggal)

Contoh: after (sesudah), at (di, pada), by (oleh, pada, dengan, di dekat), for (untuk,
selama, bagi, karena)
2) Double preposition (preposisi ganda)

Preposisi ganda dipakai bilamana preposisi tunggal tidak cukup untuk menyatakan
pengertian. Contoh: into (ke dalam), onto (di atas), from under (dari bawah)
3) Compound preposition (preposisi gabungan)

Ini dibentuk dari noun, adjective atau adverb yang digabungkan dengan preposisi be(=
by) atau a (=on). Contoh: across (on cross = di seberang), long (sepanjang), amidst (on
middle = di tengah-tengah)
4) Participal preposition (preposisi partisip)

Contoh: pending = seraya menantikan, during = selama, pada waktu, notwithstanding =

meskipun
5) Phrase preposition (preposisi phrase)

Dua atau lebih kata yang biasanya disusun dalam rangkaian kata dan yang berakhir
dengan preposisi tunggal boleh disebut phrase preposition.

Contoh: because of = disebabkan oleh, karena, by means of = dengan memakai, by

reason of = karena, berhubungan dengan, for the purpose of = dengan maksud, for the
sake of = demi, in consequence of = karena
6) Disquised preposition (preposisi tersembunyi)
Contoh: He has gone a-hunting. Ia telah pergi berburu

At, in (place = tempat) : In biasanya dipakai di depan nama negeri dan kota besar, at
dipakai di depan nama kota kecil . Contoh: I passed my holidays at Puncak. He lives in
London

At, in, on (time = waktu) : At dipakai dengan waktu yang tepat, In dipakai dengan suatu
bagian waktu, On dipakai dengan nama hari atau tanggal. Contoh: I usually get up at six
oclock.
He takes a walk in the afternoon.
The ship will arrive on Monday.
At, for (price = harga):

At dipakai jika jumlah uang yang sebenarnya tidak diberikan. Sedangkan for dipakai jika
jumlah uang yang sebenarnya disebutkan. Contoh: I can not buy the goods at such a high
price. He bought a book for ten dollars.
Beside, besides

Beside berarti disamping, disebelah. Sedangkan besides berarti di samping itu, selain.
Contoh: He came and sat beside me.

We study German besides English.

Between, among

Between dipakai untuk diantara dua orang, sedangkan among lebih dari dua. Contoh: I
sat between the two of them.

Devide the apple among you three.

To, till

To dipakai dengan jarak dan till dengan waktu. Contoh: We walked to the the tennis court
and back.

I shall stay here till next week.

PUNCTUATION

COMMAS
Rule 1
To avoid confusion, use commas to separate words and word groups with a series of three
or more.
Example:
My $10 million estate is to be split among my husband, daughter, son, and nephew.
Omitting the comma after son would indicate that the son and nephew would have to split
one-third of the estate.
Rule 2
Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the word and can be inserted between
them.
Examples:
He is a strong, healthy man.
We stayed at an expensive summer resort. You would not say expensive and summer
resort, so no comma.
Exclamination point
Sometimes called the exclamation mark, the exclamation point is used at the end of a sentence
or after an interjection to show strong emotion or emphasis.
Exclamatory sentence: The rain did not stop for four days!
Strong command: Be back at ten o'clock or else!
Interjection: Wow!
Colons
Rule 1
Use the colon after a complete sentence to introduce a list of items when introductory
words such as namely, for example, or that is do not appear.

 Examples:
You may be required to bring many items: sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing.
I want the following items: butter, sugar, and flour.
I want an assistant who can do the following: (1) input data, (2) write reports, and (3)
complete tax forms.
Rule 2
A colon should not precede a list unless it follows a complete sentence; however, the
colon is a style choice that some publications allow.
Examples:
If a waitress wants to make a good impression on her customers and boss, she should (a)
dress appropriately, (b) calculate the bill carefully, and (c) be courteous to customers.
There are three ways a waitress can make a good impression on her boss and her
customers:
(a) Dress appropriately.
(b) Calculate the bill carefully.
(c) Be courteous to customers.
I want an assistant who can (1) input data, (2) write reports, and (3) complete tax forms.
Semi colons
Rule 1
Use a semicolon in place of a period to separate two sentences where the conjunction has
been left out.
Examples:
Call me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then.
I have paid my dues; therefore, I expect all the privileges listed in the contract.
Rule 2
It is preferable to use a semicolon before introductory words such as namely, however,
therefore, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., or for instance when they introduce a complete
sentence. It is also preferable to use a comma after the introductory word.
Examples:
You will want to bring many backpacking items; for example, sleeping bags, pans, and
warm clothing will make the trip better.
As we discussed, you will bring two items; i.e., a sleeping bag and a tent are not optional.
Quotations marks
Rule 1
Periods and commas always go inside quotation marks, even inside single quotes.
Examples:
The sign changed from "Walk," to "Don't Walk," to "Walk" again within 30 seconds.
She said, "Hurry up."
She said, "He said, 'Hurry up.'"
Rule 2

 The placement of question marks with quotes follows logic. If a question is in quotation
marks, the question mark should be placed inside the quotation marks.
Examples:
She asked, "Will you still be my friend?"
Do you agree with the saying, "All's fair in love and war"?
Here the question is outside the quote.
NOTE: Only one ending punctuation mark is used with quotation marks. Also, the
stronger punctuation mark wins. Therefore, no period after war is used.
Parentheses
Rule 1
Use parentheses to enclose words or figures that clarify or are used as an aside.
Examples:
I expect five hundred dollars ($500).
He finally answered (after taking five minutes to think) that he did not understand the
question.
Commas could have been used in the above example. Parentheses show less emphasis or
importance.
Em dashes, which could also have been used instead of parentheses, show emphasis.
Rule 2
Use full parentheses to enclose numbers or letters used for listed items.
Example:
We need an emergency room physician who can (1) think quickly, (2) treat patients
respectfully, and (3) handle complaints from the public.
Subjunctive wish
The formula to using Subjunctive Wish
1. Future subjunctive
simple future tense.

: Sentences of an expectations on future. So, form of the fact is

Example

: I wish you would come to party tonight

The Fact

: He will not come to the party tonight

2. Present subjunctive
present tense.
Note

: Sentences of an expectations now so, form of the fact is simple

: The verb must be verb 2 and If you use to be should be were for all subject.
Example

: I wish you visited me

Faktanya : You dont visit me

3. Past Subjunctive: Sentences in the past expectations. So, form of the fact is Simple Past Tense.
Example

: I wished they had invited me

The Fact

: They didnt invite me