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    Land Reclamation

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    prmanikkandan
    This document discusses the history and methods of land reclamation projects in Singapore. It describes how Singapore's land area has increased from 581.5 km2 in the 1960s to 707.1 km2 currently through various reclamation efforts. These include projects along rivers and coastlines from the 1960s to present that added land for housing and industry. The document also details the vessels, equipment, and techniques used for dredging, filling, and protecting reclaimed land, such as trailer suction hopper dredgers, cutter suction dredgers, grab dredgers, sand spraying pontoons, floating docks, coastal structures like revetments and caisson sea walls, and soil improvement methods using prefabricated vertical

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Land Reclamation

    Uploaded by

    prmanikkandan
    1K views48 pages
    This document discusses the history and methods of land reclamation projects in Singapore. It describes how Singapore's land area has increased from 581.5 km2 in the 1960s to 707.1 km2 currently through various reclamation efforts. These include projects along rivers and coastlines from the 1960s to present that added land for housing and industry. The document also details the vessels, equipment, and techniques used for dredging, filling, and protecting reclaimed land, such as trailer suction hopper dredgers, cutter suction dredgers, grab dredgers, sand spraying pontoons, floating docks, coastal structures like revetments and caisson sea walls, and soil improvement methods using prefabricated vertical

    Original Description:

    The process of reclamation of land

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    This document discusses the history and methods of land reclamation projects in Singapore. It describes how Singapore's land area has increased from 581.5 km2 in the 1960s to 707.1 km2 currently through various reclamation efforts. These include projects along rivers and coastlines from the 1960s to present that added land for housing and industry. The document also details the vessels, equipment, and techniques used for dredging, filling, and protecting reclaimed land, such as trailer suction hopper dredgers, cutter suction dredgers, grab dredgers, sand spraying pontoons, floating docks, coastal structures like revetments and caisson sea walls, and soil improvement methods using prefabricated vertical

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views48 pages

    Land Reclamation

    Uploaded by

    prmanikkandan
    This document discusses the history and methods of land reclamation projects in Singapore. It describes how Singapore's land area has increased from 581.5 km2 in the 1960s to 707.1 km2 currently through various reclamation efforts. These include projects along rivers and coastlines from the 1960s to present that added land for housing and industry. The document also details the vessels, equipment, and techniques used for dredging, filling, and protecting reclaimed land, such as trailer suction hopper dredgers, cutter suction dredgers, grab dredgers, sand spraying pontoons, floating docks, coastal structures like revetments and caisson sea walls, and soil improvement methods using prefabricated vertical

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 48

    Technical Seminar No.

    LAND RECLAMATION
    Works in Singapore

    22nd April, 2012

    History of Land Reclamation Projects in Singapore

    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.
    E.
    F.
    G.
    H.
    I.
    J.
    K.
    L.
    M.

    Singapore Land Area


    581.5 km2 (1960s)

    707.1 km2 (Present)

    N.
    O.

    Kallang River..1960s (Industrial &


    Housing)
    Kranji1960 (Indstrial)
    Jurong swamps.1960s and 1970s
    (Industrial)
    Pasir Panjang.1970s (Pasir Panjang Port)
    Marine Parade.1970s (Housing)
    Changi Airport.1980s (Infrastructure)
    Jurong Island.1990s (Joined 7 islands for
    Industrial)
    Seletar.1980s (Housing)
    Reclamation Work at Marina Bay and
    Tanjong Rhu.Completed 1994
    Changi East.1994-2002 (Changi Airport
    Extension)
    Pulau Semakau off Shore Land Fill
    Project1995-1997
    North Eastern Coast Reclamation
    Project (Punggol 21).1997-2001
    Pasir Panjang Terminal Phase-1.
    Completed 1997
    Tuas Reclamation.Completed 1999
    Pasir Panjang Terminal Phase 2.
    Completed 2009

    Marine Vessels and equipments

    Trailer Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD)


    -For sand mining and sand discharging
    -Hopper capacities range from 4500 to 35000 m3
    -Dredgable depths range from 12 to 90 m below seabed

    Large and small TSHD

    Cutter Suction Dredger


    -For sand dredging and sand rehandling
    -Discharge capacities range from 8,400 to 80,000 m3/day
    -Dredgeable depth 15 to 35 m below seabed

    Grab or Clamp Shell Dredger


    -For clay/sand dredging
    -Common grab size 5 to 8 m3
    -Dredging range from 10 to 60 m below seabed

    Sand Spray Pontoon / Barge


    -For sand spraying/spreading at sand mat construction
    -Sand spreading is implemented when a shallow seabed is encountered or when the
    seabed soil is too soft.

    Floating Dock
    - For Caisson Launching

    27m

    31.5m

    Main Dimension

    6.5 m

    1.5 m

    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.
    7.
    8.
    9.
    10.

    Capacity
    : 20,000 Ton
    Full Length
    : 80.00 m
    Width
    : 50.00 m
    Inner Width
    : 38.00 m
    Top Deck Height :
    31.5 m
    Safety Deck Height :
    27.0 m
    Pontoon Deck
    :
    6.5 m
    Draft (Empty)
    :
    1.5 m
    Ballast System
    : 12000 m3/hr
    Ballast Tank Capacity: 36,790 tons

    Pre-construction activities
    -Pre-construction survey
    - obtained original seabed level before start work
    -Soil Investigation
    - boreholes
    - in-situ testing
    -Toxicity test
    - chemical test of the dredged material

    Toxicity samples depth, grid and sample size


    Samples depth
    Seabed level
    0.9 m
    1.9 m

    Samples grid
    As the site is unlikely to be
    contaminated----- 200 m x 200 m
    As the site is likely to be
    contaminated-----100 m x 100 m

    2.9 m

    Sample size
    Every 3 m until 1 m
    below design
    dredged level
    Design dredged
    level
    1 m below design
    dredged level

    At least 100 mm long (SPT


    samples can be used)

    Coastal Protection

    Types of coastal protection


    - Stone Revetment
    - Retaining Rock Bund
    - Breakwater
    - Headland
    -Vertical Wall
    -Cantilever, counterfort and gravity walls
    -Sheet pile wall
    -Caisson sea wall
    -Box gabion
    - Quay Wall
    - Composite Retaining Structures

    Construction sequences of Stone Revetment


    - Soil Investigation
    - Design Process
    - Sand Key Trench Dredging
    - Sand Key/Bund Filling
    - Deep Compaction
    - Sand Trimming
    - Geo-fabric laying
    - Stone filling and pitching
    - Cement motar

    Sand Key Trench Dredging

    Rough Dredging

    Final Dredging

    Sea
    Trench Dredging

    Hard Layer

    Sand Key Trench Dredging


    Sampling

    TESTING OF SOIL SAMPLE BY


    USING POCKET PENETROMETER

    Determination of Dredging Depth

    Grab Dredger

    Water level
    Tide (mCD)

    0.00mCD

    Chart datum
    Bucket depth
    (m)

    Dredge depth
    (mCD)
    Seabed level

    E.g.
    Bucket depth = 20 m
    Tide
    = +2.0 mCD
    Dredged depth = -18.0 mCD

    Chart Datum
    Chart Datum is the plane below which all depths are published on a
    navigational chart. It is also the plane to which all tidal heights are referred, so
    by adding the tidal height to the charted depth, the true depth of water is
    determined. By international agreement, Chart Datum is defined as a level so
    low that the tide will not frequently fall below it. Chart Datum is shown on
    charts as the zero metre contour.

    Sand Key Trench Dredging

    Sand key/bund filling and deep compaction

    Acceptance
    Criteria line

    Sand Bund
    Qc
    value
    Sea
    Sand Key

    Hard Layer

    Stone Revetment Construction


    Quality Control of the Geo-textile material
    Field drop test

    Checking the A stone weight (379.5 kg)

    Dropping the stone from 1.5m high


    Criteria
    -Total should have 16 cells (1.2 m * 1.2 m)
    -A stone weight not less than 350 kg
    -Drop from 1.5 m high (free fall to center)
    -Not more than 8 cells should have holes
    -Each cell should not have more than 2 holes
    -Holes should not exceed or equivalent of
    diameter 10 mm.

    1 hole at cell no.2

    Sequences of Stone Revetment Construction

    Geo-textile laying

    Sand Trimming

    Stone placing and pitching

    Cement mortar

    Construction sequences of Caisson Sea Wall


    - Soil Investigation
    - Design Process
    - Caisson Fabrication
    - Sand Key dredging
    - Sand Key Filling and deep compaction
    - Rock mound filling and tamping
    - Final grading and Rock crust leveling
    - Caisson Installation
    - Rock filtering at caisson base
    - Caisson infilling and compaction
    - Caisson preloading
    - Caisson Joints
    - Scour protection

    CAISSON SEA WALL

    FABRICATION OF CAISSON
    CAISSON MOVED BY HIGH TONNAGE CARRIERS

    FABRICATION OF CAISSON
    Step-4

    Step-3

    Step-2

    Floating Dock

    Caisson Launching

    Flows of Caisson construction


    Caisson Installation

    Laying of geo-textile for caisson joint

    Rolled
    geotextile

    Installation of anchor bolts on to the


    caisson wall in progress, using
    underwater hydraulic hammer drill

    Unfolding of geotextile, as the


    steel pipe is lowered

    Anchor bolt ( M10 )installed


    on caisson wall

    Use of steel plates and anchor bolts


    to hold the geotextile

    Flows of Caisson construction

    Frequency of Monitoring
    Before Infilling ------- Baseline reading
    During Infilling/Sand filling behind Caisson ----- 2 times per day
    After Filling------ Once daily for 7 days and twice weekly until reading stabilized
    Preloading on Caisson----- Once daily
    After preloading ----- Twice weekly until reading stabilized
    Long term performance monitoring----- Once weekly until end of Defect Liability
    Period (DLP)

    Caisson instrumentation & monitoring

    Flows of Caisson construction

    Rock Filtering

    Flows of Caisson construction


    Caisson infilling and cells compaction

    Flows of Caisson construction

    Caisson preloading and Caisson joint casting

    Flows of Caisson construction

    Scour Protection
    Seabed

    Scour Protection

    Land Reclamation
    by
    Soil Improvement Method

    Reclamation Fill (Without Soil Improvement)

    Sand Fill

    Compressible
    layer
    Hard Layer

    Sand Fill
    Consolidation
    settlement
    completed
    after 5 years

    Compressible
    layer
    Hard Layer

    Reclamation Fill (With Soil Improvement)

    Sand Surcharge

    Sand Fill

    Compressible layer

    Hard Layer

    Consolidation
    Settlement
    completed After 5
    months

    Reclamation sequences
    Soft clay/dredged material filling

    Normally allowed up to
    -2.0 mCD

    Sea
    Sand Key

    Hard Layer

    Reclamation sequences
    Sand spreading/spraying at sand mat construction

    Sea
    Sand Key

    Hard Layer

    Sand pumping by TSHD

    Magnetometer survey

    Prefabricated Vertical Drains Installation & Calibration

    PVD calibration for actual penetration depth and data logger record

    PVD installation in
    progress

    Geotechnical Instrumentation for Reclamation


    Shallow Settlement Plate (SSP)

    SSP sketch diagram

    SSP installation

    Geotechnical Instrumentation for Reclamation


    Magnetic Extensometer

    Geotechnical Instrumentation for Reclamation


    Deep Settlement Guage

    Geotechnical Instrumentation for Reclamation


    Pneumatic Piezometer

    Piezometer
    monitoring

    Bentonite
    pallets and
    clean coarsegrained sand

    Sand preloading / surcharging

    Dynamic compaction and surface compaction

    Dynamic
    compaction

    Roller compaction
    and field density
    testing (sand cone
    method)

    Thank you!

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