Chapter 1

tr

1 1

du

tio

W h a t i s t h e {i n i t e

elem en

m et

hod

e l e m e n t m e t h o d (F E M ) i s a n u m e r i c a l t e c h n i q u e f o r s o l v i n g p r o b l e m s w h i c h a r e d e s c r i b e d
by p a r t ia l d i f f e r e n ti a l e q u a t io n s o r c a n b e f o r m u l a t e d a s f u n c t i o n a l m i n i m i z a t i o n A d o m a i n o f i n te r e s t
i s r e p r e s e n t e d a s a n a s s e m b l y o f l i n i t e e l e Jn e n l s A p p r o x i m a t i n g f u n c t i o n s i n f i n i t e e l e m e n t s a r e
de t
m i n e d i n t e r m s o f n o d a l v a l u e s o f a p h y s i c a l f i e ld w h i c h i s s o u g h t
A c o n tin u o u s p hy s i c a l p r o b l e m i s

T he fi n i te

t r a n s f Dr m e d i n t o a di s c r e t i z e d f i n i t e e l e m e n t p r o b l e m
a

u n

kn

ow n n o

s y s t e m o f l i n e a r a l g e b r a i c e q u a t i o n s s h o u ld b e s o l v e d V a l u

es

i n s id e f i n i t e

u s in

n o

Tw

da l

1) P i e c e
s im

ple

i se

so lv e

1 2
To

p r o ble m

ow

tin g f u n

v a lu e s

Fo r

lin

e l e m e n ts c a n

p r o bl e m

ear

r ec o v er ed

be

ith

im

a t io n

er al

to be

m e n t io n e

d:

f p h y s i c a l f i e l d s o n fi n i t e e l e m e n t s p r o v i d e s g o o d p r e c i s i o n e v e n w i t h
(i n c r e a s i n g t h e n u m b e r o f e l e m e n t s w e c a n a c h i e v e a n y p r e c i s i o n )

le a ds t o

la r ge

v e ry

in ge n

a r e w o r th

w o r

qu a t i o n sy s t e m
da l u n k n o w n s

spa r se e

ber

nu m

no

fo

r a

d is c r e t iz e d p r o b l e m

T h i s h e lp s t o

te r m s h o w

th e f i n i t e e l e m e n t m e th o d w o r k s w e l is t m a i n s t e p s

f the fi n i te

t s o l u t i o n p r o c e du r e b e lo w
e

t he

T h e f i r s t s t e p i s t o d iv i de a s o l u t i o n r e g i o n i n t o f i n i t e e le m e n t s T h e
c o n t in u u m
i s t y p ic a l l y g e n e r a t e d by a p r e p r o c e s s o r p r o g r a m T h e d e s c r i p ti o n o f m e s h c o n s i s t s
a i n o f w h i c h a r e n o d a l c o o r d i n a t e s a n d e l e m e n t c o n n e c t iv i t i e s

e le m e n t m e sh

sev era

arr ay s m

Se l e c t I n t e rp o l a t io n f u n c t io n

a bles o v e r

t he e l e m e n t

p o ly n o m i a l d e p e n d s

Fi n d t h e

3
w

da l

c tio n s

the FEM

1 D i s c r e t iz

f i n it e

f the FEM

a pp r o x
s w

s u m m a r iz e

e le m e n

a ppr o x im a tio n

a p pr o x im a

2 ) L o c a l it y

i th

v a lu e s

fe a tu r e s

hic h

4
r e g io n

elem en

r e la te s the n o

a pp r o a c

he s
A

on

I n te r po l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s a r e u s e d t o i n t e r p o l a t e t h e f i e l d
s
va
O f t e n p o l y n o m i a l s a r e s e l e c te d a s i n t e r p o l a t io n fi m c t io n s T h e d e g r e e o f th e
th e n u m b e r o f n o d e s a s s i g n e d to t h e e l e m e n t

c an

be

ssem

bl e

da l

u se

t p m per ties
v a lu e s o

d ; t he

f t he

T he
un

m a t r ix

kn

b le

e q u a t i o n f Dr t h e f i n i t e e l e m e n t s h o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d
f u n c t i o n t o o t h e r p a r a m e t e r s F o r t h i s t a s k d i f l e Re n t

m o s t c o n v en i e n t a r e : t he v a r ia ti o n a

the e l em e n t e q u a tio n s

w e m u st asse m

ow n

all

a p pr o a c

To f in d th e g lo ba l e qu a t i o n
I n o ther w o r d s w

th e e l e m e n t e qu a t i o n s

an

sy s te m

bc im po s e d

Scanned by CamScanner

f o r the

e m u st c o m

q u a t io n s f o r a l l e l e m e n t s u s e d f o r d i s c r e t iz a t i o n E l e m e n t c o n n e c tiv i t i e s
p r o c e s s B e f o r e s o l u t i o n b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s ( w hi c h a r e n o t a c c o u n t e d i n
e

d t he G a l e r k in

ho le

b in e lo

ar e u s e d
e lem en

m e t ho

ca

f o r th e

t e qu a t i o

s o lu

asse m
ns

ti o n

e le m e n

bly

) sho u ld

C LI A PT E R I

"

m
F igu

sy

re

1 1: T w

o one

d im

I N T RO D U C T I O N

e n sio n a

l l in

d fu

ea r e le m e n ts a n

n c

i n t e r p o l a t io n in s i d e

tio n

e le m e n

5 S o l v e t h e g l o ba l e q u a t i o n sy s t e n T T h e f i n i t e e l e m e n t g l o b a l e q u a t i o n s y t e m i s t y p ic a l l y s p a r s e ,
d p o s i t iv e d e f i n i t e D i r e c t a n d i t e r a t i v e m e t h o d s c a n b e u s e d f o r s o l u t i o n T h e n o d a l v a l u e s

m m e t r ic a n

f the

so u

g h t fu n c t i o n

a s a r e su lt o

pr o du c e d

C o m p u t e a d di t i o n a l r e s u l t s I n
m e c h a n i c a l p r o b l e m s s t r a in s

ex a m

p l e in

are o

bt a i n e d

13
Se v

are

Fo r

a fte F s o lu

ti o n o f th e gl o ba l

la tio n

m u

m an
an

s o lu t i o n

c ase s w c n e e d to c a lc u la te a

s tre sse s a r e o

f in te r e s t in

dditio n a l pa r a m e te r s Fo r
d i s p l a c e m e n t s , w h ic h

a dd i t i o n t o

e qu a t io n sy s te m

ele m en

f fi n i t e

f t he

qu

tio

n s

l a p p r o a c h e s c a n be u s e d t o t r a n sf o r m t h e p h y s i c a l f o r m u la t io n o f t h e p r o b l e m t o i t s f i n i t e e l e m e n t
a n a l o g u e I f t h e p hy s i c a l f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m i s k n o w n a s a di f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n t h e n t h e

e ra

disc r e te
m o st
c an

p o p u la r

be f or m

e qu a t io n s

1 3 1
Let

is

m e tho

u su a

l ly

G a le r kin

e le m e n

i n im iz a t io n

b
j +

i th bo u n da r y

du

he r e

fi n i t e

di

11

is

0,

an un

Og

F ist

im

kn ow

c o n s i de r a
a t io n o

[N ]
{t L }

N
=

[N ,
{u 1

nc

t io

l a t i o n i s t h e G a l e r k Jn
na

l the n

v a r ia t io n a

m e

l fo n

m o d I f t h e p h y s i c a l p r o bl e m
ti o n o f the fi n it e e le m e n t

Jt u t a

pl e f o r the
d
n ee
t o s o lv e n u
ex am

ex
m

p l a n a t i o n o f fi n i t e e l e m e n t f o r m u l a t i o n u s i n g t h e
e r i c a l l y t h e f o l l o w i n g d i f t e r e n t i a l e qu a t i o n :

g 2L

( 1 1)

( 1 2)

n s o lu

]
U 2}

Scanned by CamScanner

We

are

g o in g t o

so lv e the

pr o blem

u s in

g tw

l in e a r

one

dim

e n sio n a

1 1

elem en

n c tio n

+ JV z u 2

tio n

in F ig

f i n it e

f the fu

1U 1

fo r m
fu

e l e m e n ts a s s ho w n

a pp r o x

di t i o n s

co n

2L

tho d

p l e o n e d im e n s io n a l
h
e t o d Su pp o s e t h a t w e

u sed

m e

d2 u
a

f its fi n it e

u s u s e s im

G a le rk in

u la te d a s m

t p r e s e n t e d o n t he

(Z ) c a n

be do n e

as

ight

f ol l o w

f F ig u

re

T he

e le m e n

t ha s t w

no

de s

an

s:

[N ] ( }
(1 3)

L e c tm

No

te s :

T a b le

nt r oduct i on o t h e F i n i t e E l e n \ t : n t M e t h n t t

f Co

n t e n ts

C ha p te r 2

Ba

C lt a p t e r 4

F in i te Elem

a n

19 9 7 2 00 3 Y ij u n L i u

d Be a m Elem

U n iv

Scanned by CamScanner

en

t Mo

e r s ity o

25

e n ts

de lin g

f C in c in n a ti

a n

d So l u t i o n T e c h n i q u e s

10 5

ii i

L e c tu

re

N o te s : h tr o du c tio

t o t h e F i n i t e E l e m e n t M e t ho

l 19

U F i n i t e E l e Jn

en

t F

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u , U n i v
:i

Scanned by CamScanner

o r niu

e r s ity o

la ti o n

f Ci n c in n a t i

iv

L e c t t t r e N o t e s : l n t r o cl u c l i o n l o t h e F i n i t e E l e m

P re fa

ent

M e l ho t t

ce

T hese

l in

le c tu

(i n

the f o r m

in te n de d t o s e f v e a s
m
) r u n d e r g r a du a t e s t u de n t s o r
e x p e r ie n c e w ith t his c o m pu ta t io n a l m e t ho d
T h e n o t e s c o v e r th e b a s ic c o n c e p ts in t he F E M u s in g t he s im p l e s t m e c h a n ic s
p r o b l e m s a s e x a m p l e s a n d l e a d t o th e di s c u s s i o n s a n d a p p l ic a t io n s o f t h e 1 D ba r
a n d b e a m , 2 D p la n e a n d 3 D s o l id e le m e n t s in th e a n a ly s e s o f s tr u c tu r a l s tr e s s e s ,
v ibr a t i o n s a n d dy n a m i c s T he p r o p e r u s a ge o f the F E M , a s a po pu la r n u m e r ic a l
on

r e n o te s

a n i n tr o du c ti o n t o the f i n it e e le m e n t
o th e r r e a de r s w h o h a v e n o p r e v io u s

bo o k )

an e

e t h o d (F E M

are

fo

to o

l in

g in

en

e e r in

g, is

em

pha siz e d thr o u gho u t the

n o

te s

de v e l o p e d by the a u tho r
s i n c e 19 9 7 f o r t h e u n d e r g r a d u a t e c o u r s e o n t h e F E M i n t h e m e c h a n i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g
d e p a r t m e n t a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C i n c i n n a t i Si n c e t h i s i s a n e b o o k , t h e a u t h o r
s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e r e a d e r s k e e p i t t h a t w a y a n d v i e w i t e i t h e r o n l i n e o r o f Fl i n e o n
T his

h i s /h e r

on

c o m

fr o m t im

lin

cu m en

a ft e r the y a r e

p r in

t is ba se d o n the le c tu

r e n o te s

t e n ts a n d s ty l e s o f t he s e n o t e s w i l l de f in it e ly c h a n g e
a n d the r e fo r e h a r d c o p i e s m a y be c o m e o bs o l e t e im m e d ia t e ly

pu ter T he

to t im

do

con

t e d R e a de r s a r e w e l c o m e t o c o

ta c t the

tho

fo r

an

y
im p r o v in g t hi s e bo o k a n d t o r e po r t a n y m i st a k e s i n the
p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f th e su bje c t s o r ty p o gr a phi c a l e r r o r s T h e u l t im a t e go a l o f th i s
b o o k o n t h e F E M i s t o m a k e i t r e a di ly a v a i l a b le f o r s t u de n t s r e s e a r c h e r s a n d
e n g i n e e r s w o r l d w i d e t o h e l p t h e m l ear n s u b j e c t s i n t h e F E M a n d e v e n t u a l l y s o l v
su

au

gg e s t io n s o n

the ir

o w n

T he

de s ign
au

t ho

an
r

a n aly sis

pr o ble m

tha n k s his fo

rm er u n

s u s in

g the F E M

de r g r a d u a t e

Y ij u

L iu

C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o , U SA
D e c e m b e r 2 002

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i u , U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

e r s i ty o

f C i n c in n a t i

d g r a du a t e s tu de n t s fo r t h e ir
o t e s a n d f o r t he ir c o n tr ibu t i o n

an

gge s tio n s o n the e a r li e r v er s io n s o f the se le c tu r e n

f the

n o te s

L e c tu

r e

N o te s : f m

C h a pt e
I

Ba

d u c [io

r o

n c e

Th e j h ite

rr t e

tho

th e i de a

o n

Tn

lr n

htc l in

WE M )

or

f bu ild in g

Ji n

ite

e le m e n

a n a

ly s i s

p l i c a t e d o bj e c t w i t h
bje c t in t o s m a l l a n d

a co m

p l e b l o c k s o r div i din g a c o m p l i c a t e d o
A p p lic a t io n o f th is s im p le ide a c a n b e f o u
m a n a ge able p ie c e s
e v e w w h e r e in e v e r y da y l i f e , a s w e l l a s in e n g in e e r in g
s im

Ex

a m

p le

s :

iiillii

(k i d s

B u i ldin g s

A ppr o x im

go

'

play)

a t io n o

f the

ar ea o

a c ir c l e :

"

r ea o

r ea o

f the

on e

tr i a n gl e
c ir c l e :

S,

her e N

O bs e r

va

r e pr e s e n

to ta l

n u m

Si

pts

e le rn e n

ba se d

C hu p fe r I

M e t ho d

In t r o d u c t io

ic C o

(F E A ) i s

t o F i n i t e E te m e n t

ber

n :

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i u U n i v e r s i t y

Scanned by CamScanner

f Cin c in n a t i

s in

'

, i.

R N

sm o o
s im

en t

"

Si

O:

f tr i a n g l e s

C o m p li c a te d o r
t e d b y g e o m e tr i c a l ly
tio

Elem

(e l e m

th

>

en

a s

ts)
c an

be

(e l e m

en

bj e c t s

ple pie c e s

tr

t s)

>

Le c tu

re

N o t e s : I n tr o d tt c ti o

W h y F i n it e E le

es

co m

ig n

F in ite E le m

n to

m e n

a n a

pu ter

e n

m etho

ty s i s

s im u

Clo

se

d in

en

it

t M e tho d ?

han d

la tio n

F E M /F E A i s th e

C l l u p t e r 1 I nt mt ht c r i a

Ai e t ho t l

g in

c a lc u

ex

p e r im

en

ts ,

a n

m o st w
e e r in

ly in t e gr a t e d

la tio n

i d e ly

a pp l ie

pu te r

c o m

s im u

la tio n

e e r in

ith C A D /C A M

a pp

lic a tio n

A p p li c

t io

ns o

f F E M in E n g in

St mc t ur e

T her m

ec

e r o sp a c e /C iv

han ic av A

an a

e e r in

ly s i s

l/f lu id f l o w

i l/A

(s t a t i c / d y n a m

to

m o

bi l e E n g in

i c l in
,

e a r /n o n

E 1e c t r o m

Geom

B io m

ec

ec

ear

ig

l in

"

gn etic s

ha n ic s

han ic s

Ex

a m

p le

de l in g

f ge a r

co u

p lin g

s :

1 9 9 7 2 00 3 Y i j u n L i u , U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

e r s i ty o

f C i n c in

n at

L e c [t t r e N o t e s : i

Er

d u c tio

to F in it e E le m e n t

A B r ie f H is t o r y

c l i @a@a l

e t ho

19 4 3

Cou

19 5 6

Tu

19 6 0

C lo u gh

19 7 0 s

A pp lic a tio n

19 8 0 s

M icr o

19 9 0 s

n a

er

(V

ran

a r ia

co m

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v e r s i t y

f C i n c in

k fo

n a

ti

ar

s o n

m a in

en

fr

"

pla n

am e c o m

d p o s tp r o

f lar ge

tu

r a

r m o r e

pu te r s

an

str u c

(s t i f f n e s s )

pr o ble m

pu te r s pr e
,

ds)

tin a n d T o pp

F in ite E le m

"

ly s i s

C a n IM M A T e s t m

t io n a l m e tho

C lo u gh M

Scanned by CamScanner

f the F E M

i n t r o itu c tio

c e sso r s

l sy ste m

in fo

rm a

t io n a n d a n a n im a ti o m

Lec

tt t r e

N o te s : l n t r

du e tio

F E M in S t r u c t u

D iv i d e

e sc r

Con

qu

Ex

a m

an

l y s is

Pro

in t o p ie c e s

(a s s e m b l e )

im

a te sy stem

ce

(e l e m

du re

en

ts

f t h e p hy s i c a l q u

th e s y s t e m

t it ie s

at

th e

o
n o

the e le m
o

an

(e

en

qu a t i o

qu a t i o n

de s

C a l c u la t e de s ir e d qu
se le c te d e lem en ts

p le

(T h e

I n t r o t l u c t io

ith

n o

de s)

t it i e s

an

o n

eac

n ec

So l v

l An

ib e th e b e h a v i o r

appr o x

ra

str u c tu r e

elem en

C ha p te r j

l o F i n i r e E l e m e n t M e t ho d

tit ie s

ts

f o r th e

n s

in

t the n o de s to fo r m

v o

l v in g

di sp l a c e m

(e

ho le

u n

en

kn

an

stm c tu r e

o w n

ts)

str a in s a n

d str e s se s)

eb b t :

FE M

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

m o

de l i o r

er s ity o

ge a r to

f C in c i n n a t i

th

(F r o m C o o k

'

b o o k P 2)
,

L e c tu

r e

N o tes

Co m p u te

d u c tio

m e n ta

c e ssin

FEA

Po stpr o

so lv e r

il a b l e C o

t io

g (b u i l d F E

(a s s e m

c e s s in

b le

(s o r t

m m e r c ia

S DRC[

D E AS

N AS I RA N

(G e n e r a l

A B, { g u s

(N o n l i n e a r

C O SM O S

(G e n e r a l

A L G OR

P A I KA N

(P r e / P o s t

H } :p e r M

li

D yn

es

3D

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

d u c t i rj

s o lv e

se

pu r po
an

c o n str a in

qu

k sta tio n

r e su

Pa
d

ka ge

w o r

ts)

tio

n s

lts)

se

am

ic

FEA

k st a t i o n

Pr o

c e sso r

Pr o

pact

a re a n

an a

fr a m

es

ly s e s )

c e sso r

an a

o n m a in

FEA

se

d dy n

pu r p o

w or

f C i n c in n a t i

an

the sy st e m

a re

PC

an

p l e te C A D /C A M /C A E p a c k a g e )

(C o m

(C r a s h / i m

e r s i ty o

d di sp l a y th e

pu rp o

(P r e / P o s t

A L in k t o CA E S o ftw

de l lo a ds

l F E M S o ft w

an

m o

an

an

(G e n e r a l

(P C

tr o

n s

A (W )YS

C h a p t e r 1 Jn

t o F i n i t e E l e m e n t M e t ho d

Im p le

Pr e pr o

Av

tr o

ly s i s )

d C o im M

ie

L e c t t+ r g N o t e s : I n t r o t i u

O bj e

tiv e

s o

n ow

t ia n to

en t

C h a p t e r 1 I n t r o du

M e t h o ci

f T h is F E M C o

c tio n

u rs e

d e r s t a n d th e f u n d a m

en

t a l i de a s o f the F E M

t h e be ha v i o r a n d u s a g e o f e a c h t y p e o f e l e m e n t s

co v ere

F in i t e E le m

d in this

e able

c o u r se

to p r ep a r e

C a n in te rp r e t

an

ita ble F E

a su

e v a lu a t e

m o

de l f o r g iv

t h e qu a l it y o

f the

en

r e su

pr o blem
l t s (k n

ow

t he phy s ic s o f th e p r o b l e m s )

e aw ar e o

f t h e l im it a t io

a n u m eric a

FEM

n s o

f the F E M

(d o n

'

l t o o l)

gt J i
13 4 : i m LI M i a d e

T ro m

B y J e f f B a d e rt s c h e

Se e

Sho

m o r e ex am

w c as e :

p le s in

Scanned by CamScanner

(M E

C la s s

fo
o

r m o re

in f o )

f 200 1 UC )
,

F i n it e E l e

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L iu , U n i v e r s i t y

m e n

f C i n c in n a ti

t A

n a

w g is i n A c t io

n s

isu

se

the

L e c tu

II

N o t e s : I n t r o d u c t i o n t o F i n i t e E l e n i e n EM

r e

R e v ie

L in

her e

\n

m a

21

tr ix

f A lg e b r a ic E q u

+ a

x b x 2.

22

Ar e

+ a

the u

2.

kn

t io

n s

b2

( 1)

ow n s

fo r m
A

f M a t r ix A lg e b r a

S y s te

e a r

C ha p te r I I n t r o t l u c t i o

e [ ho [ l

(2 )

her e
a
a

11

21

a
a

a:

12

22

ln

2n

ij

nn

(3 )

X
X

ca

lled

v e c to r s o

a n x n

f d im

A is

{b }

(s q u a r e ) m

a tr ix

an

X an

d b

are

(c o l u m n )

e n s io n n

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i w U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

e r s i ty o

f C in c in n a t i

Le c tu

Ro

r e

H o l e s : I n tr

a n

du c t io

to F i n i te E le m

d C o lu

Ve

m n

t h f e h o d

en

to

< W

M a t r ix A d d it io
Fo
a

ddit i o n

Sc

an

d S u btr a

o m atr ic e s

tw

n a n

su

A + B

ith

ith

p r o du

n
o

f the

s a m e s iz e

(171 x n )

the

ij

ij

(o f

A B

it h

siz e

tx

) an d

(o f

siz e m x n

th e

by

t o f A B i s de fin e d

tw o m atr ic e s A

1- l J

M a t r i x M u lt i p li c a t i o
Fo

de fin e d by

are

AA

t io
,

d B bo th

an

btr a c tio n

M u lt i p li c a t i o

a la r

1 ! n l r m l l #c t i t J n

rs
W

ij

i rt

bt

k= 1

t e tha t , in g e n

era

l AB
,

BA

bu t

( A B )C

A (B C )

(a s s o c i a t i v e )

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u

L i U n i v e r s i ty o f C in c i n n a ti

Scanned by CamScanner

Le c tu

re

Tr a

No

I n tr

ze s :

n s

po

d u c t io n t o F i n i te E l e m

s e o

If A

Sym

tic e tha t

(A B )

M a t r ix

r e

(n

x n

q zr a

U n it ( Id e

o te

rm

a n sp o se o

B A

a tr ix

)m

f A is

A is

ca

or

lle d sy m
a

m e tr

ic if
,

tha t A I

in a n t

T h e de t e r m in

Ix

det

M a t r ix
an

de n o t e d by de t A o r A l
de t e r m in a n t s a r e g iv e n by

an

i o

t it y ) M a t r i x

r u cl u c

m e t r ic
s

1 Im

D e te

th e n th e tr

@M H e r

e t ho t f

t M

M a t r ix

[a i j ]

en

qu a r e
Fo r 2

m a t r ix

an

A is

d 3

a sc a la r n u m

m a tr i c e s

ber

th e ir

bc

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u , U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

e r s ity o

f C i n c in n a t i

Le c tu r e No tes

Jm

r o

d t Jc t i o

t o F i n i t e El ement M

de t

i 1

21

23

32

C ltu p t r I I m

p r o ble m

M a t r ix In
Fo
m v er se

r e m a tr ix

in the

'

he r e

Mi

'

if de t A

u la r

in g

11

+ a

13

s o lu

hic h in dic a te s

tio n s , de ge n e r a c y

e tc

s , the

in v

O) i t s

(de t A

y th a t

m a tr ix

A i s d e f in

d by

t o f the

d j th

f A

sm a

c o lu m n

ller
o

m a tr ix

bt a i n e d by

f A

b e d e t e r m i n e d by

c an

1
=

de t A
e c an

an

an

er se o

a w a

:j

i s th e de t e r m in
r ow

r m a tr ix

t r i :c C o f

+ a

31

(n o n u n i q u e

sy stem s

l im in a t in g th e i th
T hu

A is

c o a c to r m a

C
w

22 '

q zi a r e a n d n o n s i n g u t a
i s c o n s tr u c t e d i n s u c h

AA
T he

v e r s io n

r a s

ll

M a t r ix

q zi a
s

du c l i o

33

13 '

S in g u la

n i

13

2z

31

12

e l hu

sho w

199 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i u , U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

th a t

e r s i ty o

lg

(A B )

f C in c in

n a ti

1
_

'

10

No tes : I n

L e c tu

re

Ex

a m

p le

tr o

ci u c

lio

to F in ite

Ele m

en

e t ho

t M

C l l a p l e r 1 Tt t r oct uct i on

s :

( 1)

La d

C h e c k in g
r

bc )

(2 )

0
C h e c k in g

ex

pr e s se d

as

T hu

fo

u n

the

O (i

tio

(a s s u m
'

m a in

d the in v

17

JL1

s o lu

0
1

T he

1)

17

ex

ist !

I f de t A

(4

f the lin

07

gu la r ) the n A

e ar sy ste m
c o e

'

f f ic i e n t

do

es n o

q u a t i o n s (E q ( 1 c a n b e
a tr ix A i s n o n s in gu l a r )
e

er se o

Scanned by CamScanner

s in

in g the

t a sk in

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u , U n i v

A is

f th e

e r s ity o

in g a lin e a r sy ste m
c o e f f ic i e n t m a t r i x

so lv

f C i n c in

n a

ti

qu

tio

n s

is to

11

L e c t u '" g N o t e s
m

S o l u t io

Po

ll

u c

Te

l io

Gau

It e r a tiv
e

to F i n i t e E le

h n iq u e

it i v

s s e lim

D if f e

fo

e m e

L in

C h a p t e r J Jn l r u t l u c t i o n

t ho t l

m e

e a r

S y s te

m s o

f Equ

t io

n s

th o d s

tho ds

D e f i n it e M a t r i x
qu

a r e

X
o

in a tio n

(f t x n ) m

t i a t io

A is

id to be p

sa

e n s io n n

o s

i ti v

d e fu ?i t e i f f o r
,

x >

t e tha t p o s it iv

re n

a tr i x

f dim

n o n z er o v e c to r X o

m en

n a n

de fin ite

d In t e g r a t io

m a tr i c e s a r e n o n s in

n o

gu l a r

M a t r ix

L et

(t )

ij

(t )

th e n th e dif fe r e n t ia t io

is de f in e d by

dt
an

d th e in t e gr a t i o n by
A (t )d t

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u

L i u U n i v e r s i ty

Scanned by CamScanner

LI

(t )d t

f C i n c in n a t i

12

Lec t t r e N o t e s

Ty p e
1 D

s o

I n tr

du c t io n to F i n i te E le m

f F i n it e E le

(L i n e )

en

W 1

M e t ho d

In

iro

du c tio

m e n ts

E le n t e n t

(Sp r i n g
2 D

(P l a n e )

E le m

(M
3 D

(3

(S o l i d ) E l e m

D f ie lds

tr

u ss

em

br a n

Scanned by CamScanner

be am

p ip e ,

etc

plate

she

ll,

e tc

te m p e r a t u r e

19 97 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i u U n i v

en

en

e r s i ty o

di sp l a c e m

f C i n c in n a t i

en

t,

str e ss ,

f lo w

v e lo c

ity )

13

L e c tu

Il l

re

N o t s : I n tr

o ti u c

tio

S p r i n g E le

u e r

On

o n o

da l di sp la c e m

da l fo r c e s :

en

ts :

en

(s t i f f h e s s ) :

kA

F / A

(>

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v

ith A

Scanned by CamScanner

O) i s t h e f o

e r s i ty o

(i n

(1b

(1b / i n

ew

N /m

m m

to

N /m

r e l a t io n ship :

Z'

zt

L in

U IJ

c o n sta n t

disp l a c e m
=

de s :

Tw

rc e

t L5 3 Lm
p

m e n

Sp r i n g

m e n

l
y t i n g Lm p r t a

S p r i n g E le

Sp r i n g f o

C h a p t e r 1 I n l r o [ h +c l i n

F i Tt i t e E l e n \ e n t M e t h o cl

to

f Ci n c in n a ti

rc e n ee

ear

o n

l in

ear

de d t o p r o du

c e a u n

it

s tr e t c

14

L ec tu

r e

N o te s : I n tr o d u c tio n t F i i
o
n te E le m

e o n

ly

c o n s

em

i d e r En

C h a p t e r I I nl m[ l l l cf i on

M e tho tl

ea r

pr

blem

i n t h i s in t r o du c t o r y

C O U FSE

C o n s ide r the

ha v

w e

t n o

m a tr ix

de

f
ln

qu i libr iu

k {u

f fo

rces

f o r the

spr in

At

n o

de i

f:
an

ku

ku

fo r m

k [u

Lt

ku

ku

J1 j l l l
u

or

k
w

her e

o te

(e l e m

en

t)

s t i f fh e s s m a tr ix

(e l e m

en

n o

da l) disp l a c e m

(e l e m

en

n o

da l) fo r c e

th a t k i s sy m m e tr ic

c a n w e s o lv e

19 9 7 2003 Y i j u

Is k

t h e e qu a t i o n ? I f

L iu U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

er s ity o

f C in c in n a ti

s in
n o

en

v e c to r

v e c to r

gu l a r o r
t w hy ?

n o n sin

gu l a r ? T h a t i s ,

15

L e c tu

re

N o t e s : nl r oduct i on t o F i i t E l
n
e
em

S p r in g S y s te

en t

C }t a p l c r ! I n t r c n i t t t l i f m

t ho t l

MJ

1
u J

Fo r

e le m e n

2
2

Lt 3

lo

ca

t 1,

k
elem en

t 2,

k2

k2
w

her e

(i

/,

i s the

(i nt er nal

ac

tin g

o n

de i

n o

e lem en

1 2)

A s s e m ble the

t i Hin e s s

C o n s i de r th e
F,
a

fo r c e

Yr i a

tr ix

qu i l ib r iu

jor

the

f fo

ho le sy s te m

r c es a

n o

de 1

f:

t n o de 2 ,

an

n o

de 3

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

e r s ity o

f Cin c in n a t i

16

L e c tu

N o te s : I n t r o du c t io rt to F i i E i
n te
em

r e

e ttt

@m m

M e t ho t l

t In

t r o t l u t l i r J i

T ha t is ,

In

m a tr ix

fo

rm

0 r

k
kn

= ia 6= I

0
o r

K U
K i s th e

An

ha v

s ti f fn e s s m a tr ix

lte r n
"

ti v e w a y o

E n l a r g in g" th e

(s t r u c t u r e

a s s e yr t b l i n

m a tr ix

g the

s ti f f n e s s m a tr i c e s

fo r th e

ho le
fo r

spr in

sy ste m

t i ff n e s s m a t r i x

e le m e n

ts

an

d 2

w e

k2

k2

k2

19 9 7 2 00 3 Y i j u n L i u

U n i v e r sity

Scanned by CamScanner

k2

f C i n c in n a t i

r
Z'

17

L e c tu

re

N o te s : h t r o d u c t io n to F in i E l
te
em

A ddin g t h e tw

o m a tr ix

e n

C l i a p l e r 1 H t r o cl t i c l i o r t

M e tho t i

e qu a t i o n s

TL

(s zt p e l p o s i t i o i t )
Lt

qu i l ib r iu

Bo
A

u n

s su m

w e

hav

in g

k2

sam e e

k2

qu a t io n

d lo a d

a n

Zl

w e

c o n

diti o
an

de r iv e d by

u s in

g the fo

r c e

n s

F,

fo

re

du

k2
to

c es

k2

1:

hic h

c o n c ept

da r y

hav

w e

0
T his is the

k2
an

Un kn

o w n s ar e

l::J

19 9 7 2 00 3 Y i j u n L i u , U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

e r s ity o

an

f C i n c ir m a t i

d th e

r eac

tio

rce

(i f

de s ir e d)

18

L e c tu

r e

N o te s : h

zl r o

d u c l io

So l v i n g t h e

an

d th e

r e a c tio n

D e fo

B alan

Or der

A bo

c e o

s u

bt a i n the di sp la c e m

en

J In

t r o t l u c t io n

ts

lt s

f the

m a

gn it u de s

t t h e S p r in g E le

Su i t a b l e f o

C a n ha v

e sp r i n
,

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

f the

spr in

e r s ity o

ly si s

e ss an a

ly s i s

e le m en

ts

e le m e n

ts fo

f C i n c in n a ti

ber s

n u m

m e n ts

r stif fn e ss a n a

t su it a b l e f o r s tr

dir e c tio n

s tr u c tu r e

f t h e ext er nal f o r c e s

@m

e tho t l

w e o

d shap e

rm e

I P

n s

e i zl

fo r c e

k in g t h e R e

N o te

qu a tio

F,

Che

l 0 F in i t e E t e m

spr in

f th e

g its e l f

ith s t if fh e s s in th e l a t e r a l
r

to r s io

etc

19

L e c h +r e N o t e s : I n t r o d u c t i o

Ex

a m

[ o F i n i t e E l e m e n t M e t ho

l
F o r th e

en

F in d

k2

sp r in

m m

500 N

sh o w n a

sy s t e m

k2

(b ) d i s p l a c e m

en

ts o f

fo r c es

tio

m m

k3

10 0 N /

m m

stiffn e s s m a tr ix

r eac

bo v

2 00 N /

(a ) t h e g l o b a l

(d ) t h e f o r c e i n t h e
So l t t t i o

k3

10 0 N /

(C ) t h e

(a )

1 I n l r o du c l i o

p le 1 1

Giv

@m m

n o

de s 2
t

sp r in

n o

an

d 3

de s 1

an

d 4

g 2

T he

elem en

r
k

st if fn e s s m a tr ic e s a r e

10 0

10 0

10 0

10 0

(N / m

( 1)

(N / m

(2 )

(N / m

(3 )

200
k

200

r
3

10 0

10 0

19 97 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

10 0

e r s i ty o

f C i n c in

10 0

n a

ti

20

L e c tu

r e

N o te s

I n tr o du c tio

to F in i te E le m

A p p ly in g the su e r o s it io n
p p
m a tr ix f o r th e s r in
p
g sy s t e m

tl

1 o

stiffn e ss

l2 0 0

tl

200

10 0

as

00

bta in th e glo ba l

c o n c ept, w e o

Zl

C h a p t e r J I n r o , l u c l i o

t M e l h o cf

en

ki o o
l 00

10 0

200

10 0

or

10 0

10 0

10 0
K

hich is

30 0

(F E )

200

200

s y m n ?e t r i c a n

E q u i l i b r iu

10 0

10 0

10 0

d b a r zd e d

qu a t i o n f o r th e

10 0
10 0

300

10 0

300

ho le

sy st e m

200

1'

is

2
=

(b )
4

th

2 00

A p p l y i n g th e B C
row s an

(u ,

c o lu m n s , w e

19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i u U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

e r s ity o

300
10 0

zl

hav

f Cin c in n a ti

10 0
10 0

t'
zi

O) i n E q (4 )

(4 )

4 1

or

d e l e t i n g t h e 1"

an

21

L ec tu

re

N o t e s : I n tr

du c ti o n to F in it e E le m

300

200

200

S o l v i n g E q (5 )

300

C h a p t e r 1 I nt m[ l ucl i on

t M e t ho d

11
1 1
J\ f l p l
tl

zt

(m

(C ) F r o m

th e 1

F,

T he F E

er e

fo

r c e as

2,

an

F,

(d )

st

d 4t

r esu

in

(N )

10 0 zt 3

300

(N )

fo r

sp r in

elem en t

(4 )

(e l e m

T hu

en

w e

ge t the

r eac

tio n fo r c e s

t) 2 is

s w e c a n c a lc u

la te the

spr in

l::J
]l:J

2 00

200

200

200

200

(6 )

(N )

lts l

19 9 7 20 0 3 Y ij u n L i u U n i v

Scanned by CamScanner

200

Chec k the

qu a t i o n

3 fo r

f,

l o oM .

qu a t i o

(5 )

bt a in

w e o

en

e r sity o

f C i n c in n a t i

22

No

L e c tu

re

Ex

a m

te s :

I n tr o d u

c tio n

to F i n i te E ie m e n i M e tho

C h a p t e r 1 I n t r o du c t i o

p le 1 2
.

L n:ii:hnhJ
T

k3

Pr

bte n z: F o r the
an

sp r in

e lem en

ts,

sy ste m

ith

ar

b i tr a r i l y

a s sho w n a bo v e

n u m

be r e d

f i n d th e g l o b a l

n o

de s

st i f fh e s s

m a tr ix

So lu t io

F ir st

w e c o n str u c

E lem
E lem

en

t the fo l l o

en

t C

in g

on n ec

N o de i

t iv ity T

( 1)

ble

JV o d e

j ( 2)

h i c h sp e c i f i e s t h e g l o ba l n o de n u m b e r s
to c a i n o d e n u m b e r s f o r e a c h e l e m e n t

199 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i u , U n i v e r s i t y

Scanned by CamScanner

f C i n c in n a t i

c o r r e sp o n

din g t o t he

23

Le c ltt r e No te s : I m

T hen

r o

du c tio

lo

C h u p l e r 1 Fnt mdl l cl i nn

F i n i t e E l e n t e n t M e t ho d

w e c an w r

ite the

e le m en

t sti f fn e s s m a t r ic e s
1'

k
k

kl

k2

k3

L'

= ik

m a tr ix

k4

T he

k2

k4

'

f o l lo w

k2

k2

Zl

F i n a l ly a p p ly in g th e su p e r po s it i o n
st if fn e s s m a tr ix a s fo l lo w s

tt

as

is sym

k2

k4

w e o

bt a i n t h e g l o b a l

k2

k3

k2

k3

k3

m e tr

ic

f C in c in

k2

k4

19 9 7 2 00 3 Y ij u n L i u U n i v e r s i t y

Scanned by CamScanner

m e tho

k4

ba n d e d bu t
,

n ati

4:

s i t ?g u

la

24