GAME OF THE GENERALS

History
The Game of the Generals, also called GG as it is most fondly called, or simply The Generals, is
an educational war game invented in the Philippines by Sofronio H. Pasola, Jr. with the inspiration of his son Ronnie
Pasola in 1970. Its Filipino name is "Salpakan." It can be played within twenty to thirty minutes. It is designed for two
players, each controlling an army, and a neutral arbiter (sometimes called a referee or an adjutant) to decide the results of
"challenges" between opposing playing pieces, that like playing cards, have their identities hidden from the opponent.
The Pasolas first tried the Game of the Generals on a chessboard. Even then, the pieces had no particular
arrangement. There were no spies in the experimental game; but after Ronnie Pasola remembered the James Bond movies
and Mata Hari, he added the Spies. Making the pieces hidden was the idea of the Pasolas after remembering card games.
The Game of the Generals'public introduction was on February 28, 1973. After the game was made, it angered
many Filipino chess players thinking that Pasola was trying to denigrate or supplant chess.
Objectives and Victory Conditions
The objective of the game is to eliminate or capture the Flag of the opponent, or to maneuver one's Flag to the far
edge of the board (the opposing back rank), subject to the following conditions.
The Flag, if challenged, is eliminated by any opposing piece, including the opposing and challenging Flag. If a
player's Flag is eliminated by a challenge, that player loses the game. The Flag that challenges the opponent's Flag wins
the challenge and thus also wins the game.
When the Flag successfully reaches the opponent's back rank, it has to survive one more turn without being
challenged before it can declare a victory. If a Flag reaches the opposing back rank and there is no adjacent opposing piece
that can challenge it, the Flag wins the game immediately. If a Flag reaches the opposing back rank directly adjacent to an
opposing piece and that piece does not challenge the Flag immediately on the opponent's subsequent turn, then that Flag
wins the game. Any player may reveal his Flag at any time and for any reason; play can then continue; most often, a player
reveals his Flag after it has already secured victory at the opposing back rank.
Most games end in a victory for one of the players. One player may have lost so many pieces or his pieces are
impractically positioned on the board that he feels he can no longer win the game so he decides to resign. However, any
player may propose a draw at any time; the opponent can either decline, so play continues, or agree, and thus the game
ends in a tie.
At the end of a match, whether as a draw or as a victory for one player, it is courteous but not required to allow
the opposing player a view of the surviving pieces before they are taken off the board, as well as of the eliminated pieces.
The Gameboard and the Playing Pieces
The player's set of pieces represent 21 soldiers (combatants) with a hierarchy of ranks and functions. A higherranking piece (usually the officers) will eliminate any lower-ranking piece, with the exception of the 2 Spies, which
eliminate all pieces except the 6 Privates.
Apart from the Flag (the Philippine Flag) and the Spy (a pair of prying eyes), the rank insignia of the pieces used
in the game are those used in the Philippine Army.

Pieces

No. of Pieces

Function

General of the Army (Five Stars)

Eliminates any lower-ranking officer, the Private, and the Flag.

General (Four Stars)

Eliminates any lower-ranking officer, the Private, and the Flag.

Lieutenant General (Three Stars)

Eliminates any lower-ranking officer, the Private, and the Flag.

Major General (Two Stars)

Eliminates any lower-ranking officer, the Private, and the Flag.

Brigadier General (One Star)

Eliminates any lower-ranking officer, the Private, and the Flag.

Eliminates any lower-ranking officer, the Private, and the Flag.

Eliminates any lower-ranking officer, the Private, and the Flag.

Major (One Magdalo 7-Ray Sun)

Eliminates any lower-ranking officer, the Private, and the Flag.

Captain (Three Magdalo Triangles)

Eliminates any lower-ranking officer, the Private, and the Flag.

Eliminates any lower-ranking officer, the Private, and the Flag.

Eliminates the Sergeant, the Private, and the Flag.

Sergeant (Three Chevrons)

Eliminates the Private, and the Flag.

Private (One Chevron)

Eliminates the Spy, and the Flag.

Spy (Two Prying Eyes)

Flag (Philippine Flag)

Colonel (Three

Magdalo

7-Ray

Suns)

Lieutenant Colonel (Two Magdalo

1st

Lieutenant (Two

Magdalo

Triangles)

2nd

Lieutenant (One

Magdalo

Triangle)

Eliminates all officers from the rank of Sergeant up to 5-Star General

Eliminates the opposing Flag as long as it takes the aggressive action

Note: If both soldiers are of equal rank, both are eliminated (colloquially termed as a "split").
Combatant Roles of the Pieces
The playing pieces can be classified according to the following tactical functions and roles:

Killers - The two Spies and the two most powerful Generals (Five-Star and Four-Star Generals) have the critical
job of eliminating the enemy Sweepers and all other pieces, either by aggressive challenging or ambush, to gain a
power-level, numerical, or positional advantage against the opponent.

Sweepers - The next most-powerful officers (Three-Star General down to the Lieutenant Colonel) will take over the
Killer function if the Five-Star and Four-Star Generals are eliminated. Their main job is to remove all lower-ranking
enemy officers as well as acquire and retain a numerical or positional advantage of friendly pieces over the enemy.

Probers - These are sacrificial junior officers from the Major down to the Sergeant. Their job is to challenge
untested enemy pieces and determine their power so they can be avoided, ambushed, or targeted for elimination by
the Killers or Privates. By eliminating Privates, Probers often act as bodyguards to the Spies and the Flag.

Privates - Their main job is to eliminate the Spies (in the opening and middle game) and the Flag (in the end
game). They usually accompany the highest-ranking officers in order to eliminate the Spy that targets the officers.
While they can be considered sacrificial, once there are only one or two Privates left, it becomes very difficult to
eliminate the Spies.

Flag - This is the only piece that can win victory and must be hidden and protected at all costs, except when it
has an unobstructed way to the far edge of the board, and then it can go for broke. Often, a Private or low-ranking
officer is made to act like a scared Flag to deceive the opponent. Sometimes a Flag can try move as if it was a midlevel or low-ranking officer, or a Private, to avoid being challenged by another piece.

The roles of the Sweepers and Probers can be interchanged in a variety of ways, depending on the preference of the player.
Common Strategies and Tactics

Blitzkrieg - Amass powerful pieces on one side of the board (left or right), then try to steamroller and blow a hole
through the enemy lines by eliminating all the defenders. Once the way is clear, send the Flag forward with an escort
and march on to victory. A Blitz through the center is rare because it requires lining both sides of the corridor with
powerful pieces to eliminate possible blockers of your Flag.

Distributed Defense - Spread out the powerful pieces with supporting units to probe and ambush the enemy
Killer pieces. Maneuver your pieces to rearrange them as blocking forces and to deceive the opponent as to which are
powerful or sacrificial. Put lower-ranking generals in the rear areas to take over the defense or bring them forward to
assist in the counterattack.

Clustered Task Forces - Group a high-ranking general, a Spy, two Privates, and two to three officers into a
"combined arms" task force whose job is to eliminate enemy pieces in one area and to reduce his numbers. Switch the
attack or defensive maneuvers from one side of the board to the other as needed to divert the opponent's attention
and make him become confused about the identity of your powerful pieces. Use expert maneuvering to isolate the
enemy Flag and eliminate it.

Rampaging Bulls - Send unsupported generals into the enemy lines to eliminate as many opposing pieces and try
to put them in the enemy rear areas to create havoc and disrupt the enemy's plans and composure. Use them to force
the enemy to move his Spies or to weaken his front lines so your other high-ranking pieces can make their own
rampage.
Spaces within the ranks must also be allocated to provide maneuver room for certain pieces. Beginners often put

these vacant spaces on the rearmost rank (because they don't think these are important) whereas an experienced player
sometimes uses this arrangement to deceive the opponent into thinking he is a beginner.