Introductory Verilog Tutorial by
Example
Presenter - Soumyaroop Roy
September 17, 2007
Computer System Design Lab, 4203L
Instructor: Prof. S. Katkoori
University of South Florida
Objectives
The objectives of this tutorial are to:
introduce some basic constructs in Verilog
elaborate on structural and behavioral design
styles
introduce testbenches
enable attendees to design the ALU from Lab 1
and its testbench.
2
University of South Florida
Verilog HDL
The designers of Verilog wanted a language with
syntax similar to the C programming language so
that it would be familiar to engineers and readily
accepted
Article on Verilog, Wikipedia
However, since Verilog is used to describe
hardware, its behavior is different from that of the C
language.
3
University of South Florida
Verilog Language Organization
Concurrent Statements executed in parallel
Modules models functional entities
Concurrent Assignment Statements
Primitives
Sequential Statements executed linearly
Behavioral statements if-then, for-loop
Data types used to model simple hardware
entities like ports, wires, registers, etc.
The concepts mentioned above are described 4
with the help of examples in this tutorial.
University of South Florida
Inverter Example
// module definition for the inverter
module inv (inp, op);
// port definitions
input inp; // input port inp
output op; // input port op
// concurrent assignment statement
assign op = ~inp; // ~ is the unary not operator
// indicates the end of a module
endmodule
University of South Florida
Inverter using primitives
module inv (inp, op);
input inp;
output op;
// primitive statement
// similar to module instantiation (illustrated later)
// other primitives are and, or, etc.
not (op, inp);
endmodule
6
University of South Florida
Multiplexer Example
// module definition
module mux2_1_bo(mux_in, sel, mux_out);
// port definitions
output mux_out;
input sel;
input [1:0] mux_in;
// concurrent assignment statement
assign mux_out = (~sel & mux_in[0]) & (sel & mux_in[1]);
endmodule
University of South Florida
Design Styles Structural vs. Behavioral
Structural design style
the structure of the design is described based on the
structural information of its building blocks
Behavioral design style
functionality of the behavior of the design is
described algorithmically
The next example shall illustrate that
University of South Florida
Multiplexer Example - Behavioral
// module definition
module mux2_1_pa(mux_in,
sel, mux_out);
// port definitions
output mux_out;
input sel;
input [1:0] mux_in;
// register definition; required
for signals which are written
reg mux_out;
// always block sensitive to
// sel and mux_in
always @(sel or mux_in)
begin
// sequential statement
if (sel == 1b0)
mux_out = mux_in[0];
else if (sel == 1b1)
mux_out = mux_in[1];
end
endmodule
9
University of South Florida
Multiplexer Example Case Stmt
// module definition
module mux2_1_pa(mux_in,
sel, mux_out);
// port definitions
output mux_out;
input sel;
input [1:0] mux_in;
// register definition; required
// so that it can be written into
// by a seq. statement
reg mux_out;
// always block sensitive to
// events on sel and mux_in
always @(sel or mux_in)
begin
// case statement
case (sel)
1b0: mux_out = mux_in[0];
1b1: mux_out = mux_in[1];
default: mux_out = 1bz;
endcase;
end
endmodule
10
University of South Florida
D-Flip Flop Example
Sensitivity list
always block
in
the
Event triggered
always @(clk)
Sensitive to both 10
and 01 transitions of
clk
always @(negedge clk)
Sensitive to only 10
transition of clk
// D flip flop module
module dff (q, d, clk);
input d, clk;
output q;
reg q;
always @(posedge clk)
// positive edge triggered
begin
q = d;
end
endmodule
University of South Florida
11
Testbench
Testbench is a behavioral Verilog code that
supplies stimuli to the design under test (DUT) and
tests its outputs (how it behaves) based on its
functional specifications (how it should behave).
The next example shall illustrate it.
12
University of South Florida
Inverter Testbench
// testbench module definition
module test_inv;
// stimulus for inverter input
reg inv_inp;
// output of inverter
wire inv_op;
// initial block
initial
begin
inv_inp = 0;
#10 inv_inp = 1;
#10 inv_inp = 0;
// inv_op will be driven by u_inv
// inverter instantiation
inv u_inv (.inp(inv_inp)),
.op(inv_op));
#10 $finish; // end simulation
end
endmodule
13
University of South Florida
Miscellaneous Examples
// full adder using half adders - structural
ha u1_ha(c1, s1, a_in, b_in);
a
s
HA
b
c
ha u2_ha(c2, sum, c_in, s1);
or (carry, c1, c2);
// note that the or primitive does not need an instance name
// parameters; similar to arguments to functions in C
parameter width = 4; // parameter values can be configured
wire [width-1:0] inp; // from the instantiating module
// generate clock
always #10 clock = ~clock // where clock is defined as a reg
University of South Florida
14
4-bit ALU from Lab 1
In Lab 2, you shall design the 4-bit ALU from
Lab 1 in verilog and write a testbench to simulate
it.
As mentioned earlier, the design can be
described structurally or behaviorally.
15
University of South Florida
4-bit ALU - Structural
Components needed (for one of the design options)
4-bit inverter
inverter
4-bit ripple carry adder
full adder
4-bit 2-to-1 multiplexer
4-bit 4-to-1 multiplexer
can be constructed out of 2-to-1 multiplexers
Note: for internal wire definitions, use the keyword wire
University of South Florida
16
4-bit ALU - Behavioral
Algorithmic description using functional operators
in Verilog:
case (mode)
0 : out = bitwise invert of A
1 : out = A + 1
2 : out = A - 1
3 : out = 2*A
endcase
17
University of South Florida
Q&A
University of South Florida
