A Ryan Case Study

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

College Management and Business Technology
Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City
Case
Study
Submitted by: Ryan Christian L. Galindez

BSBA-3F
Submitted to: Mrs. Elizabeth Manuel
Hallucinations
Hallucinations
The experience of perceiving objects or event that do not

have an external source, such as hearing ones name called by a
voice that no one else seem to here. A hallucination is
distinguished from an illusion, which is mean a misinterpretation
of an actual stimulus.
The Nature of Hallucination
The general theory of hallucinations here delineated rests

upon two fundamental assumptions. One assumption states that life
experiences influence the brain in such a way as to leave, in the
brain, enduring physical changes that have variously been called
neural traces, templates, or engrams. Ideas and images are held
to derive from the incorporation and activation of these engrams
in complex circuits involving nerve cells. Such circuits in the
cortex (outer layers) of the brain appear to subserve the
neurophysiology of memory, thought, imagination, and fantasy. The
emotions associated with these intellectual and perceptual
functions seem to be mediated through cortex connections with the
deeper parts of the brain (the limbic system or visceral brain,
for example), thus permitting a dynamic interplay between
perception and emotion through transactions that appear to take
place largely at unconscious levels.
Conscious awareness is found to be mediated by the ascending
midbrain reticular activating system (a network of nerve cells in
the brainstem). Analyses of hallucinations reported by sufferers
of neurological disorders and by neurosurgical patients in whom
the brain is stimulated electrically have shown the importance of
the temporal lobes (at the sides of the brain) to auditory
hallucinations, for example, and of other functionally relevant
parts of the brain in this process.
Causes of Hallucinations
Mental
illnesses
are
among
the
most
common
causes
of
hallucinations. Schizophrenia, dementia, and delirium are a few
examples.
Substance abuse is another fairly common cause. Some people see
or hear things that arent there after drinking too much alcohol
or taking drugs like cocaine or PCP.
Lack of sleep can lead to hallucinations. If you have not slept
in days or do not get enough sleep over long periods of time, you
may be more prone to hallucinations.
Medications taken for certain mental and physical conditions can
also cause hallucinations. Parkinsons disease, depression,
psychosis, and epilepsy medications may trigger hallucination
symptoms.
How are Hallucinations Diagnosed?
Because many factors can trigger hallucinations, the best thing

to do is to call your doctor right away if you suspect that your
perceptions are not real. Your doctor will ask about your
symptoms and perform a physical exam. Additional tests might
include a blood or urine test and perhaps a brain scan.
If you know someone who is hallucinating, avoid leaving them
alone. Fear and paranoia triggered by hallucinations can lead to
dangerous actions or behaviors. Stay with the person at all times
and go with them to the doctor for emotional support. You may
also be able to help in answering questions about their symptoms
and how often they occur.
How are Hallucinations Treated?
Medications
Treatment for your hallucinations will depend entirely on their
underlying cause. For example, if you are hallucinating because
of delirium due to severe alcohol withdrawal, your doctor might
prescribe medication that slows down your nervous system. For
psychosis, the treatment may be a different kind of medication
like dopamine antagonists. However, if hallucinations are caused
by Parkinsons disease in a patient with dementia, this same type
of medication would be detrimental. An accurate diagnosis is,
therefore, very important for treating the condition effectively.
Psychological Counseling
Counseling might also be part of your treatment plan,
particularly if the underlying cause of your hallucinations is a
mental health condition. Speaking with a counselor can help you
get a better understanding of what is happening to you. A
counselor
can
also
help
you
develop
coping
strategies,
particularly for when you are feeling scared or paranoid.
What Can I Expect in the Long Term?

Recovery from hallucinations depends on the cause of the
condition. If you are not sleeping enough or are drinking too
much, these behaviors can be adjusted. If your condition is
caused by a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, taking the
right medications can improve your hallucinations significantly.
By seeing a doctor immediately and following a treatment plan,
you are more likely to have a positive long-term outcome.
Types of Hallucinations
Hallucinations may affect your vision, sense of smell, hearing,

or bodily sensations.
Visual Hallucinations
Visual hallucinations involve seeing things that arent there.
The hallucinations may be of objects, visual patterns, people,
and/or lights. For example, you might see a person who is not in
the room or flashing lights that no one else can see.
Olfactory Hallucinations
Olfactory hallucinations involve your sense of smell. You might
smell an unpleasant odor when waking up in the middle of the
night or feel that your body smells bad when it doesnt. This
type of hallucination can also include scents you find enjoyable,
like the smell of flowers.
Auditory Hallucinations
Auditory hallucinations are among the most common. You might hear
someone speaking to you or telling you to do certain things. The
voice may be angry, neutral, or warm. Other examples of this type
of hallucination include hearing sounds, like someone walking in
the attic, or repeated clicking or tapping noises.
Tactile Hallucinations
Tactile hallucinations involve the feeling of touch or movement
in your body. For example, you might feel that bugs are crawling
on your skin or that your internal organs are moving around. You
might also feel the imagined touch of someones hands on your
body.
Temporary Hallucinations
As the name implies, temporary hallucinations are not chronic.
They may occur, for example, if a relationship has just ended or
if someone dear to you has just passed away. You might hear the
persons voice for a moment or briefly see his or her image.
Typically, this type of hallucination disappears as the pain of
your loss diminishes.

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Submitted by: Ryan Christian L. Galindez

Submitted to: Mrs. Elizabeth Manuel

The experience of perceiving objects or event that do not

The Nature of Hallucination

The general theory of hallucinations here delineated rests

How are Hallucinations Diagnosed?

Because many factors can trigger hallucinations, the best thing

How are Hallucinations Treated?

What Can I Expect in the Long Term?

Hallucinations may affect your vision, sense of smell, hearing,

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