SPECIFICATION FOR
STORMWATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. Technical requirements for reinforced concrete pipe culvert
1.1. Requirement regarding the appearance form and defects of sewer pipes
(1)
Surface flatness:
Exterior and interior surface of pipes are required to be evenly flat, not having concave or
convex points exceeding 5 mm.
On the surface of pipe, cavities with depth greater than or equal to 12 mm are not
allowed.
(2)
Surface break
When there are defects such as a break of concrete surface due to the removal of forms or
the transportation & construction process, total area of broken surface is not exceeding
(6Dd#)mm2, in which the area of broken piece is not greater than (3 Dd#)mm2. Pipes
are not allowed to have broken concrete areas on both surfaces (inside and outsite
surface) at contact place of sewer socket end.
Note:
Dd# : Nominal diameter
(3)
Broken on surface
It is permissible for cracks of concrete surface due to flexible deformation, but the width
of crack is not exceeding 0.1 mm. These cracks can be filled by troweling with cement
mortar.
(4)
Straightness of sewer pipe
Along a ruling of pipe, the pipe must satisfy the straightness standard on both surface
(inside and outsite surface). Permissible deviation of straightness (i.e curvature) per
length is 1 mm/m
(5)
Discolouration of sewer concrete
It is acceptable for the discolouration of sewer concrete, but if concrete is coloured due to
rusted internal reinforcement, that sewer pipe is not meet the quality requirement.
1.2. Requirement regarding dimension and permissible deviation
Nominal diameter and permissible deviation are specified in table 15.1
Table 15.1: Nominal diameter and permissible deviation
No.
Internal diameter
Specified thickness
Nominal
diameter (mm)
Permissible
deviation (mm)
Specified
thickness (mm)
Permissible deviation
(mm)
300
+5
50
+6
600
10
75
+6
800
20
95
+6
1000
20
110
+6
1250
20
130
+10
1500
+30, -20
150
+10
1750
+30, -20
150
+16
2000
+30, -25
185
+16
2500
+30, -25
185
+16
1.3. Requirement regarding load bearing capacity of sewer pipes
Compressive strength of sample 150x150x150 of concrete must ensure 300 daN/cm2.
In the case there is a conflit between parties, it must check concrete sample drilled from a sewer
pipe.
1.4. Requirement regarding load bearing capacity of sewer pipes
Sewer pipes are produced according to the method of centrifugal rotation combined with
vibration
The load bearing capacity of sewer pipe is evaluated through three-side pressing method and in
conformity with the table 15.2
Table 15.2: Reinforced concrete sewer Class of loading and pressing force
Load tested according to the three-side pressing method (kN/m)
Nominal
No
Low class of pipe loading
(T)
Standard class
loading (TC)
of
pipe
uncrack
force
uncrack
force
Working
force
Max.
force
15
23
29
29
46
37
High class of pipe loading (C)
diameter
mm
300
600
Working
force
Max.
force
12
20
25
27
42
53
uncrack
force
Working
force
Max.
force
58
34
54
68
60
74
47
75
94
800
1000
31
49
61
45
71
90
57
91
113
1250
36
61
76
57
91
114
73
116
146
1500
43
69
87
65
104
130
82
132
165
1750
51
82
103
73
124
155
91
158
198
2000
53
93
115
82
140
175
102
175
225
2500
57
116
145
86
177
222
109
223
279
Three-side pressing method conforms to the guidance of standard TCVN 9113:2012 Reinforced
concrete pipes for drainage
1.5. Requirement regarding waterproofing capacity of sewer pipes
Waterproofing capacity of sewer pipe is displayed by static pressure resistance when the sewer
pipe is full with water without water penetration through pipe wall. Testing procedure conforms
to standard TCVN 9113:2012 Reinforced concrete pipes for drainage and water penetration
time conforms to table 15.3
Table 15.3: Detention time in sewer pipe the case of high pressure sewer pipe
Sewer pipe thickness, cm
Detention time, hours
36
16
48
20
60
24
72
1.6. Accessories of sewer pipes
Accessories for sewer pipes include: soft linking rings made of rubber or plastic which is
specified in related design drawings.
1.7. Labeling, maintaining and transporting
1.7.1. Labeling
- It is necessary to write on each pipe:
+ Name of manufacturer
+ Nominal diameter, effective length, and class of loading according to this standard.
+ Number of batch
+ Day, month, year of production
- Upon Ex. Works, Sewer pipes must be attached quality checking sheet with the content:
+ Name of manufacturer
+ Type of sewer pipe and class of loading according to this standard
+ Real values of indices according to article 5
+ Quantity of ex-works sewer pipes and number of batch
+ Day, month, year of production
1.7.2. Maintaining
Sewer products are arranged horizontally with suitable packings placed between layers, they are
arranged each batch of products individually.
1.7.3. Transporting
Sewer products are only allowed to load and unload, transport when concrete strength attains 70
% of design strength as minimum.
Sewer pipes must be arranged, loaded and unloaded by specialized equipment, using soft cables,
or suitable chucking devices.
When being transported, sewer pipes must be linked tightly with means of transportation to
avoid to push, collide and beat causing damages.
2. Technical requirements for reinforced concrete box culverts
2.1. Description
This work shall consist of reinforced concrete culvert pipe furnished and installed at such
locations as are shown on the Drawings or by the Engineer in accordance with these
Specifications and in accordance with the classes, lines, levels, grades and dimensions shown on
the Drawings.
2.2. Reinforced concrete culvert
The work shall include the furnishing and construction of such joints and such connections to
other pipes, catch basins, and box culverts and other items as may be required to complete the
structure as shown on the Drawings.
The horizontal and vertical location of pipe culverts, their dimensions, skewness and their inlets
and outlets, as indicated on the Drawings, are subject to final decision and instruction to be given
by the Engineer in writing. If changes occur in the above respects, they shall in no way affect or
invalidate the unit rates concerned.
More culverts than shown on the Drawings may be required and, if so, the Engineer will indicate
their location and size as the work proceeds.
2.3. Requirement regarding the appearance form and permissible defects
2.3.1. Flatness of surface, straightness, squareness of box culvert ends
Exterior as well as interior surface of a culvert length must be secure to even flatness, concave or
convex points are not exceeding 5 mm.
On the surface of box culvert, indentations and cavities with depth greater than 12 mm are not
allowed.
Deviation of a straight line along an axis of box culvert length and squareness of box culvert
ends is not exceeding 5 mm.
2.3.2. Defects due to broken concrete
Total area of broken concrete surface is not exceeding 6 times square of culvert nominal
dimension error (mm2), in which the area of broken piece is not greater than 3 times square of
nominal dimension error and it is not allowed to break at both internal and external surface on a
contact place of joints.
2.3.3. Surface cracks
Width of surface cracks due to concrete shrinkage deformation is not exceeding 0.1 mm.
2.3.4. Discoloration of concrete surface
Concrete surface of a culvert length is not allowed to have smears of rusty iron due to rusted,
eroded internal reinforcement.
2.4. Requirement regarding dimension and permissible deviation
2.4.1. Nominal dimensions
Nominal dimensions of pre-cast single and double reinforced concrete box culverts are showed
in table 15.4.
Thickness of box culvert wall is subject to a nominal dimension and regularly taken as 10 % of
cross section dimension of one culvert length.
Effective length of a box culvert can be changed according to requirements of purchaser. Now
according to conditions of execution, mass production.
Table 15.4: Nominal dimensions and permissible deviation (mm)
No.
Internal dimension of box
Thickness of box culvert
culvert
Length
culvert
600 x 800
95
250
800 x 800
95
100
of
box
2.4.2. Dimension error of culvert length
Errors of section dimension, wall thickness and length of a box culvert are specified in table 15.5
and permissible errors are announced by a manufacturer together nominal dimension of product .
Table 15.5 Error of section dimension, thickness and length of box culvert (mm)
No.
1
2
section Thickness error of Length error of
culvert
culvert
Nominal
dimension
Error of
dimension
600 x 800
800 x 800
2.4.3. Effective length of culvert
Effective length of single and double reinforced concrete box culvert produced according to the
collision & vibration technology, suitable to execution conditions using machine combined with
by hand.
2.4.4. Thickness of cover to reinforcement.
In order to ensure reinforcement not to be eroded, thickness of cover to internal and external
reinforcement is not less than 12 mm.
2.5. Requirement regarding load bearing capacity of box culverts
2.5.1. Requirement regarding load bearing capacity of box culverts
Load bearing capacity of box culvert is determined by the method of compression on machine
foundation. Destructive compression force (critical load) is a compressive force specified for
each type of culvert length and is maintained at least for one minute during which the culvert
length is not destroyed corresponding to a reinforcement arrangement requirement for each class
of loading specified in advance.
Limit compression force of single box culverts and double box culverts are specified in table
15.6 according to technical design for each nominal dimension of sewer with the various scopes
of application.
Ultimate bearing capacity of a culvert length is determined according to the method of
compression in the middle of upper edges showed in standard TCVN 9116:2012 Reinforced
concrete box culvert.
Table 15.6: Limit compression force according to the method of compression in the
middle of upper edges
No.
Nominal Dimension
Thickness of backfill Thickness
of
soil 0.5 to 2.0 m
backfill soil 2.1 to
3.0 m
Single culvert 600 x 800
80
70
Single culvert 800 x 800
80
70
2.5.2. Requirement regarding waterproofing capacity of box culverts
Waterproofing capacity of a culvert length is displayed by static pressure resistance when the
culvert length is full with water without water penetration through pipe wall. Testing procedure
conforms to standard TCVN 9116:2012 Reinforced concrete box culverts and water
penetration time conforms to:
Detention time in culvert length
Thickness of culvert (mm)
Detention time (hours)
100
36
160
48
200
60
250
72
300
84
2.6. Materials
2.6.1. Pipe
(a) General Reinforced concrete culvert pipes shall be constructed in accordance with
the details shown on the Drawing.
(b) Concrete-Concrete used in the construction of reinforced concrete culvert pipes shall
be in accordance with these Specifications, except where modified by the Drawings.
(c) Reinforcement-Steel Reinforcement used in the construction of reinforced concrete
culvert pipe shall be in accordance with these Specifications, except where modified
by the Drawings.
(d) Mortar- Mortar for joints shall contain one part portland cement and two parts sand
by dry volume unless otherwise required by the Drawings or these Specifications.
The sand shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO Standard Specification
M45.
The amount of water in the mix shall be such that the consistency of the mortar is suitable
for the purpose intended and to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
All mortar shall be used within 30 minutes of adding the water.
2.6.2.
Testing
Reinforced concrete pipes may be tested, at the discretion of the Engineer, in accordance with
the requirements of AASHTO T280.
2.6.3.
Permissible Variations
(a) Permissible variations in dimensions The internal diameter of 300-600 mm pipe shall
not vary more than 1.5% from the design diameter. The internal diameter of 700 mm 2500 mm pipe shall not vary more than 1.0% or 10 mm, whichever is greater, from the
design diameter. The wall thickness shall not be less than that shown in the design by
more than 5% or 5 mm, whichever is the greater.
A wall thickness more than that required in the design shall not be a cause for rejection.
Pipes having localized variations in wall thickness exceeding those specified above shall
be accepted if three edge bearing strength and minimum steel cover requirements are
met.
(b) Permissible variations in the position of the reinforcement- The maximum variation in
the nominal position of the reinforcement shall be 10% of the wall thickness or 10
mm whichever is greater. Pipes having variations in the position of the reinforcement
exceeding those specified above shall be accepted if the three edge bearing strength
requirements obtained on a representative specimen are met. In no case however shall the
cover over the reinforcement be less than 10 mm.
(c) The underrun in length of a section of pipe shall not be more than 1% of the diameter
with a maximum of 15 mm in any length of pipes.
2.6.4.
Finish
Pipes shall be substantially free of fractures, large or deep cracks, and surface roughness. The
ends of the pipe shall be normal to the walls and centre line of the pipe.
2.6.5.
Marking
The following information shall be clearly marked on each section of the pipe
(a) The pipe class
(b) The date of manufacture
(c) The name or trade mark of the manufacturer
2.6.6.
Inspection and Rejection
The quality of materials, the process of manufacture and the finished pipe shall be subject to
inspection and approval by an inspector employed by the Engineer.
Pipes shall be subject to rejection on account of failure to conform to any of the specification
requirements. Individual sections of pipe may be rejected because of any of the following.
(a) Fractures or cracks passing through the wall, except for a single end crack that does
not exceed the depth of the joint
(b) Defects that indicate imperfect proportioning mixing and moulding.
(c) Surface defects indicating honeycombed or open texture.
(d) Damaged ends where such damage would prevent making a satisfactory joint.
2.6.7.
Repairs
Pipes may be repaired, if necessary, because of occasional imperfections in manufacture or
accidental injury during handling and will be acceptable if, in the opinion of the Engineer, the
repairs are sound and properly finished and cured and the repaired pipe conforms to the
requirements of these Specifications.
2.7. Construction Methods
2.7.1. General
Installation of any pipe culvert shall not commence until the length of pipe called for the location
approved by the Engineer.
All pieces of pipe used for pipe culverts shall be new pieces of pipe as specified in the
specification. Excavation and backfill of pipe culverts and extensions shall not be measured and
payment for this work will be made as described in these Specifications.
2.7.2.
Excavation
Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, pipe culverts to be laid at or below existing ground
level and/or under embankment shall have the fill constructed to a height of at least 600 mm
above the top of the pipe and then a trench excavated to receive the pipe.
Where circumstances permit and only with the approval of the Engineer the Contractor will be
permitted to construct pipe culverts on or in existing ground without first forming embankment.
Before laying the pipe culvert, the foundation shall be trimmed true to line and grade, as directed by
the Engineer, over sufficient width to permit satisfactory construction of the bedding. Special care
shall be taken to remove any hard or deleterious material from the foundation area.
If a firm foundation is not encountered, owing to soft, spongy or unstable soil, such unstable soil
under the pipe and for a width of at least one diameter on each side of the pipe shall be removed
to the depth directed by the Engineer.
The prepared surface shall provide a firm foundation of uniform density throughout the length of
the culvert.
Excavated materials shall not be deposited in the drainage channel and, so far as possible shall be
utilized as back fill or embankment.
2.7.3.
Bedding
Bedding details for pipe culverts shall be as shown on the Drawings. The Engineer shall decide,
in the field, what type of bedding shall be used depending upon the foundation soils. Granular
material to be used as bedding shall conform to the requirements as specified in the
Specifications Porous Backfill Material Type A, or similar material approved by the Engineer.
It shall be compacted in layers not exceeding 100 mm thickness to a density not less than 95% of
that determined by AASHTO T180, or such other standard as shall be directed on the Drawing or
by the Engineer.
2.7.4.
Installation
All reinforced concrete culvert pipes shall be laid with cemented joints. The pipe shall be laid
carefully, hubs up-grade, spigot ends fully entered into the adjacent hub and true to lines and
grades as shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer. Before succeeding sections of pipe
are laid, the lower half of the hub of the preceding section shall be plastered on the inside with
cement mortar (proportioned 2 of sand to 1 of cement) of sufficient thickness to bring the inner
surface of the abutting pipes flush and even. At the same times, the upper half of the spigot of the
succeeding pipe shall be similarities plastered with mortar. After the pipe is laid, the remainder
of the joint shall be filled with similar mortar, and sufficient additional mortar shall be used to
form a bead around the joint. The inside of the joint shall be wiped and finished smooth. The
mortar on the outside shall be protected for two days or until the Engineer allows backfilling to
proceed.
When pipe culverts are to be installed, the embankment shall be placed in uniform layers to an
elevation 600 mm over the top of the proposed pipe and a trench shall be excavated to at least the
dimensions shown on the Drawings. When installation of pipe is completed, backfilling will
proceed as described below to e level of at least 600mm over the top of pipe, and then
embankment placing will continue as specified in these specifications.
2.7.5.
Backfilling
Backfilling shall be carried out with material approved by the Engineer placed in uniform layers
not exceeding 100mm in uncompacted depth and thoroughly compacted. Each layer of backfill
material, if dry, shall be wetted uniformly to moisture approved by the Engineer to obtain a
density of not less than 90% of that determined by AASHTO T180 or such other density as shall
be directed on the Drawings or by the Engineer.
Special care shall be taken to compact thoroughly the material under the haunches of the pipe and to
ensure that the backfill shall be brought up evenly on both sides of the pipe for the full required
length. Heavy earth moving and compacting equipment shall not operate closer to the culvert than
1.5 metres until covered to a depth equal to at least one fourth of the diameter of the culvert, but in no
case less than 600 mm, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. Light weight equipment may be
operated within the above limitation after embankment has been placed and compacted to give a
minimum cover of 300 mm over the top of the culvert.
2.7.6.
Placing of embankment
Only when all backfilling has been completed in accordance with Sub-clause 15.5.3 Backfilling
will the Contractor continue with forming embankment, which shall be done in conformity with
the requirements
2.7.7.
Concrete for Culverts and Headwalls
Concrete box culverts and headwalls for box culverts shall be constructed as shown on the
Drawings in accordance with the requirements of these Specifications.
2.7.8.
Bar Reinforcement for Culverts and Headwalls
Steel reinforcement for culverts and headwalls shall be as shown on the Drawings and in
accordance to the requirements as specified in these Specifications
2.7.9.
Unsuitable Foundation Material
Foundation soils deemed unsuitable for pipe culverts shall be removed and replaced with
accepted material to the dimensions as specified in these Specifications. This removal and
replacement of material, as well as compaction requirements, shall be performed and paid for in
accordance with these specifications.
2.7.10. Extension of existing culverts
Extension of existing pipe culverts shall be accomplished as specified on the Drawings.
Pipe extensions shall be made with new pipe only. Pipe culverts which are designated on the
Drawing to be extended shall be examined as specified in these Specifications. Pipe joints will
also be carefully inspected by the Engineer and broken joints shall be resealed. Pipe culverts
shall be extended by the method shown on the Drawings to connect the initial piece of extended
pipe to the existing pipe. The culverts shall then be backfilled as specified in these
Specifications.
2.7.11. Measurement
Culvert pipe shall be measured as the number of linear metres of pipe from end to end of each
pipe structure (excluding the width of joints), complete and accepted in place. Headwalls or
riprap where specified, except where quoted as a separate in the Bill of Quantities or on the
Drawings will be considered incidental to the laying of the pipe and will not be measured.
Where additional excavation is required to remove unsuitable, this quantity shall be measured in
cubic metres bounded by vertical planes 500 mm outside the outer wall of the pipe and the plane
of the lowered elevation. No separate or additional measurement will be made for the excavation
of bell holes, when require, or for Portland cement used in constructing pipe joints. Where
manholes, catch pits etc. occur, the length of pipe to be measured shall be from outside wall to
outside wall of manhole.
Work such as resealing existing mortared joints on the inside of existing culverts, removal of
existing headwalls and wing walls and the reshaping and redirecting the stream bed to meet the
new or extended culverts shall be considered incidental to the Contract as a whole and no
separate measurement or payment will be made.
2.7.12. Payment
Reinforced concrete culvert pipe, whether for a new culvert or extension shall be paid for at the
Contract unit price per linear metre for the particular specified on the Drawings or as directed the
pipe, excavation, bedding, jointing, granular material, backfill, compaction, pipe collars, labour,
tools, equipment and incidentals necessary to complete the work.
Removal of unsuitable materials, below the foundation elevation of the pipe culvert, shall be paid
for under item Excavation and Replacement.
Pay items of reinforced concrete pipe shall be based on the linear metre.
2.8. Labeling, maintaining and transporting
2.8.1. Content of Labeling
Each culvert length must be labelled with following contents:
Name of manufacturer
Type of product, Nominal dimension, product batch;
Number of applicable standard
Day, month, year of production
Seal of quality control, date and time, inspector;
Label is written on an external surface of culvert length at a position easy to see.
Materials used for writing labels are not dissolved in water and are not faded.
2.8.2. Requirements of transportation and maintenence:
R.C. box culvert products are only allowed to load and unload, transport when a strength of
concrete attains 70 % of design grade as minimum .
Box culvert products must be arranged, loaded, unloaded by a crane with soft cable hook or
suitable lift equipment.
Box culvert products after quality control are arranged in lots of same category. Between
horizontal layers of products, it is necessary to place suitable wood, bamboo spacers.
During transportation, culvert lengths must be chocked tightly to means of transportation in order
to prevent pushing, bumping to cause damages, cracks of concrete at external and internal edges.
In order to be convenient for transportation and installation, on a cover of each box culvert
length, it is necesary to arrange 2 steel hooks.
3. Cover and the frame of the manholes and pits
The cover and the frame of the manholes and pits must be provided and installed in full package
as shown in the construction drawing.
4. Structure of input, egress and outlet
Arrangement of input, egress and outlet shall comply with design documents and direction of
Supervision Consultant at site based on actual natural conditions of each project and detailed
standards as specified in approved design documents.
Parapet, input, egress, cutoff dike, method for protection from erosion, etc. shall be constructed
by concrete or stone according to regulations of design document and sewerage system to create
natural and smooth flow.
Parapet foundation and cutoff dike separate from foundation by a joint (expansion joint) as
settlement joint and assembled joint according to design document.
Parapet, input and egress separate from culvert body by flexible joint. Flexible joint shall be
filled with bitumen jute (or sackcloth) i) or bitumen wood as stated in design document and
direction of Supervision Consultant.
5. Acceptance work
Before the acceptance of pipeline, the checking steps are carried out as follows:
- Check the slope of placing drain and the straight in the construction process.
-
Check material and technique met to the submitted documents.
Check the fine tightness of drain and drain connection. The test can be conducted before
land filling or after the completion of land filling depending on the geological conditions
and other technical conditions and can use one of two following methods depending on
the actual site conditions.
The first method, test simultaneously two segments of drain between 3 access wells. The
top and bottom wells are sealed tightly. Pour water through drain into the middle well at
the required level. Then carry out observation and test. Time for the test is not less than
30 minutes.
The second method, carry out checking the drain from well to other well. Both of drain
ends are sealed tightly and connected to two small rubber pipes. One is used for pouring
water into drain and one is used for exhausting air. Water from tank (located above the
drain) will flow full of the drain and keep the water level in tank. The water level is
marked from the beginning of testing the tightness to the stopping of observation keeping
the original water level.
If there is leakage, the allowable value is 0.75 m3 in 24h for each km of pipeline.
