SOLAS and Marine Accidents

EISN3-CLC-2014/2015
SOLAS AND MARINE ACCIDENTS

Prepared by:
MEBARKI MOHAMED AMINE
PLAN
1- INTRODUCTION
2- SOLAS: DEFINITION AND HISTORY
3- MARINE ACCIDENTS AND THEIR REASONS
4-TYPES OF MARINE ACCIDENTS
5- SOLAS CHAPTERS AND MARINE ACCIDENTS
6-CONCLUSION
introduction
Solas and marine accidents
1- Introduction
When one uses any mode of transport, accidents are bound to

happen. Accidents occur because of negligent mistakes but the
effects of the same are lasting and lingering. There have
emerged and are emerging so many accident cases, that it has
become to keep track of them.
The oceanic area is very vast and therefore the variations in
accidents are also numerous. The effects of the occurrences of
marine accidents include not just humans but also the marine
creatures and the marine environment and ecosystem.
1- Introduction
Major Shipping Accidents- which has brought some of our

safety regulations as follows:
1. Titanic- SOLAS
2. Exxon Valdez- Oil Pollution- MARPOL
2. MV Estonia Ro-Ro 3. Broken Ships while loading due to heavy density cargo and
stability issue
4. Grounding due to wrong DR position
5. Collisions
6. Fire/ Explosions on Tanker vessels
7. Fire on board
2- SOLAS
Definition and history
2- SOLAS definition and history
Definition:
The International Convention for the Safety of Life at
Sea (SOLAS) is an international maritime safety
treaty. It ensures that ships flagged by signatory
States comply with minimum safety standards in
construction, equipment and operation. The SOLAS
Convention in its successive forms is generally
regarded as the most important of all international
treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships
2- SOLAS definition and history
History:
Of all international conventions dealing with maritime safety,
the most important is the International Convention for the
Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). It is also one of the oldest, the
first version having been adopted at a conference held in
London in 1914. Since then there have been four other SOLAS
conventions: the second was adopted in 1929 and entered into
force in 1933; the third was adopted in 1948 and entered into
force in 1952; the fourth was adopted (under the auspices of
IMO) in 1960 and entered into force in 1965; and the present
version was adopted in 1974 and entered into force in 1980.
3- Marine accidents
and their major causes
3- Marine accidents and their major causes
Whats a marine accident?

means one or more than one marine undesired incident which results in personal
injury, damage or loss. Accidents include loss of life or major injury to any person on
board, the actual or presumed loss of a ship, her abandonment or material damage to
her, collision or grounding, disablement, and also material damage caused by a ship. It
is the duty of every master or skipper to examine any accident occurring to, or on
board, his ship.
What is a marine incident?

means abnormal events occurring in the course of operation of sea-going ships and likely
to cause danger to man, ships, architectural work or the environment.
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3- Marine accidents and their major causes
Major causes of marine accidents:

Crux of the matter is that all regulations are driven by some or
other maritime accidents in past. However new accidents keep
taking place due to various reasons :
Human error
Competition
Piracy
Over-dependence on technology Lack of skilled workforce
Crew fatigue
Poor communications
Operational pressures
Bureaucracy onboard
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5- Types of
marine accidents
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4- Types of marine accidents
1- Offshore oil rig mishaps:

The recently occurred oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is an offshore oil rig
accident. Offshore oil rigs constitute great danger in terms of their heavy
machinery and the complexities of the processes involved. Even a minor
error by way of negligence of a simple process or overlooking in the
working of a machinery part can lead to immense damaging
consequences across the world.
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2- Cruise vessels accidents :

Cruise vessels form a very important part in the vacation itinerary of
people. However, a major type of maritime accident occurs in cruise
vessels. Cruise vessels could capsize or face tough weather conditions
causing the ship to develop major problems. Another important case of
accidents in cruise ships is because of the negligence on the part of
workers. As per statistical data nearly 75% of fires are caused because of
a mere mistake by people working on the cruise ship.
14
1- Commercial fishing mishaps:

Even fishing for commercial purposes can lead to fatal incidents being
caused. Inexperienced fishermen sometimes even experienced ones
can fall overboard. Harsh weather conditions can also could severe
damages to a commercial fishing expedition
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3- Accidents on oil tankers and cargo ships:

The major cause of accidents on cargo tankers is explosions. Since the
very nature of the materials these tankers transport is dangerous and
highly flammable, even the most minor of explosions can cause
enormous losses. According to statistics, one of the main reasons for oil
tanker accidents occurring is because of workers negligence nearly 8488%.
16
4- Grounding of ships:
Ship grounding occurs when the bottom of the ships hull scrapes
through the ocean-bed. This type of maritime accident has a lot of
impact on the ships hull and more on the overall oceanic area where the
grounding has started to occur and has finally culminated. The danger to
workers aboard the ship is another important consequence because of
the mishap.
17
5- Maritime accidents because of drug and alcohol:

Drug or substance abuse is a major problem across the world. Even in
the marine world, substance abuse can cause irreparable damage. If the
workers of a particular ship engage in substance abuse or alcohol, the
addiction-induced frenzy could cause the worker to behave erratically
and thereby lead to an unwanted maritime accident on board ships.
.
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5- SOLAS chapters
and marine accidents
19
5- SOLAS chapters and marine accidents

Chapter I - General Provisions
Includes regulations concerning the survey of the various

types of ships and the issuing of documents signifying that
the ship meets the requirements of the Convention. The
Chapter also includes provisions for the control of ships in
ports of other Contracting Governments.
Chapter II-1 - Construction Subdivision and

stability, machinery and electrical installations
to prevent accidents caused by stability and subdivision

like flooding, listing and capsizing.
Chapter II-2 - Fire protection, fire detection and

fire extinction
to prevent accidents caused by fires and explosions
Chapter III - Life-saving appliances and

arrangements to prevent accidents
To prevent injuries and lost of lives when abandoning

vessels.
Chapter IV - Radio communications
To prevent accidents caused by Poor communications and

misunderstanding.
Chapter V - Safety of navigation
to ensure the safe navigation at sea and limit dangers of

traffic areas and congestions.
20
5- SOLAS chapters and marine accidents

Chapter VI - Carriage of Cargoes
Ensure the correct separation between incompatible

cargoes and disposition for their correct stowage
Chapter VII - Carriage of dangerous goods
to prevent accidents caused by hazardous cargoes
Chapter IX - Management for the Safe

Operation of Ships
To prevent accidents related to operating ships

systems and equipments
Chapter XI-1 - Special measures to enhance

maritime safety
To enhance safety onboard ships and at seas

21
Conclusion
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6- Conclusion
it can be seen from the mentioned types of maritime accidents, that
mistakes on the part of the workers and operators play a major role
in the accidents being caused. But in order to find out what was the
actual cause of the marine accident, a maritime accident
investigation is necessary.
Never forget that:
prevention is better than cure!
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6- Bibliographical sources
www.marineinsight.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/
Marine Accident and

Casualty Investigation Boards. AMEM_Marine_Accidents
24
Thank you
Any questions?
25

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EISN3-CLC-2014/2015

SOLAS AND MARINE ACCIDENTS

SOLAS AND MARINE ACCIDENTS

Solas and marine accidents

When one uses any mode of transport, accidents are bound to

Solas and marine accidents

Major Shipping Accidents- which has brought some of our

Definition and history

Solas and marine accidents

2- SOLAS definition and history

2- SOLAS definition and history

and their major causes

Solas and marine accidents

3- Marine accidents and their major causes

Whats a marine accident?

What is a marine incident?

Solas and marine accidents

3- Marine accidents and their major causes

Major causes of marine accidents:

Solas and marine accidents

4- Types of marine accidents

1- Offshore oil rig mishaps:

Solas and marine accidents

4- Types of marine accidents

2- Cruise vessels accidents :

Solas and marine accidents

4- Types of marine accidents

1- Commercial fishing mishaps:

Solas and marine accidents

4- Types of marine accidents

3- Accidents on oil tankers and cargo ships:

Solas and marine accidents

4- Types of marine accidents

Solas and marine accidents

4- Types of marine accidents

5- Maritime accidents because of drug and alcohol:

Solas and marine accidents

and marine accidents

Solas and marine accidents

5- SOLAS chapters and marine accidents

Includes regulations concerning the survey of the various

Chapter II-1 - Construction Subdivision and

to prevent accidents caused by stability and subdivision

Chapter II-2 - Fire protection, fire detection and

to prevent accidents caused by fires and explosions

Chapter III - Life-saving appliances and

To prevent injuries and lost of lives when abandoning

Chapter IV - Radio communications

To prevent accidents caused by Poor communications and

Chapter V - Safety of navigation

to ensure the safe navigation at sea and limit dangers of

5- SOLAS chapters and marine accidents

Ensure the correct separation between incompatible

Chapter VII - Carriage of dangerous goods

to prevent accidents caused by hazardous cargoes