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TET 4115 - 2015 Solution To Assignment 8

The document discusses optimal power flow analysis and provides explanations of key concepts: 1) Optimal power flow finds the optimal solution that minimizes an objective function, like power losses, while satisfying constraints, unlike ordinary power flow which has no constraints on solutions. 2) Variables are classified as control, state, dependent variables for building the Jacobian matrix used in optimal power flow iterations. 3) The objective function is defined as minimizing active power losses by minimizing active power at the swing bus, and the optimal power flow procedure iterates to reach the optimal solution. 4) Calculations are provided for derivatives of the objective function with respect to control and state variables, and it is shown that the gradient of lagrange multipliers equals

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131 views5 pages

TET 4115 - 2015 Solution To Assignment 8

The document discusses optimal power flow analysis and provides explanations of key concepts: 1) Optimal power flow finds the optimal solution that minimizes an objective function, like power losses, while satisfying constraints, unlike ordinary power flow which has no constraints on solutions. 2) Variables are classified as control, state, dependent variables for building the Jacobian matrix used in optimal power flow iterations. 3) The objective function is defined as minimizing active power losses by minimizing active power at the swing bus, and the optimal power flow procedure iterates to reach the optimal solution. 4) Calculations are provided for derivatives of the objective function with respect to control and state variables, and it is shown that the gradient of lagrange multipliers equals

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eh2asham1
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering

Department of Electric Power Engineering


Power Systems Group

TET 4115: Power System Analysis, FALL 2015


Solution Proposal to Assignment 8
Some Notes:
Difference between power flow and optimal power flow:
When using ordinary load flow 2n variables are specified (of the 4n variables in total) and
the 2n equations are solved to determine the value of the remaining 2n (unknown)
variables. There are no restrictions on the calculated variables.
In optimal power flow, there are 2n variables with an upper and lower limit and there are
multiple solutions that fulfill the given restrictions. The objective function is formulated
(e.g., a cost equation) and the solution which optimize the objective function (e.g.,
minimum cost) is found. The 2n variables that are calculated must also be kept within
their limits. Because of the restrictions, the objective functions might end up with a less
than optimal value, instead of the optimal value which could have been used if there were
no restrictions on the variables.

(i)

Definition of the vectors U, X, P and W:


P: |V1|, 1, P2 and P3 must be parameter values because they have a fixed value.
U: |V2|, |V3|, Q1, Q2 and Q3 may be control variables.
X: 2 and 3 must be state variables because their values are not known.
|V2| and |V3| may be state variables.
W: P1 must be a dependent variable because it belongs to the reference bus.
Q1, Q2 and Q3 may be dependent variables; at least one has to be.

The following distribution of the variables is selected because it fulfils the requirement
for a square Jacobian matrix, and because it has the least number of state variables which
reduces the amount of calculation necessary.

-1-

Bus
1
2
3
Note:

U
|V2|
|V3|

P
|V1|, 1
P2
P3

X
2
3

W
P1, Q1
Q2
Q3

This is not the only solution, but a typical one. The required number
of calculations decreases with decreasing number of state variables.
NB: There MUST be the same number of P and Q in

U and P as there are variables

in X. Otherwise the Jacobian matrix will be singular (not possible to invert).

(ii).
Generally:
n

Pi Yij Vi Vj cos i j ij
j1

In this case:
3

Pi | V |, Yij Vi Vj cos i j ij
j1

Pi Pi | V |, Pisp 0
P2 P2 | V |, P2sp 0
& P3 P3 | V |, P3sp 0

(iii). In ordinary power flow active power is specified at every bus except for the swing
bus. Reactive power is specified for all PQ nodes. We wish to find a set of equations which
can be used to find the specified values of P and Q. Newtons iteration method can be used
on the equations, which results in a linearization around an operating point. The power
flow equations must be found in order to calculate P and Q in the operating point.
Ordinary power flow is a subroutine of the optimal power flow procedure, which is why
the power flow equations are also used here.

(iv). The objective function: F F X,U, P


We wish to minimize the active power losses:
n

Ploss Pi P1 P2 P3 P1 P2sp P3sp


i1

-2-

P2sp and P3sp are constant, which means that minimization of the active losses is the same
as minimizing P1, because all constant terms become 0 when they are differentiated.

(v). The optimal power flow procedure iterates to find the optimal solution with respect
to the objective function. For each iteration, a number of variables are selected as control
variables, and their values can be regulated within given limits to reach the optimal value
of the objective function. Though, for each individual iteration the control variables are
assigned fixed values which are used in the ordinary power flow calculation.

(vi).
In order to find the numerical values of the various partial derivatives, refer to the
complete Jacobian expression given in the Appendix of the exercise.
F=P1 P2sp P3sp


X 2
3
P1

F 2 10.034

X P 18.975

1

3
P2

G 2

X P
3

2

P2
3 28.963 -19.015

P3 -19.054 37.744
3

P1

F | V2 | 0.564

U P 3.117

1
| V |
3

P2

G | V2 |

U P
3
|V |
2

P2
| V3 | 4.489 3.985

P3 3.672 6.722
| V3 |

-3-

F
X
G
X

F
U
G
U

Marginal change of the objective function due to marginal change of


the state variables
Marginal change of the power flow due to marginal change of the state
variables.
Marginal change of the objective function due to marginal change of
the control variables, without considering change of the state
variables.
Marginal change of the power flow due to marginal change of the
control variables, without considering change of the state variables.

(vii).
1

T
G T F 28.963 -19.015 10.034 1.012

X X -19.054 37.744 18.975 1.014

(viii).
F

can be written as: X

F
which in turn can be written as
G
G
X

(This is true mathematically when the element size approaches zero).


This can be interpreted as the marginal change in cost due to a marginal change in the
power flow.
(ix).

L
T
T
T 1

L | V2 | F G
F G G F
L


U L U U
U U X X
| V |
3

Substituting the values from (vi) and (vii):

L
| V | 0.259
L 2
L 0.340
| V |
3

-4-

(x).
From (ix):

L
L
0.259 positive value;
0.340 negative value
| V2 |
| V3 |
Voltage at bus 2 must be reduced and voltage at bus 3 must be increased for the objective
function to be optimized. When an optimum is reached, then the gradient is zero (unless
the variable has reached its limit).
Explanation:
From the Gradient Descent algorithm, we know that:
For minimization:
Ui1 Ui Ui
where Ui (step length) L
Ui

L
Ui

Consider a control variable, u1 such that

If

L
is positive :
u1

L
is positive, then u1 must be negative. (
u1

Since

u1

L
)
u1

L
is positive, i.e., 0.259,
| V2 |

change in the control variable | V2 | must be negative for optimal solution.


This means voltage at bus 2 must be reduced (i.e., controlled in a negative direction)
for the objective function to be minimized.
Consider a control variable, u2 such that

If

L
is negative :
u2

L
is negative, then u2 must be positive. (
u2

Since

u2

L
)
u2

L
is negative, i.e., 0.340,
| V3 |

change in the control variable | V3 | must be positive for optimal solution.


This means voltage at bus 3 must be increased (i.e., controlled in a positive direction)
for the objective function to be minimized.

-5-

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