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Calculus 1 Lec 01: Function: Hut - Department of Math. Applied

This document provides an overview of calculus functions taught in a math department course. It defines key function concepts like domain, range, and graphs. It then covers various types of functions including basic, linear, quadratic, polynomial, rational, power, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. It also discusses one-to-one functions, inverse functions, and how to find inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. Examples are provided to illustrate the different function types and concepts.

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Chu Mạnh Tuấn
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59 views18 pages

Calculus 1 Lec 01: Function: Hut - Department of Math. Applied

This document provides an overview of calculus functions taught in a math department course. It defines key function concepts like domain, range, and graphs. It then covers various types of functions including basic, linear, quadratic, polynomial, rational, power, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. It also discusses one-to-one functions, inverse functions, and how to find inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. Examples are provided to illustrate the different function types and concepts.

Uploaded by

Chu Mạnh Tuấn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

HUT DEPARTMENT OF MATH.

APPLIED
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CALCULUS 1
LEC 01: FUNCTION
(A CATALOG OF ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS)
Instructor: Dr. Nguyen Quoc Lan (December, 2012)
Email: [email protected]

CONTENTS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1- FUNCTIONS: DOMAIN, RANGE, GRAPH.


2- BASIC FUNCTIONS.
3- ONE TO ONE FUNCTIONS.
4- INVERSE FUNCTIONS
5- INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
6- HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Highschool: Function y = f(x), x independent variable , y


dependent variable
General: Function f is a rule that for each object x A we can
find exactly one object y B. We write: f: A B. A is called
the DOMAIN of the function f; B is called the RANGE of f.

Domain

Range

EXAMPLE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example : Given f ( x ) = sin x , find the domain and the range of f ( x )


Answer : D = R, Range = [ 1; 1]
Find Range of y = f(x): A value y Range of f(x) The
equation y = f(x) has at least one root.

1
, find the domain and the range of f ( x )
2
x 1
1
Answer : D : x 1. Range : Consider t he equation y = 2
x 1
y +1
2 1 = 1

2
0
y 1
y ( y + 1) 0
x
x =
y
y

Range

y 0
y > 0
y 0
y 0
Example : Given f ( x ) =

GRAPH OF FUNCTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Graph: Curve M(x,f(x))

Vertical line test: One x One y

LINEAR FUNCTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Linear function (1st degree of x): y = mx + b. Graph of linear


function: A line Linear equation: ax + by + c = 0.
The slope m of one
line (d): y = mx + b
shows the direction:
m > 0: d is up
m < 0: d is down
Vertical line x = C
does not have slope!

QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quadratic function (2nd degree of x): y = ax2 + bx + c. Graph of


quadratic function: parabola. Distinguish 2 case: a > 0, a < 0.

a > 0:
Upward

a < 0:
Downward

BASIC FUNCTIONS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Polynomial of degree n : P ( x ) = an x n + an 1 x n 1 + ... + a0 , an 0.


n = 1 : Linear; n = 2 : Quadratic, n = 3 : Cubic. Ex : y = x 3 3 x 2 + 1.

Polynomial
P(x )
x2 x 4
Rational function =
: R(x ) =
. Ex. : y =
Polynomial
Q(x )
x3

=
.
Example
:
n
N
y
x

Power function y = x , = const : = y = x n = n x : Root

< 0 y = x =

Trigonomet ric function : y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = cot x

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0 < a < 1 : Go
down

a > 1 : Go up

a > 1 : lim a x = + , lim a x = 0 0 < a < 1 : lim a x = 0, lim a x = +


x +

x +

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Definition : y = log a x x = a y (a > 0, a 1, x > 0 )

ONE TO ONE FUNCTION


---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

What

is

the

difference

between two functions f & g?


Answer: x y f(x) f(y)

f is one to one. But


g(3) = g(2) g is not so!
A function f is called a one
to one if it never takes
on the same value twice: x

y f(x) f(y)

HORIZONTAL LINE TEST


---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Horizontal Line Test: A


function s one to one if
and only if no horizontal
line intersects its graph
more than once
Example: Is the function g(x) = x2 one
to one?
Answer 1: No as g(1) = g(1)
Answer 2: Use horizontal line test

INVERSE FUNCTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Definition: Let f be a one to one function from domain A


to (range) B, that means f(A) = B. Than its INVERSE
FUNCTION f1 : B A defined by: f1(y) = x f(x) = y
Example: Logarithmic function

y = ln x
x = ey

x > 0, y R

Remark 1: f: A B f1 : B A
Remark 2: Do not mistake the 1 in f1
for an exponent: f1(x) doesnt mean
1
1
. The reciprocal
= f 1 ( x )
f (x )
f (x )

RULE TO FIND INVERSE FUNCTION


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

How to find the inverse function of a one to one f(x)


Step 1: Write y = f(x) (1)
Step 2: Solve (1) for x in terms of y (if possible)
Step 3: To express f1 as a function of x, interchange x
and y. The resulting function is y = f1(x)

4x + 5
Example : Find the inverse function of y = f ( x ) =
3x 7
4x + 5
7y +5
4
Answer : Let y =
,y
y (3 x 7 ) = 4 x + 5 x =
3
3x 7
3y 4
7x + 5
1
Inverse function y = f ( x ) =
3x 4

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Four basic inverse trigonometric functions:

y = sin 1 x = arcsin x, 1 x 1,

x = sin y

2
2
y = cos 1 x = arccos x, 1 x 1, 0 y x = cos y
y = tan

x = arctan x, x R ,

< y<

x = tan y

2
2
y = cot 1 x = arc cot x, x R , 0 < y < x = cot y

Remember :

arcsin x , arctan x ;

2 2
arccos x , arc cot x [0; ]

tan x

sin x

cos x

EXAMPLE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1
Example : Evaluate a/ arcsin
2

b/ tan arcsin
3

1
1

Solution : a/ = arcsin & sin = = sin =


2
2
2
2
6
6

1
1
b/ = arcsin < < & sin = . As sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 &
3
2
2
3
1 2 2
sin
1
tan =
=
cos > 0 cos = 1 =
9
3
cos 2 2
Simply expression cos (arctan x )

sin x = m ( = sin )

1 m 1

Answer : cos(arctan x ) =

1
1+ x2

x = arcsin m + 2 k
cos x = m [ 1,1]
x = arcsin m + 2 k ; tan x = m R

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

dx
a x
2

: x = a sin t

Question: How to find

dx
1+ x2

cosh x
sinh x
e x ex
e x + ex
, tanh x =
, coth x =
sinh x =
, cosh x =
cosh x
sinh x
2
2
Example : a/ Evaluate sinh0, cosh0 (Calculator : hyp sin & hyp cos )
b/ Show cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 1, sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x (Recognize?)
Example : Solve the equation sinh x = 1
We get directly hyperbolic formulas from all familiar
trigonometric formulas by changing cosx coshx and the sign
of any product of two sinx. For example: sin2x sinh2x

HYPERBOLIC FORMULAS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Trigonometric

Hyperbolic

sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
cos ( x y ) = cos x cos y m sin x sin y

ch 2 x sh 2 x = 1
ch ( x y ) = ch xch y sh xsh y

sin ( x y ) = sin x cos y sin y cos x

sh ( x y ) = sh xch y sh ych x

cos (2 x ) = 2 cos 2 x 1 = 1 2 sin 2 x

ch (2 x ) = 2ch 2 x 1 = 1 + 2sh 2 x
sh (2 x ) = 2sh xch x

sin (2 x ) = 2 sin x cos x


x+ y
x y
cos x + cos y = 2 cos
cos
2
2

x+ y x y
ch x + ch y = 2ch
ch
2
2

x+ y
x y
sin
2
2

x+ y x y
ch x ch y = 2sh
sh
2
2

cos x cos y = 2 sin

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