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Haar Transform
The Haar functions
The family of N Haar functions
shape of the specific function
For any value of
) and
corresponding
and
are defined on the interval
of a given index
are uniquely determined so that
is the remainder
and
depends on two parameters
t and
. The
:
is the largest power of 2 contained in
. For example, when
, the index
with the
are shown in the table:
Now the Haar functions can be defined recursively as:
When
, the Haar function is defined as a constant
When
, the Haar function is defined by
From the definition, it can be seen that
function, while
determines the amplitude and width of the non-zero part of the
determines the position of the non-zero part of the function.
The Haar Transform Matrix
The N Haar functions can be sampled at
for discrete Haar transform. For example, when
, where
, we have
to form an
by
matrix
when
, we have
and when
We see that all Haar functions
contains a single prototype shape composed of a square wave
and its negative version, and the parameters
specifies the magnitude and width (or scale) of the shape;
specifies the position (or shift) of the shape.
Note that the functions
of Haar trnasform can represent not only the details in the signal of different scales
(corresponding to different frequencies) but also their locations in time.
The Haar transform matrix is real and orthogonal:
where
is identity matrix. For example, when
In general, an N by N Haar matrix can be expressed in terms of its row vectors:
where
is the nth row vector of the matrix. The Haar tansform of a given signal vector
is
with the n-th component of
being
which is the nth transform coefficient, the projection of the signal vector
transform
matrix. The inverse transform is
onto the n-th row vector of the
i.e., the signal is expressed as a linear combination of the row vectors of
Comparing this Haar transform matrix with all transform matrices previously discussed (e.g., Fourier transform,
cosine transform, Walsh-Hadamard transform), we see an essential difference. The row vectors of all previous
trnasform methods represent different frequency (or sequency) components, including zero frequency or the
average or DC component (first row
), and the progressively higher frequencies (sequencies) in the
subsequent rows (
). However, the row vectors in Haar transform matrix represent
progressively smaller scales (narrower width of the square waves) and their different positions. It is the capability
to represent different positions as well as different scales (corresponding different frequencies) that distinguish
Haar transform from the previous transforms. This capability is also the main advantage of wavelet transform
over other orthogonal transforms.
A Haar Transform Example:
The Haar transform coefficients of a
-point signal
can be
found as
The inverse transform will express the signal as the linear combination of the basis functions:
Note that coefficients
and
indicate not only there exist some detailed
changes in the signal, but also where in the signal such changes take place (first and second halves). This kind of
position information is not available in any other orthogonal transforms.
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Ruye Wang 2013-10-30
