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    Fault Identificatio3

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    Hassan Abdo
    1. The induction method can be used to locate faults in non-metallic cabled cables. It involves passing a high frequency AC or interrupted DC through the faulty core while exploring the cable route with a search coil connected to headphones. Humming is heard from the headphones when over the fault point. 2. The impulse wave echo test uses a pulse reflection principle to locate impedance mismatches like faults. A pulse is sent through the cable and its reflection is displayed on a CRT, showing the distance to the fault based on the time delay. Portable digital fault locators now use this technique to display fault distances digitally. 3. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) sends a low energy signal through

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    Fault Identificatio3

    Uploaded by

    Hassan Abdo
    18 views2 pages
    1. The induction method can be used to locate faults in non-metallic cabled cables. It involves passing a high frequency AC or interrupted DC through the faulty core while exploring the cable route with a search coil connected to headphones. Humming is heard from the headphones when over the fault point. 2. The impulse wave echo test uses a pulse reflection principle to locate impedance mismatches like faults. A pulse is sent through the cable and its reflection is displayed on a CRT, showing the distance to the fault based on the time delay. Portable digital fault locators now use this technique to display fault distances digitally. 3. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) sends a low energy signal through

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    Using the combination of a cable analysis

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    1. The induction method can be used to locate faults in non-metallic cabled cables. It involves passing a high frequency AC or interrupted DC through the faulty core while exploring the cable route with a search coil connected to headphones. Humming is heard from the headphones when over the fault point. 2. The impulse wave echo test uses a pulse reflection principle to locate impedance mismatches like faults. A pulse is sent through the cable and its reflection is displayed on a CRT, showing the distance to the fault based on the time delay. Portable digital fault locators now use this technique to display fault distances digitally. 3. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) sends a low energy signal through

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    18 views2 pages

    Fault Identificatio3

    Uploaded by

    Hassan Abdo
    1. The induction method can be used to locate faults in non-metallic cabled cables. It involves passing a high frequency AC or interrupted DC through the faulty core while exploring the cable route with a search coil connected to headphones. Humming is heard from the headphones when over the fault point. 2. The impulse wave echo test uses a pulse reflection principle to locate impedance mismatches like faults. A pulse is sent through the cable and its reflection is displayed on a CRT, showing the distance to the fault based on the time delay. Portable digital fault locators now use this technique to display fault distances digitally. 3. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) sends a low energy signal through

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    of 2

    .

    Induction test
    The induction method can be used for the location of faults to earth in the case of a
    cable having no metallic sheath. in this test a high frequency AC or interrupted DC is
    passed into the faulty core. The cable rout is then explored with a search coil
    connected to a telephone receiver , this coil taking the form of about 200 turns made
    of fine wire wound to form a triangle of about 1 meter side fitted with head phone.
    The headphone picks up the audible hum sound while carrying it over the faulty
    cable. The humming sound stops suddenly as soon as the the search coil is away from
    the fault point.
    This method is suitable for locating fault in a non-sheathed cable.
    Since armour of the cable shields the magnetic field, no current will be induced in the
    search coil thereby no audible sound is heard.
    Sometimes, the head phones catches disturbance created by other sources.
    Precautionary measures have to be taken against such circumstances while carrying
    out the fault finding.
    7. Impulse wave echo test
    This method is based on principle that a pulse propagating along a cable will be
    reflected when it meets with an impedance mismatch. This effect can be seen on a
    cathode ray tube, CRT. The pulse propagation velocity is inversely proportional to the
    squire root of the dielectric constant of the cable. For a cable of uniform dielectric, the
    pulse reflected at the mismatch is displayed on CRT at a time delay directly
    proportional to to the distance of mismatch from the test; irrespective of the conductor
    size. The fault position is given byX= (t1/t2) x length
    Where,
    t1= pulse time to fault
    t2= pulse time to far end of cable.
    This is quickest and universally accepted. These days portable digital fault locators
    are available using wave echo technique. It consists of a unit having a crystal
    controlled digital timing method which is simpler and accuracy level. Fault distances
    are displayed in meter digitally. The fault, distance upto 25 km can be diagnosed. It
    can be used for both LT and HT cable.
    8. Time Domain Reflectometer:
    The Pulse Reflection Test Sets IRG Series for cable fault pre-location using the Time
    Domain Reflection (TDR) method on low, medium and high voltage cables. It can
    also be used on live cables up to 400 V. Further fault location methods are available
    with the application of the appropriate coupling device. Its measuring ranges enable
    pre-location on cable lengths from 0 m to 65 km (0 to 213,000 feet).
    Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR): The TDR sends a low-energy signal through the
    cable, causing no insulation degradation. A theoretically perfect cable returns that
    signal in a known time and in a known profile. Impedance variations in a "real-world"
    cable alter both the time and profile, which the TDR screen or printout graphically
    represents. This graph (called a "trace") gives the user approximate distances to
    "landmarks" such as opens, splices, Y-taps, transformers, and water ingression.
    One weakness of TDR is that it does not pinpoint faults. TDR is accurate to within
    about 1% of testing range. Sometimes, this information alone is sufficient. Other
    times, it only serves to allow more precise thumping. Nevertheless, this increased
    precision can produce substantial savings in cost and time. A typical result is "438 ft 5
    10 ft." If the fault is located at 440 ft, you only need to thump the 20-ft distance from
    428 ft to 448 ft, instead of the entire 440 ft.

    Another weakness of TDR is that Reflectometer cannot see faults-to-ground with


    resistances much greater than 200 ohms. So, in the case of a "bleeding fault" rather
    than a short or near-short, TDR is blind.
    Conclusion
    Using the combination of a cable analysis system, a surge generator and a surge
    detector/fault pin pointer, the process of underground fault locating becomes more
    efficient, gets service restored quicker and minimizes the possibility of programming
    the cable for additional faults while finding the present fault.

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