GB50236-98 Welding Code For Construction and Inspection of Field Equipment and Industrial Piping

GB 50236-98
Welding Code
For Construction and Inspection of
Field Equipment and Industrial Piping
Issue Date: Dec. 11, 1998
Implementation Date: Jun. 01, 1999
Issued by State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision and Ministry of

Construction of P.R.C
National Standard of P.R.C
Welding Code For Construction and Inspection of Field Equipment and Industrial Piping
GB 50236-98
Written by: Former Ministry of Chemical Industry of P.R.C
Approved by: Ministry of Construction of P.R.C
Implementation Date: Jun. 1, 1999
China Plan Publishing House

1998 Beijing
Notice About Issuing National Standard Welding Code For Construction and
Inspection of Field Equipment and Industrial Piping
Construction Standard [1998] No. 253
According to the requirements of the [1991] No.290 file of State Technology Committee, the Welding Code
For Construction and Inspection of Field Equipment and Industrial Piping revised by the former ministry of
chemical industry and relevant departments passed joint examination of relevant departments. Now the
Welding Code For Construction and Inspection of Field Equipment and Industrial Piping GB50236-98 is
approved as mandatory standard, and is implemented on Jun.1, 1999. The former Welding Code For
Construction and Inspection of Field Equipment and Industrial Piping (GBJ 236-82) is annulled
correspondingly.
State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry is responsible for administering this code, National
Administration Center for Chemical Construction Standardization is responsible for works such as specific
explanation etc., and the Standard Rating Research Institute of the Ministry of Construction is responsible for
its publication and issue.
Ministry of Construction of P.R.C

Dec. 11, 1998
Contents
1. General Principals ( 1)
2. General Regulations ( 2)
3. Materials ( 4)
4. Welding Procedure Qualification ( 6)
4.1 General Regulations ( 6)
4.2 Qualification Rules ( 6)
4.3 Test and Qualification (13)
5. Examination of Welders (22)
5.1 General Regulations (22)
5.2 Content And Method of Operation Skills Exam (24)
5.3 Test Piece Assessment (33)
6. Welding of Carbon Steel And Alloys Steel (35)
6.2 Preparations Before Welding (36)
6.3 Welding Procedure Requirements (38)
6.4 Pre-Heating Before Welding And Heat Treatment After Welding (40)
7. Welding of Aluminum And Aluminum Alloys (43)
7.2 Preparation Before Welding (43)
8. Welding of Copper And Copper Alloys (48)
9. Welding of Commercial Pure Titanium (52)

10. Welding of Nickel And Nickel Alloys (55)
11. Welding Inspection (58)
11.1 Inspection Before Welding (58)
11.2 Inspection In Welding (59)
11.3 Inspection After Welding (59)
11.4 Welding Engineering Hand Over Acceptance (66)
Annex A The Format of Welding Procedure Qualification Record And Welding Guide Book (67)
Annex B The Format of Welder Exam Record, Registration Shape of The Welder Exam Result
And Welder Qualification Certificate (72)
Annex C The Type and size of the bevel of Weldment (76)
Annex D Selection of Welding Materials (88)
Annex E Radiographic Test of Aluminum And Aluminum Alloys Weld (97)
Annex F Radiographic Test of Commercial Pure Titanium (102)
Annex G Wording Explanation of This Standard (104)
Additional Explanation (105)
Attachment: Article Explanation (107)
1 General Regulations
1.0.1 This code is established to guarantee the quality of welding engineering of constructional field equipment
and industrial metal pipe.
1.0.2 This code applies to the construction and inspection of the welding engineering for the covered arc
welding, argon arc welding, carbon dioxide welding, submerged arc welding and oxyacetylene welding of
carbon steel, alloys steel, aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, commercial pure titanium,
nickel and nickel alloys.
1.0.3 This code does not apply to the welding engineering of construction field joint welded boiler and pressure
vessel.
1.0.4 The safety control and labor protection of the welding engineering should be carried out according to
relevant regulations of current national guidelines, policies, laws and codes.
1.0.5 Besides this code, the construction of welding engineering has to execute the regulations of current
national standards and codes.
2.0.1 The parent metal, welding material, weld joint factor and the shape of weld bevel should be indicated in
the design documents, and requirements to welding method, pre-heating before welding, heat treatment after
welding and welding inspection should be brought up in it.
2.0.2 Welding personnel and their responsibilities should meet the following regulations:
2.0.2.1 The welding technician position should be assumed by people with technical secondary school degree
or above and a certain welding experiences.
The welding technician is responsible for evaluating welding procedure, establishing welding guide book and
welding technique measures, participating in welding quality management, dealing with welding technique
problems and sorting welding technique data.
2.0.2.2 The welding quality inspector position should be assumed by people with technical secondary school
degree or above or equivalent and a certain welding experiences and skills.
The welding quality inspector is responsible for executing complete inspection and control to field welding,
identifying welding test position, evaluating welding quality, signing inspection document and participating in
the authorization of welding technique measures.
2.0.2.3 The nondestructive detection personnel position should be assumed by people who have qualified in the
examination of national authorized professional examination organization. They will undertake welding
detection and audit work according to their qualification items in the examination and authority.
The nondestructive detection personnel should inspect the position identified by the quality inspectors, evaluate
weld quality, sign and issue inspection document and refuse to inspect weld that does not meet the appearance
inspection requirements.
2.0.2.4 The welder must take examination according to the 5 chapter in this code and begin to work after
qualified in the examination.
The welder should weld following the welding guide book and welding technique measures. When facing
operating condition that does not meet the requirements in welding guide book and welding technique measures,
the welder should refuse to weld.
2.0.2.5 The welding heating treatment personnel should take professional training..
The welding heating treatment personnel should do the heat treatment work of weld according to the relevant
regulations in the code, welding guide book and design documents.
2.0.3 The construction unit should be qualified in the following conditions:
2.03.1 The construction unit should establish welding quality management system, and the welding technicians,
welding quality inspectors, nondestructive detection personnel, welder and welding heating treatment personnel
should be available.
2.0.3.2 The welding tooling, inspection methods should meet the specification of corresponding welding
engineering.
2.0.3.3 Before the welder examination and welding starts, the construction unit should have welding procedure
qualification of corresponding program.
2.0.4 The welding environment should meet the following requirements
2.0.4.1 The welding temperature should be able to ensure that the welding temperature and welder skills are not
affected.
2.0.4.2 The wind speed should not exceed the following requirements when welding. If it exceeds the
requirements, wind proofing measures should be taken.
(1) Covered arc welding, submerged arc welding and oxyacetylene welding: 8m/s.
(2) Argon arc welding, carbon dioxide welding: 2m/s.
2.0.4.3 The relative humidity within 1m of the welding arc should meet the following requirements:
(1) Welding of aluminum and aluminum alloyss: No more than 80%
(2) Welding of other materials: No more than 90%
2.0.4.4 When the surface of the weldment is wet or covered with ice and snow, or when it rains, snows and
blows, and protective measures are not taken to protect the welder and the weldment, welding should not be
carried out.
2.0.5 For rework of disqualified weld, quality analysis should be taken before rework. When over twice
reworks are taken to a same position, rework measures must be worked out, which are to be approved by
technique principal before rework. Repairing welding procedure should be the same to original welding
procedure, and should comply with the regulations in 4.2.10.
3 Material
3.0.1 The materials used in welding engineering should comply with the regulations in design documents.
3.0.2 The materials must have quality certificate of the manufacturer, and their quality should not below the
regulation in current national standard.
3.0.3 Before the materials are used, inspection and acceptance must be made to them according to regulations
of relevant current national standard. For new material designed, the design unit should provide the weldability
data of it.
3.0.4 The welding rod should comply with current national standards Carbons Steel Welding Rod GB5117,
Low Alloys Steel Welding Rod JB2385, Stainless Steel Welding Rod GB983, Build up Welding Rod
GB984, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Welding Rod GB3669, Copper and Copper Alloys Welding Rod
GB3670 and Nickel and Nickel Alloys Welding Rod GB/T13814.
3.0.5 The welding wire should comply with current national standards Steel Wire for Welding GB1300,
Stainless Steel Wire for Welding GB4242, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Welding Wire GB10858,
Copper and Copper Alloys Welding Wire GB9460, Titanium and Titanium Alloys Welding Wire GB3623,
Superalloys Cold-drawn Wire for Welding GBn8110 and Welding Wire for Carbon Dioxide Welding
GB8110.
3.0.6 The warehouse and drying and decontaminating equipment for the welding materials in construction field
should comply with the current national standard Management Regulations for the Quality of Welding Rod
JB3223, and storage, drying, cleaning and delivering system should be established.
3.0.7 The welding flux for submerged arc welding should comply with current national standard Carbon Steel
Submerged Arc Welding FluxGB5293 and Welding Flux for Low Alloys Steel Submerged Arc Welding
GB1270.
3.0.8 The argon gas used for argon arc welding should comply with current national standard Argon Gas GB
4842 with the purity no less than 99.96%.
3.0.9 For manual argon-shielded tungsten arc welding, cerium tungsten electrode or thorium tungsten electrode
is preferred.
3.0.10 The purity of the carbon dioxide used for carbon dioxide welding should not be less than 99.5% with
water content no more than 0.0005%. Pre-heating and drying are necessary before it is used. When the air
pressure in the cylinder is less than 0.98MPa, using should be stopped.
4
3.0.11 The purity of the oxygen used for oxyacetylene welding should not be less than 98.5, and the purity of
the acetylene gas and the remaining pressure in the gas cylinder should comply with current national standard
Dissolved Acetylene GB6819. When calcium carbide is used to produce acetylene gas, the quality of the
calcium carbide could be determined by checking the sulfur and phosphorus content in the weld, and the sulfur
and phosphorus content must not exceed the standard value of the parent material.
4 Welding Procedure Qualification

4.1 General Regulations
4.1.1 After the weldability of the material is confirmed, welding procedure qualification should be made to the
material to be welded before welding.
4.1.2 The material used for welding procedure qualification should comply with the regulations in the 3 chapter
of the code.
4.1.3 Procedure measures of the welding procedure qualification sample (herein after referred as qualification
sample) such as bevel processing, grouping and cleaning etc. should comply with relevant regulations of this
code.
4.1.4 The qualification sample should be welded by skilled welder.
4.1.5 Record should be made during welding procedure qualification process, and after the qualification is
completed, welding procedure qualification report should be given and should be reviewed and approved by the
welding technique principal. The format of the welding procedure qualification report should comply with the
regulations in sub-clause A.0.1 in attachment A.
4.1.6 Before welding, welding guide book worked out based on welding procedure qualification report. A
welding guide book can be worked out based on one or several welding procedure qualification reports, and
one welding procedure report can be used to make several welding guide books.
The format of the welding guide book should comply with the regulations in sub-clause A.0.2 in attachment A.
4.1.7 When the regulations in sub-clause 2.0.3 of this code is meet, for the different construction units within
the same quality management system, welding procedure qualification does not have to be made repeatedly to
the same procedure.
4.2 Qualification Rules

4.2.1 Bevel butt welds sample is used in welding procedure qualification. Welding procedures that qualified in
bevel butt welds sample qualification can also be used in fillet welds.
4.2.2 Pipe sample or plate sample should be used as qualification sample. Welding procedures that qualified in
plate sample qualification can be used for pipe weldment, and welding procedures that qualified in pipe sample
qualification can be used for plate weldment.
4.2.3 The parent metals should be classified and grouped according to their chemical composition, mechanical
properties and welding properties as shown in table 4.2.3. Separate welding procedure qualification should be
made to parent metals that cannot be classified and grouped according to table 4.2.3.
Parent Metal Assortment and Grouping Table

Category No.
Group No.
P1
1-1
Table 4.2.3
Parent Metal Category

Carbon Steel with carbon content 0.3%
Examples
Q235-AF,Q235-A,B,C
20R,20G,20HP,10,20,25
Low alloys structural steel with tensile

2A-1
strength low limit less than 480MPa
P2A
16Mn,16MnR,16MnRc,
strength low limit 480~550MPa
15MnV,15MnVR,15MnVRC
15MnVNR,18MnMoNbR
2A-2
2A-3
strength low limit 550~620MPa
Alloys steel for use in low temperature,
2B-1
16MnDR
with the lower limit of using temperature

-40
P2B
2B-2
09Mn2VD,09Mn2VDR
-70
2B-3

-90
Refractory steel
P3
3-1
C-Mo
0.5Cr-0.5Mo
12CrMo
Refractory steel
15CrMo
1Cr-0.5Mo
P4
4-1
1.25Cr-0.5Mo
12Cr1MoV
1Cr-0.5Mo-V
Refractory steel
P5A
5A-1
2.25Cr-0.5Mo
2Cr-0.5Mo
12Cr2Mo
Table 4.2.3 continued

Category No.
Group No.
P5B
5B-1
Examples
Refractory steel
0.5Cr-1Mo
1Cr5Mo
P6
6-1
Martensitic stainless steel
1Cr13
P7
7-1
Ferritic stainless steel
0Cr13
Austenitic stainless steel

18Cr-8Ni
0Cr19Ni9, 0Cr18Ni9Ti,
0Cr18Ni11Ti, 00Cr18Ni10,
8-1
00Cr19Ni11,
18Cr-12Ni-2Mo
0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti,00Cr17Ni14Mo2,
18Cr-13Ni-3Mo
0Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti,00Cr19Ni13Mo3,
P8
0Cr19Ni13Mo3
8-2
25Cr-13Ni
0Cr23Ni13
25Cr-20Ni
0Cr25Ni20
Nickel alloys steel for use in low

P9A
temperature, with nickel content less than

2.5%
P9B
temperature, with nickel content

2.5~3.5%
P11
temperature, with nickel content 9%
Aluminum and aluminum-manganese
L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, LF21
P21
alloys
Aluminum-magnesium alloys with
LF2, LF3
P22
magnesium content less than 4%
Aluminum-magnesium alloys with
P25
magnesium content more than 4%
8
LF4, LF5, LF6, LF11

Category No.
Group No.
Examples
P31
Red copper
T1, T2, T3, TP1, TP2
P32
Brass
H62, H68,Hfe59-1-1
P41
Nickel 99.0Ni series
P42
Nickel alloys Ni-Cr series
P43
Nickel alloys Ni-Cr-Fe series
GH3030, GH3039
P45
Nickel alloys Ni-Fe-Cr series
GB1140
P51
Titanium
TA1, TA2, TA3
4.2.4 When the welding method is changed, welding procedure qualification should be made again.
4.2.5 When several welding methods are used in a same welding joint, welding procedure qualification can be
made for each kind of welding method, or make integrated welding procedure qualification, and after integrated
welding procedure qualified, each welding method can be applied to the weldment separately, however, the
thickness of the weld metal should comply with the regulations in sub-clause 4.2.9 of this code.
4.2.6 Welding procedure factor includes major factor, added major factor and minor factor. Major factor refers
to the welding procedure factors that can affect the tensile strength and bending property of the welding joints;
added major factor refers to the welding procedure factors that can affect the impact property of the welding
joints; minor factor refers to the welding procedure factors that have no significant effect on the measured
mechanical properties.
When any of the major factors is changed, welding procedure qualification must be made again; if impact
property is required in design, when adding or changing any of the added major factors, impact property
samples should be welded to test according to the added or changed added major factors; when changing minor
factors, welding procedure qualification does not have to be made again, but welding guide book must be
re-worked out.
The major factors and added major factors of the welding procedure qualification are determined according to
table 4.2.6.
Major factors and added major factors
Table 4.2.6
Argon-shielded
tungsten
arc
welding
Submerged
welding
Carbon
welding
Submerged
welding
dioxide
Carbon
welding
Consumable
electrode argon arc
welding
arc
dioxide
Consumable
electrode argon arc
welding
arc
Manual arc welding
number in the designation of steel welding rod)
Oxyacetylene
welding
1. Welding rod designation (except the third
Manual arc welding
Welding Condition
Oxyacetylene
welding
Category
Added major factors

Argon-shielded
tungsten
arc
welding
Major factors
2. When only the third number in the designation

of steel welding rod is changed, use non-hydrogen
coated welding rod to take stead of low hydrogen
coated welding rod.
Filling material
3. The diameter of the welding rod is changed to

more than 6mm.
4. Steel grade of the welding wire
5. Welding flux designation; the mixing ratio of
the mixed welding flux.
6. Add or cancel the additional filling metal: the
additional filling metal amount
7. Change virtually-cored wire to flux-cored wire,
or the opposite.
8. Add or cancel the initial filling metal: the
chemical composition range of the initial filling
metal
9. Add or cancel filling metal
Welding
Change the welding in the position qualified to
Position
upward vertical welding.
10
higher than the qualified value.

1. The proportion of the mixing protective gas
2. Change the single protective gas to mixing
protective gas, or cancel the protective gas.
1. Kind or polarity of the current
Consumable
electrode argon
arc welding
Carbon dioxide
arc
Oxyacetylene
welding
Argon-shielded
tungsten
arc
welding
Carbon dioxide
welding
arc
Submerged arc
welding
2. The highest interlayer temperature is 50
Manual
welding
than the qualified value.
Added major factors
Submerged arc
welding
1. The pre-heating temperature is 50 lower
Oxyacetylene
welding
Welding Condition
Consumable
electrode argon
arc welding
Major factors
Manual
welding
Major factors and added major factors
2.Increase line energy or the unit deposit metal

volume exceeds the qualified value (If the heat
treatment after welding has thinned the crystal
grain, line energy or deposit metal volume does
not have to be measured.)
1. The amplitude and frequency of the swing of
the welding wire and retention time at both sides
2. Change single pass welding on each face to
multi pass welding, on each face or the opposite.
3. Change single welding wire to multi welding
wire.
4. The amplitude and frequency of the swing of
the electrode (tungsten electrode) and retention
time at both sides
Note: Items marked with are major factors or added major factors of that welding method.
11
4.2.7 The recognition scope of the parent metals used in the qualified welding procedure should comply with
the regulations in table 4.2.7.
The Recognition Scope of The Parent Metals Used In The Qualified Welding Procedure
Table 4.2.7
The Parent Metals of the qualification sample
Recognition scope
One category number + the same category
Form welding joint with the same qualification test piece of the
number
same category number.
One category number + another category
Form welding joint with the same qualification test piece of
number
two category numbers.
P3+P3
P3 forms welding joint with P3, P2A, P2B or P1.
P4+P4
P4 forms welding joint with P4, P3, P2A, P2B or P1.
P5A+P5A
P5 forms welding joint with P5A, P4, P3, P2A, P2B or P1.
P5A, P4 or P3 + another lower category
P5A, P4 or P3 form welding joint with lower category number
number
In P2A category number:
Form welding joint with the same qualification test piece of the
One category number + the same category
same category number or P1
number
Form welding joint with the same qualification test piece of
One category number + another category
two category numbers.
number
P(2A-2) forms welding joint with P(2A-2) or P(2A-1)
P(2A-2)+P(2A-2)
P(2A-3) forms welding joint with P(2A-2), P(2A-2) or P(2A-1)
P(2A-3)+P(2A-3)
Note: + in the table means to weld with.
4.2.8 When changing heat treatment kind after welding, welding procedure qualification should be made again.
4.2.9 The recognition scope of the thickness of the parent metals and of the weld metal used in the qualified
welding procedure should comply with the regulations in table 4.2.9.
Recognition Scope Of The Parent Metals Used In The Qualified Welding Procedure
The thickness of the Parent Metal
of the qualification test piece(T)
Table 4.2.9
The recognition scope for the thickness
The recognition scope for the
of the Parent Metal of the weldment
thickness of wedd metal
Max.
Min.
Max.
1.5T<8
1.5
2T, and no more than 12
2S
T8
0.75T
1.5T
2S
Note: S is the thickness of the weld metal of the qualification test piece
4.2.10 Qualified welding procedures can be using in rewelding and repairing welding of the weld, and
thickness of the weldment parent metals and of the weld metal used should comply with the regulations in
sub-clause 4.2.9 of this code. When the thickness of the Parent Metal is more than 40mm, the maximum
12
thickness of the Parent Metal for weld rewelding that applied in the qualified welding procedure is not limited.
4.2.11 Qualified welding procedure can be applied in butt weldment with unequal thickness, however the
thickness of the Parent Metal at the both sides of the weldment should be within the recognition scope.
4.2.12 When the qualified welding procedure is applied in fillet weld, the thickness of the parent metals for
fillet weld are not limited.
4.3 Test and Qualification

4.3.1 The inspection and test items of the qualification test piece should be appearance inspection, radiographic
test and mechanical test.
4.3.2 In appearance inspection and radiographic test, the weld quality should not be lower than the class
standard in table 11.3.2 of this code.
4.3.3 The mechanical test to qualification test piece with heat treatment requirements should be made after heat
treatment.
4.3.4 Mechanical test should be tensile test and bending test, whose sample kind and number should comply
with the regulations in table 4.3.4. For parent metals without requirements to bending property, such as casting
bend pipe, bending test does not have to be made to its test piece.
Kind And Amount of The Sample Used In Tensile And Bending Test
Table
4.3.4
Kind And Amount of The Sample (Piece)
The Thickness of The

Parent
Metal
of
Tensile Test
Qualification Test Piece T
Bending Test
Face
Bending
Back
Bending
Side
Bending
Tensile Sample
(mm)
Sample
1.5T<10
10T<20
T20
Sample
Sample
Note: (a). When making tensile test, one total cross section test piece can take stead of two plate samples.
(b). When making bending test, for combined joint composed of two kinds of parent metals, if the
bending property of the parent metals at the two sides of the weld or of the weld metal and the
Parent Metal has obvious difference, vertical bending sample can be used for a change.
(c). For qualification test piece whose thickness 10T<20, four horizontal side bending samples can be
used to take stead of two face bending samples and two back bending samples.
13
4.3.5 When impact test is required to be made according to the design documents and relevant standards, select
three impact samples separately at the weld and the heat affected zone; for weld with different parent metals at
both sides, select three impact sample at each side of the heat affect zone.
4.3.6 For sampling of test piece, machine cutting is preferred. Conduct cold aligning before cutting. When
flame cutting is adopted for sampling, machining allowance should be reserved. The sequence and position of
sampling should comply with the regulations in Fig. 4.3.6-1 and Fig. 4.3.6- 2
discard
Reject
Reject
discard
Tensile
sample
Back bending
sample
Face bending
sample
Side bending
sample
Backup
Use
Backup
Use
Back bending
sample
Side bending
sample
Face bending
sample
Tensile
sample
Tensile
sample
Side bending
sample
Impact
sample
Impact
sample
Reject
sample
sample
Vertical
back
bending
Impact
(b) When sampling side bending sample
Tensile
Tensile
Vertical
face
bending
sample
Reject
Vertical
back
bending
discard
Reject
(a) When side bending sample sampling is not needed
Vertical
face
bending
sample
Tensile
discard
Reject
sample
Side bending
(c) When sampling vertical bending sample
Fig. 4.3.6-1 Sampling Position of Plate Test Piece

14
(a) The position of the bending sample when the tensile sample is homogeneous pipe
(b) When impact test is not required
(c) When impact test is required

Fig. 4..3.6-2 The Sampling Position of Pipe Test Piece
1Tensile sample
5- Impact sample
2Face bending sample
3Back bending sampling 4Side bending sample
(3),(6),(9) and (12) are the positioning marks for horizontal fixed position
4.3.7 For tensile sample, machining work should be used to remove high allowance of the weld, and the sample
should comply with the following regulations:
15
4.3.7.1 For test piece with thickness less than or equal to 30mm, total thick sample should be used.
4.3.7.2 For test piece with thickness more than 300mm, total thick sample can be used according to the
condition of the testing machine, it is also ok to cut the total thick sample into sub-samples with the same
thickness and minimum amount by mechanical cutting. All qualified sub-samples can take stead of a qualified
total thick sample.
4.3.7.4 For plate test piece and pipe test piece with external diameter of more than 76mm, plate tensile sample
with shoulder should be used.
The shape and size should comply with the regulations in Fig.4.3.7-2 .
Plate
Pipe
Fig. 4.3.7-1 Tensile Sample of Plate Test Piece And Pipe Test Piece With External Diameter More Than 76mm
T- Thickness of the test piece; t- Thickness of the sample; W- The width of the sample tensile face is more than
or equal to 25mm; HK-The widest width of the weld h- gripping part length, based on the requirement of the
clamp of the testing machine; L- Sample length; R- corner radius
Fig.4.3.7-2 Tensile Sample of Pipe Test Piece With External Diameter Less Than Or Equal To 76mm
16
4.3.7.5 For pipe test piece with external diameter less than or equal to 76mm, total cross section tensile sample
can also be adopted. The shape and size of sleeve total cross section tensile sample should comply with the
regulations in Fig.4.3-7-3
V clamp of the testing machine
Core rod
Fig. 4.3.7-3 Sleeve Total Cross Section Tensile Sample

4.3.8 For bending sample, remove the height allowance of weld by mechanical machining. As to the stretch
face of face bending and back bending sample, at least one side of the original surface of the Parent Metal
should be withheld, and the machining incision should be parallel to the longitudinal axis. The shape and size
of the bending sample should comply with the following regulations:
4.3.8.1 Horizontal face bending and back bending sample should comply with the regulations in Fig. 4.3.8-1
and table 4.3.8. When the thickness of the test piece is over 10mm, remove surplus thickness from the
compression face of the sample.
Size of Bending Sample
Table 4.3.8
Thickness of The Test Piece T
Thickness of The Sample t
1.5T<10
t=T
T10
t=10
17
4.3.8.2 Horizontal side bending sample should comply with the regulations in Fig. 4.3.8-2. When the thickness
of the test piece is less than 40mm, total thick side bending sample should be used with the thickness equal to
the thickness of the test piece, and when the thickness of the test piece is more than or equal to 40mm,
multi-samples with equivalent width 20~30mm can be cut in the direction of the thickness of the test piece to
take stead of a total thick sample.
4.3.8.3 Vertical bending sample should comply with the regulations in Fig 4.3.8-8-3. The vertical axis of the
sample should be parallel to the weld.
Plate
Pipe
(a) Pipe and plate face bending
Plate
Pipe
(b) Pipe and plate back bending

Fig. 4.3.8-1 Horizontal Face Bending And Back Bending Samples
Fig. 4.3.8-2 Horizontal Side Bending Sample

18
Face bending
Back Bending
Fig. 4.3.8-3 Vertical Bending Sample

Note: B is the width of the sample, width of the plate test piece B=30mm;
Width of sample of the pipe test piece B=t+(/20)mm, and 10B38mm
(whose- external diameter of the pipe, t- thickness of the sample)
4.3.9 Mechanical machining should be applied to impact sample, whose shape and size should comply with
current national standard Impact Test Method For Welding Joint. The sample should be vertical to the weld
axis, the gap axis should be vertical to the Parent Metal surface, the gap axis of the sample in weld zone should
be in the center line of the weld, and the gap axis of the sample in heat affected zone should meet the axis of the
sample within heat affected zone (See Fig. 4.3.9).
(a) Heat affected zone
(b) Weld metal

Fig. 4.3.9 Cutting Position of The Impact Sample
1- Weld metal; 2- Heat affected zone; 3- Impact sample; 4- Center line of the sample
t1-The distance between the sample and the edge of the parent material, t11mm;
t2- The distance between the center line of the sample and the edge of the Parent Metal
19
4.3.10 Mechanical test method should comply with the following regulations:
4.3.10.1 Tensile test method should comply with current national standard Metal Tensile Test Method.
4.3.10.2 Bending test should comply with current national standard Metal Bending Test Method GB232, and
the diameter of the bent axle of various parent metals used in bending test should comply with the regulations
in table 4.3.10. For the welding joint of different parent metals, the bent axle with larger diameter should be
adopted.
Diameter of the bent axle
Table 4.3.10
Thickness
of
the
Diameter of the bent
Distance between the
axle
abutments
Parent Metal category

sample
All the Parent Metals Except
t
4t
6t+3
Category 25
6 2/3t
8 2/3t+3
Category 51
8t
10t+3
Category 25 and 51
4.3.10.3 Impact test method should comply with the current national standard Metal Charpy Indentation
Resilience Test Method (for V Type Notch) GB2106 or Metal Charpy Indentation Resilience Test
Method at Low Temperature GB 4159.
4.3.11 The qualified index in mechanical test should comply with the following regulations:
4.3.11.1 When the parent metals of the sample in the tensile test are the same kind of material, the tensile
strength of each sample should not be lower than the lower limit of the standard value of parent materials
tensile strength. When the sample has two kinds of parent metals, the tensile strength of the sample should not
be lower than the lower limit of the standard value of tensile strength of the Parent Metal with lower tensile
strength; Sample that breaks on the Parent Metal outside of the weld or weld junction, whose tensile strength is
no lower than the lower limit of the standard value of parent materials tensile strength, can be judged qualified.
4.3.11.2 In bending test, the bending angle is 180. When the bending axle of the sample bends to the specified
angle, its stretching plane must not have over 3mm long cracks in any direction without counting the cracks t
the edges and corners of the sample, however, the cracks at the edges and corners caused by slag
20
inclusions or other internal defects should be counted. When making bending test, the weld center on the
sample should be aligned with the axis of the bending axle, and all the weld and heat affected zone should be
within the bending scope of the sample.
4.3.11.3 The qualified index of impact test should comply with the regulations in the design documents.
4.3.12 In mechanical test, when a sample fails to be qualified, double sampling should be made from the
original test piece and test again, and if still fails, this welding procedure should be judged disqualified, and the
welding procedure needs to be modified to make welding procedure qualification again.
4.3.13 When the design documents has test requirements to the welding joint such as metallurgical phase,
erosion resistance and hardness etc., test items should be added in the welding procedure qualification
according to the requirements. The test method and qualified index should comply with the regulations in the
design documents.
21
5. Examination of Welders
5.1.1 All the welders that work within the scope of this code should be examined following the regulations in
this chapter.
5.1.2 Company welder exam committee is responsible for organizing and implementing the welder exam,
which can be entrusted to authorized welder exam committee to organize.
5.1.3 Company welder exam committee is made up of welding engineers, radiography inspectors and welding
technicians.
5.1.4 Company welder exam committee should have corresponding welding equipment, place, test piece and
sample processing equipment, test and detection method.
5.1.5 Welder exam committee is responsible for reviewing the exam qualification of the welder, defining exam
content, providing welding guide book, supervision exam, assessing exam result, signing certificate,
establishing welder archive and examining and approving welder exam exemption qualification.
5.1.6 Welders that apply to participate in the exam should have junior high school degree or above, have taken
professional training, have the ability to assume welding work independently, and can participate in the exam
after approved by welder exam committee.
5.1.7 Welder exam includes two parts: basic knowledge and operation skills. The welder cannot participate in
the operation skill exam until they have qualified in the basic knowledge exam.
5.1.8 Basic knowledge exam should contain the following content:
5.1.8.1 Using and maintenance of the welding equipment and tools, and relevant safety protection skills
5.1.8.2 General knowledge about metal materials and welding materials and service regulations
5.8.1.3 Welding operation procedure, including welding method and characteristics, procedure parameters, line
energy, flow of slag, the effect of protective gas, operation method, welding sequence, pre-heating and
post-heating etc.
22
5.1.8.4 General knowledge about the type of detection, avoiding and elimination and prevention and dealing of
welding deformation
5.1.8.5 Necessary preparation of field welding, welding symbols in operating region and recognition
5.1.8.6 Safe operation knowledge
5.1.9 When welders with certificate take additional exam to the same welding method, basic knowledge exam
is not required. When changing welding method, basic knowledge of corresponding method should be
examined. After the welding procedure is qualified, welders that participate in the welding of test piece could
be exempted from participating in corresponding basic knowledge and operation skills exams.
5.1.10 In the welder operation skills exam, the welding procedure must comply with the requirements in the
design documents.
5.1.11 Welder who failed in the basic knowledge exam or operation skills exam will still has one chance to
makeup, and if failed again, he has to be trained for a period of time to take the exam.
5.1.12 The effective period of the qualified items is three years, and the following regulations should be met:
5.1.12.1 If one of the following regulations is meet, welder who has stopped welding for six months can resume
welding in his original qualified items.
(1) Take operation skills exam of that item and qualified.
(2) Weld plate butt weld with minimum 300mm in length to the corresponding item on spot, or weld pipe butt
weld with at least one weld junction and perimeter no less than 360mm to the corresponding item on spot,
and all qualified in radiographic test.
5.1.12.2 Within the effective period of the qualified item, if one pass rate of the welding is above 90%
according to the statistics of the negative films of radiographic test, or is above 99% according to the statistics
of weld extended meter of ultrasonic test, the three years effective period of that qualified item can be
prolonged.
5.1.12.3 For welder whose field welding quality is bad as put forward by the company quality inspection
department, after approved by company welder exam committee, his certificate of approval can be revoked, and
the welder cannot take the exam again until he has studied and has been trained.
5.1.13 After approved by welder exam committee, welders who have passed the exam based on other exam
rules can engage in the welding work within the scope of application of this code, and his accepted item should
comply with the regulations in this chapter.
23
5.1.14 Welder exam record, welder exam result registration form and welder certificate of approval shall adopt
the from the annex B of this code.
The items in welder exam result registration from and welder certificate of approval can be expressed using
code. The express method of code is as follows:
X1X2X3X4X5
Where:
X1 Class number of welding method, and the class number of combined welding method can be
expressed as X1/X2;
X2 Test piece category and position class number;
X3 Class number of parent material, the category number of steels of different kinds can be expressed
as X3/X3;
X4Class number of welding material;
X5 Additional code, welding joint with underlay in the back or double face welding joint can be
expressed as D, and the code of single face butt welding joint or all through fillet welding joint
can be omitted.
5.2 Content And Method of Operation Skills Exam
5.2.1 The welding method of the exam should be classified according to the regulations in table 5.2.1. The
exams to various welding methods cannot take place of each other. For exam to combined welding method, it is
all right to weld a test piece according to the combined welding method, and it is also ok to weld test pieces
separately according to each welding method with the thickness of the test piece complying with the
regulations in sub-clause 5.2.5 of this code.
Welding Method Classification
Welding Method Classification
Table 5.2.1
Code
Covered Arc Welding
Oxyacetylene Welding
Argon-Shielded Tungsten Arc Welding
Ws
Consumable Electrode Argon Arc Welding
Rz
Carbon Dioxide Welding
RB
Submerged Arc Welding
24
Test Piece And Weld Category And Position Class Code
Table 5.2.2
Test piece and weld category
Code
Position classification
Code
Plate test piece
Flat welding
Pipe test piece
Vertical welding
Horizontal welding or vertical fixed
Pipe and plate test piece
TP
overhead welding
Bevel weld
Pipe horizontally fixed
Fillet weld
Pipe fixed with 45inclination
Ai
Pipe rotates horizontally
Fr
5.2.2.1 Test piece of exam includes: plate test piece with bevel butt weld, plate test piece with fillet weld, pipe
test piece with bevel butt weld, pipe test piece with fillet weld, pipe test piece with fillet weld plus pipe test
piece with all through fillet weld.
5.2.2.2 Plate test piece with bevel butt weld and plate test piece with fillet weld has four positions, i.e. flat
welding position, vertical welding, horizontal welding and overhead welding (see Fig. 5.2.2-1 and Fig. 5.2.2-2).
Pipe test piece with bevel butt weld has four positions, i.e. horizontal rotate, vertically fixed, horizontally fixed
and 45inclination (see Fig. 5.2.2-3). Pipe plate test piece with fillet weld and pipe plate test piece with all
through fillet weld has three positions, i.e. horizontal welding, horizontally fixed and overhead welding (see Fig.
5.2.2-4, Fig. 5.2.2-5 and Fig. 5.2.2-6).
(a) Flat welding F
(b) Vertical welding V
(c) Horizontal welding H
Fig. 5.2.2-1 Plat test piece with bevel butt weld (PG)
(d) Overhead welding O
25
(a) Flat welding F
(b) Horizontal welding H
(c) Vertical welding V (d) Overhead welding O
Fig. 5.2.2-2 Plat test piece with fillet weld (PF)
(a) Horizontal rotate F
(b) Vertically fixed H (c) Horizontally fixed A (d)
All 45Ai
Fig. 5.2.2-3 Pipe test piece with groove butt weld (TG)
(a) Horizontal welding H
(b) Horizontally Fixed A
(c) Overhead welding O
Fig. 5.2.2-4 Pipe test piece with fillet weld (TF)
26
Fig. 5.2.2-5 Weld test pieces of tube plate angle
Fig. 5.2.2-6 Pipe plate test piece with all through fillet weld (TPG)
5.2.3 Following the regulations in Fig. 5.2.3 to check horizontally fixed welding and vertically fixed welding
on the same pipe test piece. The joint position of the two positions should be included in the exam, and if the
joint position fails to pass the check, both the two positions will be judged disqualified.
Examination position of
Examination
position
vertically fixed welding
horizontally fixed welding
of
Fig 5.2.3 Check horizontally fixed welding and vertically fixed welding on the same pipe
5.2.4 Test piece and Approval Range of position for the exam should comply with the regulations in table
27
Test Piece And Approval Range of Position For The Exam

Test piece and position for the
Table 5.2.4
Approval Range
exam
Bevel butt weld
Category
of test
Position (code)
piece
Fillet weld
Pipe with
Pipe with
outside
outside
Pipe or
pipe
Pipe or pipe plate (all
Plate
Plate
diameter
plate
through)
diameter
(code)
(not all
Flat welding (F)
600mm
600mm
Fr
H, F
H, Fr
H, F
V, F
Fr
V, F
O, F
Fr
O, F
F, V, O
F, V, O
All
All
positions
positions
H, F
V< F
O, F
Horizontal
through)
welding (H)
Vertical welding
(V)
Plate test
Overhead welding
piece with
(O)
bevel butt
Vertical welding +
weld (PG)
overhead welding
(V + O)
Horizontal
welding + vertical
welding +
All
positions
overhead welding
(H + V + O)
Flat welding (F)
Plate test
piece with
Horizontal
welding (H)
fillet weld
Vertical welding
(PF)
(V)
Overhead welding
(O)
28

Test piece and position for the
Approval Range
exam
Bevel butt weld
Category
of test
Position (code)
piece
Fillet weld
Pipe with
Pipe with
outside
outside
Plate
600mm
Fr
Fr
Fr
Fr
H, F
H, Fr
H, Fr
H, Fr
H, Fr
F, V, O
A, Fr
A, Fr
A, Fr
A, Fr
All
All
All
All positions
positions
positions
All positions
positions
All
All
All
All positions
positions
positions
All positions
positions
H, Fr
All positions
O, Fr, H
H, Fr
H, Fr
All positions
All positions
O, Fr, H
O, Fr, H
Vertically fixed
(H)
(A)
(all through)
600mm
(Fr)
piece with
(not all through)
diameter
Horizontal rotate
Horizontally fixed
Pipe or pipe plate
diameter
(code)
Pipe test
Pipe or pipe plate

Plate
bevel butt
45inclination
weld (TG)
(Ai)
Horizontally fixed
+ vertically fixed
(A + F)
Pipe test
Horizontal
piece with
welding (H)
fillet weld
Horizontally fixed
(TF) and
(A)
pipe plate
test piece
with fillet
Overhead welding
weld (TPF)
(O)
(not all
through)
Pipe plate
Horizontal
test piece
welding (H)
with fillet
Horizontally fixed
weld
(A)
(TPG) (not
Overhead welding
all through)
(O)
Note: (a) Welder who has passed the exam to the test piece with obstruction does not have to take exam to the
test piece without obstruction in the corresponding position.
(d) In vertical welding exam, if the welding direction is changed, the exam should be restarted.
29
5.2.5 The Approval Range of the thickness of test piece for exam should comply with the following regulations:
5.2.5.1 The Approval Range of the thickness of plate and pipe bevel butt weld should comply with the
regulations in table 5.2.5. When the thickness of the test piece meets the requirements of sub-coat, filling and
finishing layer deposit welding, the upper limit of the thickness is not limited.
5.2.5.2 The Approval Range of the thickness of fillet weld test piece is not limited.
The Approval Range of The Thickness of Test Piece With Bevel Butt Weld (mm)
The thickness of test piece for exam T
Approval Range
10
2T
10~20
5~2T
20
Table 5.2.5
5.2.6 The Approval Range of the outside diameter of the pipe test piece should comply with the regulations in
table 5.2.6.
The Approval Range of The Outside Diameter of Pipe Test Piece (mm)
Table 5.2.6
The outside diameter of test piece for exam D
Approval Range
25
25~76
25
76
76
5.2.7 The classification and Approval Range of the Parent Metal of test piece for exam should comply with the
following regulations:
5.2.7.1 The classification to the Parent Metal of test piece for exam should comply with the regulations in
sub-clause 4.2.3 of this code, with its Approval Range complying with the regulations in table 5.2.7-1. For
parent metals that cannot be classified according to sub-clause 4.2.3 of this code, exams should be held
separately.
The Approval Range of The Parent Metal of Test Piece For Exam
Category number the Parent Metal of test piece for
Table 5.2.7-1
Approval Range
exam D
Parent metals with category number P1~P7, parent

metals with lower category number or joints of
P1~P7
different kinds made by Parent Metal with category

number P1~P7 and Parent Metal with lower
category number.
30
Table 5.2.7-1 continued

Category number the Parent Metal of test piece for
Approval Range
exam D
Parent metals with category number P9A, P9B, P11,

parent metals with lower category number or joints
P9A, P9B, P11
of different kinds made by Parent Metal with

category number P9A, P9B, P11 and Parent Metal
with lower category number.
Parent metals with category number P22, P25,
parent metals with lower category number or joints
P22, P25
of different kinds made by Parent Metal with

category number P9A, P9B, P11 and Parent Metal
with lower category number.
Parent Metal with category number P8, P21, P31,
P8, P21, P31, P32, P51
P32, P51
Parent Metal whose category number is one of
P41~P43, P45
P41~P43 and P45.
5.7.2.2 When no bending property and other additional properties of test piece for exam is required, the
substitution of the Parent Metal of test piece for exam should follow the regulations in table 5.2.7-2, however,
the welding material must match the former parent material.
Substitution of Parent Metal of Test Piece For Exam
Table 5.2.7-2
Original regulated Parent Metal of test piece
Substituted Parent Metal of test piece
Low alloys steel
Carbon steel
Cr-Mo series refractory steel
Carbon steel or low alloys steel
Carbon steel or low alloys steel
Aluminum magnesium alloys
Commercial purity aluminum
Nickel and nickel-based alloys
5.2.8 Classification and Approval Range of welding materials should comply with the following regulations:
5.2.8.1 Classification and recognition of flux coated welding rod should comply with the regulations in table
5.2.8.2 When changing welding wire type, welding flux, protective gas and tungsten electrode kind, exams do
not have to be held separately.
5.2.8.3 When special welding rod or special welding wire such as special sub-coat welding rod, upward
welding rod of vertical welding and flux-cored wire is adopted, exams should be held separately.
31
Classification And Approval Range of Flux Coated Welding Rod

Category code
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Name
Type
Carbon steel welding rod

and other alloys steel
welding rod except
austenitic stainless steel
welding rod
Welding rods except E

welding rod
Table 5.2.8
Approval Range
F1
15 and E16
E15,
F1, F2
E16
E16
F3
E15
F3, F4
F3, F4, F5
Nickel and nickel alloys

welding rod
5.2.9 Once the one side welding without backing to the test piece for exam is qualified, qualifications of one
side welding with backing and double face welding can be achieved. Exam qualifications of one side welding
with backing and double face welding admit reciprocally.
5.2.10 The shape and size of test piece for exam should comply with the regulations in table 5.2.10. The shape
and size of bevel should also comply with relevant regulations.
Shape And Size of Test Piece For Exam (mm)
Table 5.2.10
Category of
test piece
Welding method
Submerged arc welding, consumable electrode

argon arc welding, carbon dioxide welding
500
250
Others
300
250
Submerged arc welding, consumable electrode

argon arc welding, carbon dioxide welding
500
100
100
Others
300
100
100
Pipe test
piece with
Bevel butt
weld
200
Pipe test
piece with
fillet weld
200
2D
Pipe plate
test piece
with fillet
weld
60
Plate test
piece with
bevel butt
weld
Plate test
piece with
fillet weld
Note: The meanings of the L, B and H in the table are the same to those in Fig. 5.2.2-1~6.
32
5.3 Test Piece Assessment

5.3.1 Checking items of the test piece for exam should comply with the following regulations:
5.3.1.1 Appearance inspection and radiographic test should be adopted to plate and pipe test piece with bevel
but weld. For pipe test piece with bevel butt weld whose diameter is less than or equal to 76mm, fracture
inspection can also be adopted.
5.3.1.2 Appearance inspection and macroscopic metallographic test to fracture plane should be adopted to plate
and pipe test piece with bevel but weld. Appearance inspection should be adopted to other test pieces with fillet
weld.
5.3.2 Weld with 20mm distance to either side of plate test piece should not be included in the qualification
range of the test piece for exam.
5.3.3 In fracture inspection, mechanical method should be used to machine a bevel on the surface of the weld to
be inspected, whose depth should not exceed 1/3 of the effective thickness of the weld, then break the test piece
to check the surface defect of the fracture.
5.3.4 Qualified index of the test piece should comply with the following regulations:
5.3.4.1 The quality of the appearance inspection and radiographic test to plate and pipe test piece with bevel
butt weld should not be lower than grade in table 11.3.2 of this code.
5.3.4.2 In the macroscopic metallographic test to the fracture plane of pipe plate test piece with all through fillet
weld, check on the three fracture planes A, B and C (Fig. 5.3.4), and if there exists no incomplete penetration or
lack of fusion in the root, the test piece will be judged qualified. The quality of the appearance inspection
should not be lower than grade in table 11.3.2 of this code.
Fig. 5.3.4 Fracture plane inspection to pipe plate with all through fillet weld
33
5.3.4.3 Besides the two clauses mentioned above, commercially pure titanium test piece still has to comply
with the regulations in table 11.3.3.
5.3.5 When bending property inspection is required, sample amount should comply with table 5.3.5, and
sampling of test piece should comply with the regulations in sub clauses 4.3.6 and 4.3.8 of this code. The test
method and qualified indexes should comply with the regulations in sub clauses 4.3.10 and 4.3.11 of this code.
Sample amount in bending test
Table 5.3.5
Thickness of Parent Metal T
Bending sample amount (piece)
(mm)
Face bending
Back bending
Side bending
1.5T<20
T20
Note:
(a). For combined joint composed of two kinds of parent metals, if the bending property of the parent metals at
the two sides of the weld or of the weld metal and the Parent Metal has obvious difference, vertical bending
sample can be used for a change.
(b). When 10T<20, two horizontal side bending samples can be used to take stead of one face bending sample
and one back bending sample.
5.3.6 When the welder exam requires other mechanical test, corrosion resistance properties test and
metallographic structure test, test of corresponding items to the test piece for welder exam should be made,
with the qualified indexes complying with the design regulations.
34
6 Welding of Carbon Steel And Alloys Steel

6.1.1 This chapter applies to covered arc welding, argon arc welding, carbon dioxide welding, submerged arc
welding and oxyacetylene welding for field carbon steel with carbon content less than or equal to 0.30%, low
alloys structured steel, low temperature steel, refractory steel, stainless steel and refractory and anticorrosion
high alloys steel welding equipment and pipe.
6.1.2 To make it convenient for welding and heat treatment, the weld should be kept away from stress raiser,
and the following regulations should be met:
6.1.2 When grouping steel plate reel pipe or equipment, shell ring and shell ring of vessel, shell ring and end
plate, the distance between two consecutive vertical welds should be more than 3 times of wall thickness and
no less than 100mm, and the distance between two consecutive vertical welds on a same shell ring should not
be less than 200mm.
6.1.2.2 The distance between the welder center of the pipe on the heating surface of the heating furnace and the
curvature point of pipe, outer wall of collecting box, bracket, hanger should not be less than 70mm, and the
distance between two butt welds on a same straight pipe should not be less than 150mm.
6.1.2.3 The distance between the butt weld center of other pipes except welding pipes and molding pipes and
the curvature point of pipe should not be less than the outside diameter of the pipes, and no less than 100mm.
The distance between the butt weld of pipe and bracket and hanger edge should not be less than 50mm. For the
distance between central planes of two butt welds: when the nominal diameter is more than or equal to 1500,
the distance should not be less than 150mm, and when the nominal diameter isles than 150mm, the distance
should not be less than the outside diameter of the pipe.
6.1.2.4 It is inappropriate to bore on the welds and their edge, if unavoidable, the regulations in sub clause
11.3.9 of this code should be met.
6.1.3 The shape and size of weld bevel should comply with the regulations in the design documents and
welding guide book. When no regulation is available, the type and size of the bevel of submerged arc welding
weld should comply with current national standard Basic Type and size of the bevel of Submerged Arc
Welding Weld GB986, and the type and size of the bevel of other welds should comply with the regulations in
sub clause C.0.1 in annex C.
.35
6.2 Preparations Before Welding

6.2.1 For weldment cutting and bevel processing, it is appropriate to adopt mechanical methods, and it is also
all right to adopt hot working methods such as plasma arc and oxyacetylene flame. If hot working methods are
adopted, the oxide skin on the bevel surface, slag and surface layer that affect the joint quality must be removed,
and the surface should be finished.
6.2.2 Before grouping weldments, oil, painting, encrustation, rust, burr and galvanizing coat should be cleared
from the bevel and its internal and external surface within no less than 10mm scope, and no defects such as
crack and interlay are allowed.
6.2.3 Except pipes that requires cold drawing and cold compress as regulated in design, the weldments should
not be grouped forcibly.
6.2.4 When grouping butt welds of pipes or pipe fittings, the inner wall should be aligned, with stagger amount
no more than 10% of the wall thickness, and no more than 2mm.
6.2.5 When grouping butt welds of equipment and vessels, the stagger amount should comply with the
regulations in table 6.2.5 and the following regulations.
Stagger amount when grouping butt welds of equipment and vessels (mm)
Table 6.2.5
Stagger amount
Thickness of Parent Metal

Vertical weld
Circumferential weld
12
1/4
1/4
1220
1/4
2040
4050
1/8
1/16,
1/8
and not greater 10
and not greater 10
50
Note: in the table refers to the thickness of Parent Metal for work piece
6.2.5.1 Only stagger from vertical and circumferential weld of one side welding is allowed, with maximum
stagger amount 2mm.
36
6.2.5.2 When grouping clad steel plate, cladding surface should be made the benchmark, with stagger amount
no more than 50% of the thickness of the steel plate cladding, and no more than 1mm.
6.2.6 When grouping butt weldment with unequal thickness, end face of thin weldment should be within the
end face of thick weldment. When the stagger amount of inner wall exceeds the amount regulated in sub clause
6.2.4 and sub clause 6.2.5 of this code or the stagger amount of outer wall is more than 3mm, the weldment
should be processed (Fig. 6.2.6).
(a)
a)Unequal inner wall size
b)Unequal outer wall size
(c) Unequal inner and outer

wall size
(d) Whittling down when inner

wall size is unequal
(b)
Fig. 6.2.6 Processing to bevel of butt weldment with unequal thickness
Note: In consideration of length limit as applied to pipes, the 15in Fig (a), (b) and (c) is allowed to
change to 30.
37
6.2.7 When grouping weldments, they should be leveled securely, and measures should be taken to prevent
from the additional stress and deformation caused in welding and heat treatment process.
6.2.8 When semi automatic or automatic welding is adopted, run on plate and quench plate of the same kind of
material as the Parent Metal or of the same category number should be installed on both ends of vertical weld.
6.2.9 Before welding, measures should be taken to prevent welding splash from contaminating the surface of
the weldment within 100mm area on both sides of the bevel of stainless steel weldment.
6.2.10 Welding rod and welding wire must be dried before put into use, and kept dry when using. The oil stain
and rust etc. on the surface of welding wire must be cleared before it is used.
6.3 Welding Procedure Requirements

6.3.1 The selection of welding rod and welding wire is determined after considering the factors such as
chemical composition and mechanical properties of the parent material, crack resistance of the welding joint,
pre-heating before welding, heat treatment after welding, service conditions and construction conditions etc.
and complying the following regulations:
6.3.1.1 Good properties of welding processing.
6.3.1.2 When welding the same kind of steels, the properties and chemical compositions of the weld metal
should be comparable with that of the parent material.
(1) For low temperature steel, welding material suitable for the using temperature of the Parent Metal should
be selected.
(2) For refractory and anti corrosion high alloys steel, nickel-based welding material can be selected.
6.3.1.3 Selection of welding rod when welding steels of different kind.
(1) When the parent metals at both sides are all non-austenitic steel or austenitic steel, the welding material can
be selected according to the Parent Metal at the side with lower alloys content or with medium alloys
content.
(2) When the Parent Metal at any of the two sides is austenitic steel, 25Cr-13Ni welding material or welding
materials with more nickel content should be selected.
6.3.1.4 When welding clad steel plate, corresponding welding materials should be selected for bed layer and
cladding, and intermediate layer welding material should be selected for the welding at the intermediate of bed
layer and cladding.
6.3.1.5 Selection of carbon steel and alloys steel welding material should comply with the regulations in sub
clause D.0.1 and D.0.2 in Annex D of this code.
6.3.2 For submerged arc welding, the welding flux selected should match the Parent Metal and the welding
wire.
6.3.3 Tack weld should comply with the following regulations:
38
6.3.3.1 When welding tack weld, which should be welded by qualified welder, welding material and welding
procedures that are the same to that of the root pass should be adopted.
6.3.3.2 The length, thickness and interval of the tact weld should be enough to ensure that the weld will not
crack under normal use.
6.3.3.4 Before welding root pass, check the tact weld first, and clear the defects if any before welding.
6.3.3.4 The material of clamp apparatus that welded with the Parent Metal should be of the same kind as the
Parent Metal or of the same category number. When removing clamp apparatus, the Parent Metal should not be
damaged. After removed, the remaining burr should be polished.
6.3.4 Arc strike and current test is strictly prohibited on the surface of the Parent Metal outside of the bevel, and
measures should be taken to prevent the electrical arc from damaging the surface of the parent material.
6.3.5 For weldment with nickel content more than or equal to 3% or total alloys elements content more than 5%,
in argon arc bottoming welding, argon gas or other protective gas should be filled at the inside of the weld, or
take other measures to prevent the inside weld metal from being oxidized.
6.3.6 Adopt reasonable welding method and welding sequence in welding.
6.3.7 Ensure the quality at arc starting and arc stopping place in welding. Fill up the arc crater when stopping
the arc. The interlayer joints of multi-layer welding should be staggered.
6.3.8 When welding pipe, prevent draught in the pipe.
6.3.9 Each weld should be welded in one time, unless required by procedure or inspection to interrupt. When
welding is interrupted for some reason, measures such as heat preservation or post heating etc. should be taken
to prevent crack from being generated according to procedure requirements. Before rewelding, check the
surface of weld pass, and continue to weld after confirmed that there is no crack.
6.3.10 For pipe weld that requires prestretching and precompression, The clamp apparatus used in grouping
should not be removed until overall weld welding and heat treatment is completed and qualified after
inspection.
6.3.11 Welding to low temperature steel, austenitic stainless steel, refractory and anti corrosion alloys steel,
austenitic and non-austenitic steel joints of different kinds should comply with the following regulations:
6.3.11.1 Within the scope regulated in the welding guide book, procedures such as low current, short electrical
arc, fast welding and multiplayer and multi pass welding should be adopted under the condition that through
welding and good fusion is guaranteed. Also, the interlayer temperature should be controlled.
39
6.3.11.2 For both sides welding with high anti corrosion property requirements, weld the layer which contact
the corrosive medium at last.
6.3.11.3 After low temperature steel welding has completed, it is suggested annealing treatment to the surface
of welding pass be conducted.
6.3.12 Clad steel welding should comply with the following regulations:
6.3.12.1 It is strictly prohibited to weld cladding using welding rod for bed layer and intermediate layer.
6.3.12.2 When welding intermediate layer, it is advisable to select small welding line energy.
6.3.12.3 Before welding cladding, clean the splash on the surface of the cladding bevel.
6.3.13 Conduct acid cleaning and passivating treatment to austenitic stainless steel weld and the surface around
it according to design regulations.
6.4 Pre-heating before welding and heat treatment after welding

6.4.1 Pre-heating before welding and heat treatment after welding should be conducted after the factors such as
hardening capacity of the steel, weldment thickness, structure rigidity, welding method and service conditions
etc. have been considered.
6.4.2 The interlayer temperature of weldment that requires pre-heating before welding should be within the
regulated pre-heating temperature.
6.4.3 When the weldment temperature is below 0, all the steel weld should be pre-heated to over 15
within 100mm area around the starting welding point.
6.4.5 For weld with stress corrosion, heat treatment after welding should be conducted.
6.4.5 When welding of non-austenitic steel different kinds, pre-heating temperature before welding and heat
treatment temperature after welding should be selected according to the steel at the side with worse weldability,
with the heat treatment temperature after welding no higher than the critical temperature AC1 of the other side of
steel.
6.4.6 The heat treatment temperature after welding of quenched and tempered steel should be lower than its
tempering temperature.
6.4.7 The heating perimeter of pre-heating before welding should make the weld center as the benchmark, with
the thickness of each side no less than 3 times of the weldment thickness. The heating perimeter of heat
treatment after welding is defined with the thickness of each side no less than 3 times of the weldment width.
Conduct heat preservation at places beyond heating zone.
6.4.8 During pre-heating before welding and heat treatment after welding, the temperature of the inner wall and
outer wall of the weldment should be uniform.
6.4.9 During pre-heating before welding and heat treatment after welding, the temperature should be measured
and recorded, temperature measurement point and amount should be reasonable, and temperature measurement
meter should qualified in metrological verification.
40
6.4.10 Heat treatment after welding should be conducted in time to steels that are easy to generate welding
delay cracks, if cannot, uniformly heat the steels to 200~300 immediately after welding, and conduct heat
preservation and slow cooling with the requirements to heating perimeter the same to that of heat treatment
after welding.
6.4.11 The temperature of preheating before welding and heat treatment after welding should comply with the
regulations in the design documents and welding guide book. If no regulations are available, the temperature of
preheating before welding and heat treatment after welding to normal pipe welding should comply with the
regulations in table 6.4.11, and the temperature of preheating before welding and heat treatment after welding
to equipment and vessel welding should comply with the relevant regulations in current national standard
Steel Pressure Vessel GB150.
Procedure Conditions For Pre-Heating Before Welding And Heat Treatment
After Welding To Normal Pipes
Pre-Heating Before Welding
Steel Type
Wall Thickness
Table 6.4.11
Heat Treatment After Welding
Wall Thickness
Temperature ()
(mm)
C
26
Temperature ()
(mm)
100~200
30
600~650
CMn
560~590
MnV
15
150~200
20
600~650
C0.5Mo
0.5Cr0.5Mo
650~700
1Cr0.5Mo
10
1Cr0.5MoV
1.5Cr1MoV
150~250
10
200~300
6
700~750
2.25Cr1Mo
5Cr1Mo
9Cr1Mo
2Cr0.5Mo
WV
250~350
Not limited
750~780
3Cr1MoVTi
12Cr1MoV
41
6.4.12 When argon-shielded tungsten arc welding is adopted for bottoming, the lower limit of the pre-heating
temperature before welding can be reduced to 50 according to the regulations in table 6.4.11.
6.4.13 The heating rate, constant temperature time and cooling rate of heat treatment after welding should
comply with the following regulations:
6.4.13.1 When temperature rises to over 400, the heating rate should not exceed (20525/)/h and not
exceed 330/h.
6.4.13.2 The constant temperature time of heat treatment after welding should be regulated as constant in 1h for
each 25mm thick wall, and no lower than 15min, and during constant temperature period, the difference
between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature should not be less than 65.
6.4.13.3 After constant temperature period, the cooling rate should not be less than (6525/)/h, and no
lower than 260. Natural cooling is all right when the temperature is below 400.
6.4.14 For welds that undergone repairs after heat treatment or welds whose hardness exceeds the regulated
value as found during inspection, heat treatment should be conducted again.
42
7. Welding of Aluminum And Aluminum Alloys

7.1.1 This chapter applies to manual argon-shielded tungsten arc welding and consumable argon arc welding
for field commercial purity aluminum and aluminum alloys welding equipment and pipe.
7.2 Preparation before welding
7.2.1 The selection of welding wire is determined after considering the factors such as chemical composition
and mechanical properties of the Parent Metal and service conditions etc. and complying the following
regulations:
7.2.1.1 For pure aluminum welding, welding wire with purity close to that of the Parent Metal should be
selected.
7.2.1.2 For aluminum magnesium alloys welding, welding wire with magnesium content equal to or slightly
higher than that of Parent Metal should be selected.
7.2.1.3 For aluminum manganese alloys welding, welding wire with composition close to that of the Parent
Metal or aluminum silicon alloys welding wire should be selected.
7.2.1.4 For welding of aluminum alloys of different kinds, welding wire with tensile strength close to that of the
Parent Metal of the side with higher tensile strength should be selected.
7.2.1.5 For aluminum and aluminum alloys welding, parent sliver can also work as filler metal.
7.2.1.6 Selection of aluminum and aluminum alloys welding wire should comply with the regulations in sub
clause C.0.2 in annex C of this code.
7.2.2 Weldment bevel preparation should comply with the following regulations:
7.2.2.1 The shape and size of bevel should comply with the regulations in the design documents and welding
guide book. When no regulation is available, the type and size of the bevel should comply with the regulations
in sub clause C.0.2 in annex C.
7.2.2.2 Mechanical methods or plasma arc cutting should be adopted in bevel processing. Clean the bevel
surface after cutting to make it flat and smooth, without burr and fash.
7.2.3 Cleaning before welding should comply with the following regulations:
7.2.3.1 Clean the weldment bevel, backing plate and welding wire before welding. The cleaning method is as
follows:
43
First, use organic solvent such as acetone or carbon tetrachloride to remove the oil stain on the surface, with the
cleaning range on both sides of the bevel no less than 50mm. Then, file, scratch and mill the bevel and the
surface around it or using stainless steel wire brush until metallic luster is appeared. The steel wire brush should
undergone degrease treatment periodically.
7.2.3.2 After the oil stain is removed, adopt chemical method to remove the oxide film, for which NaOH
solvent with density 5%~10% can be used. Soak the welding wire in the solvent for 30~60s under 70, then
use water to clean it, after that, soak it in HNO3 with density around 15% for 2 min under normal temperature,
then, use warm water to clean it and keep it dry.
7.2.3.3 After cleaning, the welding wire should not have water stain, alkali stain or been stained.
7.2.4 Weldment grouping should comply with the following regulations:
7.2.4.1 When welding tact weld, welding wire and welding procedure for formal welding should be adopted,
and qualified welder is responsible for the welding.
7.2.4.2 The length, interval and height of the tact weld for equipment and vessel should comply with the
regulations in table 7.2.4-1, and the size of pipe tact weld should comply with the regulations in table 7.2.4-2.
Size of Tact Weld For Equipment And Vessel (mm)
Table 7.2.4-2
Length
Plate Thickness
Interval
Weld Height
Vertical Weld
1~3
20~60
1~3
5~15
10~20
2~8
60~180
3~4
15~25
20~30
8~14
180~250
3~6
20~30
30~40
14
250~350
4~6
30~50
40~70
Size of Pipe Tact Weld (mm)

Nominal Diameter
Position And Amount
50
Two symmetric points
50~150
150~200
Rectangular
distributed 2~3 points
Rectangular
Table 7.2.4-2
Weld Height
Length
5~10
Determined based on
the thickness of the
5~10
weldment
10~20
distributed 3~4 points
44
7.2.4.3 Check the tact weld before formal welding, and deal with the defect found in time. The oxide film on
the surface of tact weld should be cleaned, and finish its both sides to gentle slope.
7.2.4.3 When removing the positioning board, the Parent Metal should not be damaged, and the remaining
burrs should be finished to level with the Parent Metal surface.
7.2.5 When permanent backing plate is required to be added on the back of weld, the material of backing plate
should comply with the design regulations. If no regulations are available, the backing should have grooves on
it to accommodate weld root. When temporary backing plate is required to be added on the back of weld, the
material of backing plate should not have bad influence on weld quality.
7.2.6 The inner wall of pipe butt weld should be flat, with the stagger amount complying with the following
regulations:
7.2.6.1 When the wall thickness is less than or equal to 5mm, the stagger amount of inner wall should not be
more than 0.5mm.
7.2.6.2 When the wall thickness is more than 5mm, the stagger amount of inner wall should not be more
than 0.1mm, and no more than 2mm.
7.2.7 The stagger amount of butt weld for equipment and vessel should comply with the regulations in table
7.2.7.
Stagger Amount of Butt Weld For Equipment And Vessel
Table 7.2.7
Stagger amount
Parent Metal thickness

Vertical weld
0.5
0.2, and 5
0.1, and 2
7.2.8 When grouping butt weldment with unequal thickness, end face of thin weldment should be within the
end face of thick weldment. When the stagger amount of surface exceeds 3mm or the stagger amount of inner
wall exceeds 2mm, the weldment should be processed according to the regulations in sub clause 6.2.6 of this
code.
45
7.3.1 AC power supply should be adopted in manual argon-shielded tungsten arc welding, and DC power
supply should be adopted in consumable electrode argon arc welding with the welding wire connecting the
anode.
7.3.2 Keep the weldment surface dry, and if no special requirements, pre-heating is not necessary.
7.3.3 Conduct test welding on the test coupons before welding, and do not begin formal welding until no gas
cavity is found.
7.3.4 It is suggested strong current fast welding method be adopted, however, the horizontal swing of the
welding wire should not exceed 3 times of its diameter.
7.3.5 Arc strike should be conducted on the run on plate, and arc quenching for vertical weld should be
conducted on quenching plate. The material of run on plate and quenching plate should be the same to the
parent material.
7.3.6 The end of welding wire for manual argon-shielded tungsten arc welding should not leave the argon
shield zone. It is suggested the included angle between the welding wire and the weld surface be 15 and the
included angle between the welding torch and the weld surface be 80~90.
7.3.7 In multi-layer welding, it is advisable to decrease welding layers and cool the interlayer temperature to
room temperature and no more than 65. The interlayer inclusions such as aluminum oxide should be cleared
by using mechanical method.
7.3.8 For vertical weld with thickness over 5mm, it is suggested two welders both faces synchronous welding
procedure be adopted.
7.3.9 When the front end of the tungsten electrode for argon-shielded tungsten arc welding is contaminated or
has irregular shape, the tungsten electrode should be modified or replaced. When touch tungsten phenomena
happens, the tungsten electrode, welding wire and pool should be cleaned before they are put into use.
7.3.10 When current contact nozzle and nozzle fusing into weld phenomena happens in consumable electrode
argon arc welding, the weld at that position should be removed, and the current contact nozzle and nozzle must
be replaced before resuming welding.
7.3.11 The welding procedure parameters of manual argon-shielded tungsten arc welding and consumable
electrode argon arc welding should comply with the regulations in table 7.3.11-1, table 7.3.11-2 and table
7.3.11-3.
7.3.12 The following measures should be taken to prevent the weldment from deformation:
7.3.12.1 For weld that easy to induce magnetic blow, the clamp apparatus used for grouping should be made of
non-magnetic material.
7.3.12.2 Welding should be conducted symmetrically. When welding is conducted from center to outside, weld
with large contraction amount should be welded first, and the welding to the overall weld pass should be
finished consecutively.
46
Parameters of Manual Argon-Shielded Tungsten Arc Welding Procedure
Table 7.3.11-1
Thickness
(mm)
Welding
layers
Diameter of
welding wire
(mm)
Diameter of
tungsten
electrode
(mm)
Diameter of
nozzle (mm)
Welding
current (A)
Argon flow
(L/min)
1~3
1.6~3.0
1.6~3.2
8~12
40~140
8~12
4~8
2~3
3.0~5.0
2.4~5.0
10~14
140~320
10~16
8~12
3~4
4.0~6.0
4.0~6.4
12~16
240~360
14~20
Parameters of semi automatic consumable electrode argon arc welding procedure
Table 7.3.11-2
Thickness (mm)
Diameter of
welding wire
(mm)
Diameter of
nozzle (mm)
Welding current
(A)
Voltage of
electric arc (V)
Argon flow
(L/min)
8~12
1.6~2.5
20
180~310
20~30
50~55
14~22
2.5~3.0
20
300~470
30~42
60~70
Parameters of automatic consumable electrode argon arc welding procedure
Table 7.3.11-2
Thickness
(mm)
Diameter of
welding wire
(mm)
Diameter of
nozzle (mm)
Welding
current (A)
Voltage of
electric arc
(V)
Argon flow
(L/min)
Welding
speed
(cm/min)
2.5
22
230~260
20~22
30~33
40
2.5
22
300~320
20~22
30~33
35~45
10
3.0
22
310~320
24~27
30~33
30
12
3.0
22
320~350
27~28
30~33
25
16
4.0
28/17
380~420
28~32
35~40
28~32
20
4.0
28/17
480~520
28~32
35~40
28~32
26
4.0
30/17
550~560
28~34
40~60
24~28
7.3.12.3 When welding butt weldment with unequal thickness, restriction measures should be strengthened, and
contraction allowance should be left.
7.3.12.4 It is suitable for the weldment to be fixed with rigid methods or the reverse-deformatiom methods, and
to have some margins for shrinkage.
47
8 Welding of Copper And Copper Alloys

8.1.1 This chapter applies to manual argon-shielded tungsten arc welding for red copper equipment and pipe
and oxyacetylene welding for brass equipment and pipe.

8.2.1 Selection of welding material should comply with the following regulations:
8.2.1.1 For red copper welding, welding wire that contains deoxidizing elements and has good crack resistance
should be selected.
8.2.1.2 For brass welding, welding wire that contains a modicum of zinc and has good crack resistance should
be selected.
8.2.1.3 Copper and copper alloys welding wire and welding flux should be selected according to the regulations
in sub clause D.0.4 in annex D of this code.
8.2.2 Weldment bevel preparation should comply with the following regulations:
8.2.2.1 The shape and size of bevel should comply with the regulations in the design documents and welding
8.2.2.2 Mechanical methods or plasma arc cutting should be adopted in the cutting of red copper and brass and
bevel processing.
8.2.3 Use organic solvent such as acetone or carbon tetrachloride to remove the oil stain on the surface of the
bevel within no less than 20mm range at both sides and on the welding wire. After that, remove the oxide film
etc. by adopting mechanical method or chemical method to make it appear metallic luster. When adopting
chemical method, use nitric acid solvent with density 30% to soak the object for 2~3min, then use water to
clean it and keep it dry.
8.2.4.1 The inner wall of pipe butt weld group should be flat, with the stagger amount of the inner wall no more
than 10% of the pipe wall thickness and no more than 2mm.
8.2.4.2 The stagger amount of butt weld for equipment, vessel and reel pipe should comply with the following
regulations:
1)The stagger amount of vertical weld should be less than or equal to 0.1, and no more than 2mm;
48
2)The stagger amount of circumferential weld should be less than or equal to 0.2, and no more than 5mm;
8.2.4.3 For the grouping butt weldment with unequal thickness, when the stagger amount is more than 3mm or
the stagger amount of single face of pipe weld is more than 2mm, the weldment should be processed according
to the regulations in sub clause 6.2.6 of this code.
8.2.4.4 When grouping equipment, neighboring barrel body of vessel or end plate and barrel body, the distance
between the vertical welds should not be less than 100mm.
8.2.4.5 It is not appropriate to bore on the weld and its edge, if boring is necessary, it should comply with the
regulations in sub clause 11.3.9 of this code.
8.3 Welding procedure requirements

8.3.1 When welding tack weld, which should be welded by qualified welder, welding material and welding
procedures for formal welding should be adopted. If defects such as crack and gas cavity are found in the tact
weld, it must be rewelded.
8.3.2 For copper pipe, turning welding should be adopted at the welding position, and for copper plate, flat
welding should be adopted at the welding position.
8.3.3 Each weld must be welded consecutively, no interruption is allowed.
8.3.4 Red copper argon-shielded tungsten arc welding should comply with the following regulations:
8.3.4.1 Use DC power supply with the Parent Metal connecting the anode.
8.3.4.2 Inspect the quality of the bevel before welding. No defects such as crack, delamination and slag
inclusions are allowed, if any, the bevel should be repaired or reprocessed.
8.3.4.3 Before welding, mix the cubond with absolute alcohol and stir it to paste, then coat the paste on the
bevel or the surface of the welding wire, and weld immediately.
8.3.4.4 When the weldment thickness is more than 3mm, uniformly preheat the bevel within 150mm on both
sides of it before welding, with preheating temperature 350~550.
8.3.4.5 When touch tungsten phenomena appears, the tungsten electrode, welding wire and pool should be
cleaned before they are put into use.
8.3.4.6 When conducting preheating or multi-layer welding, the oxide layer on the surface of the weldment and
interlayer oxide layer must be removed in time, and the interlayer temperature should be controlled at 300~400
.
8.3.5 Brass oxyacetylene welding should comply with the following regulations:
8.3.5.1 It is suggested micro-oxidizing flame and lefthand welding methods be adopted.
49
8.3.5.2 Uniformly preheat the bevel within 150mm on both sides of it before welding. When the plate thickness
is 5~15mm, the preheating temperature should be 400~500, and when the plate thickness is more than 15mm,
the preheating temperature should be 500~550.
8.3.5.3 Before welding, the welding wire should also be heated and dipped with welding flux.
8.3.5.4 It is suggested single pass welding be adopted. When multi layer welding is adopted, thicker welding
wire should be adopted for all the layers to reduce number of weld layer, except thin welding wire for bottom
layer. The slag on the surface of each layer should be removed and the joints should be staggered.
8.3.5.5 In different kinds of brass welding, the flame should lean to the side of Parent Metal with high melting
point to ensure excellent fusion of the Parent Metal on both sides.
8.3.5.6 It is suggested the selection of the type of brass oxyacetylene welding torch and the diameter of welding
wire comply with the regulations in table 8.3.5
Selection of the type of brass oxyacetylene welding torch and the diameter of welding wire
Table 8.3.5
Weldment
Welding wire
Welding torch
thickness (mm)
diameter (mm)
type (mm)
Welding tip
Pre-heating tip
pressure (MPa)
1~3
2~3
H01~2
100~150
0.05~0.06
3~4
H01~6
100~300
0.05~0.06
4~6
4~5
H01~6
225~350
225~350
0.05~0.06
6~10
4~8
H01~12
500~700
500~700
0.06~0.07
10
6~8
750~1000
750~1000
0.06~0.07
Oxyacetylene flow (L/h)
Oxyacetylene
H01~12
H01~20
8.3.6 The heat treatment after brass welding should comply with the following regulations:
8.3.6.1 After brass welding, conduct heat treatment to the weldment, and before heat treatment is conducted,
deformation prevention measures must be taken. The weld center is made as the benchmark of the heating
range, with each side no less than 3 times of the weld width.
8.3.6.2 Heat treatment temperature should comply with the regulations in design documents and welding guide
book. If no regulations are available, refer to the normal heat treatment temperature:
50
1) The temperature of annealing to remove welding stress is 400~450.

2) The temperature of softening annealing is 500~600.
8.3.6.3 For welds that need rework after heat treatment, heat treatment should be conducted again after
reworking.
51
9 Welding of Commercial Pure Titanium

9.1.1 This chapter applies to manual argon-shielded tungsten arc welding for commercial pure titanium
equipment and pipe.
9.2.1 Selection of welding material should comply with the following regulations:
9.2.1.1 The chemical composition and mechanical properties of the welding wire should be comparable to that
of the parent material.
9.2.1.2 When the weld has high plasticity requirements, welding wire with purity higher than the Parent Metal
should be adopted.
9.2.2 The shape and size of bevel should comply with the regulations in the design documents and welding
9.2.3 The cleaning of the bevel and welding wire should comply with the following regulations:
9.2.3.1 Oil stain on the bevel and its inner and outer surface within no less than 50mm range at both sides and
on the surface of the welding wire should be removed, and remove the oxide film, burr and surface defects by
adopting mechanical methods such as fine file or stainless steel wire brush and milling cutter. The cleaning
tools should be dedicated and be kept clean.
9.2.3.2 After mechanical cleaning, the surface cannot be degreased using acetone containing sulfur or ethanol,
and chlorinated solvent such as trichloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride etc. are strictly prohibited. Do not
attach cotton fiber on the surface of the bevel.
9.2.4 Grouping the welds of pipes or pipe fitting should comply with the following regulations:
9.2.4.1 When grouping pipes or pipe fittings with the same wall thickness, the inner wall should be flat, with
stagger amount no more than 10% of the wall thickness and no more than 1mm.
9.2.4.2 For grouping of pipes or pipe fittings with the different wall thickness, when the stagger amount
exceeds the standard as mentioned above, process the pipes or pipe fittings according to the regulations in sub
clause 6.2.6 of this code.
9.2.5 Formal welding material and welding procedures should be adopted for tact weld, and qualified welder is
responsible for welding. The weld length is suggested at 10~15mm, and its height should not exceed 2/3 of the
wall thickness. The welding spot number is determined based on pipe diameter and wall thickness.
52
The tact weld should not have defects such as crack, gas cavity, slag inclusions and oxidative stain etc, if any,
they must be removed in time.
9.2.6 The diameter of tungsten electrode should be selected according to the welding current used, with its end
polished to cone (Fig. 9.2.6).
R ball/4
Fig. 9.2.6 Size And Shape of Tungsten Electrode End
- Diameter of Tungsten Electrode

9.3.1 DC power supply and straight polarity method should be adopted in argon-shielded tungsten arc welding.
9.3.2 It is suggested to adopt horizontally turning flat welding in the welding position.
9.3.3 Under the preconditions that fusion penetration and good formation are ensured, select small line energy
welding. The interlayer temperature should not be lower than 200. The welding procedure parameters should
comply with the regulations in table 9.3.3
Welding procedure parameters
Wall
thickness
(mm)
Welding
layer
Diameter
Diameter
of
of
Diameter
tungsten
welding
of nozzle
electrode
wire
(mm)
(mm)
Table 9.3.3
Interlayer
Welding energy input
temperature
()
(mm)
Welding
Arc
Welding
current
voltage
speed
(A)
(V)
(cm/min)
10
1
2.0
2.0
1216
Argon flow (L/min)
200
4070
Nozzle
shielding
case
812
1625
Back
12
80
34
57
2.0
2.4
2.0
1620
1620
layer
1620
110
14
100
12
10
8
12
7.5
200
Multi
3
12
200
2530
140
14
15
120
12
12
200
15
8
2530
180
14
15
15
53
9.3.4 The followings measures should be taken to protect the welding pool and the welding zone of inner and
outer surface of the welding joint:
9.3.4.1 Adopt torch tip to protect the welding pool, with the tip diameter 12~20mm. The argon sprayed must be
kept at steady laminar flow state.
9.3.4.2 Adopt torch cover to protect the weld in thermal state. The shape of the torch cover is determined
according to the shape and size of the weldment.
9.3.4.3 Fill argon in the pipe to protect the weld and the inner surface around it. Fill argon in the pipe in
advance to empty the air, and keep slight positive pressure and flow state of the argon.
9.3.5 Adopt high frequency arc strike when welding, and torch tip must feed argon in advance. Adopt current
attenuation device and gas delay protective device when quenching the arc. The arc crater must be filled up and
must prevent from air pollution.
9.3.6 In welding, the heating end of the welding wire must be shielded by argon. After quenching, the welding
wire should not be exposed in the air immediately, and it should be taken out at the time the weld is out of
argon shield.
9.3.7 In welding, the electrical arc should be kept steady to prevent the tungsten electrode from contacting the
weldment or welding wire, thus causing tungsten inclusion. If tungsten inclusion happens, the defects must be
removed before resuming welding.
54
10. Welding of nickel and nickel alloys

10.1 This chapter applies to argon-shielded tungsten arc welding and covered arc welding for nickel and nickel
alloys pipe.
10.2.1 Selection of nickel and nickel alloys welding material should comply with the following regulations:
10.2.1.1 For the welding of nickel material of the same kind, welding material that is the same to parent alloys
series should be selected
10.2.1.2 For the welding of nickel material of different kind and of nickel material and austenitic steel, welding
material whose expansion coefficient is similar to that of the Parent Metal should be selected.
10.2.2 Bevel processing should comply with the following regulations:
10.2.2.1 Select bevel with wide angle and small root face and comply with the regulations in design documents
and welding guide book. If no regulations are available, the type and size of the bevel should comply with the
regulations in sub clause C.0.5 in annex C.
10.2.2.2 Mechanical methods should be adopted in weldment cutting and bevel processing. When plasma arc
cutting is adopted, the processing surface must be cleaned.
10.2.2.3 Before grouping, clean the bevel within no less than 50mm range at both sides. The oil stain can be
degreased by steam, and for paint and other impurities that cannot be dissolved in degreasing agent, methyl
cleaning agents such as chloride and alkali can be used. Marking ink can be removed using methanol. The
impurities that pressed in the surface of the weldment can be removed by grinding and shot blasting or 10%
hydrochloric acid. Then use water to clean it and keep it dry before welding.

10.2.3.1 When grouping pipes or pipe fitting wit the same wall thickness, the inner wall should be flat, with the
stagger amount of inner wall no more than 0.5mm.
10.2.3.2 For grouping of pipes or pipe fittings with the different wall thickness, when the stagger amount is
more than 0.5mm, process the pipes or pipe fittings according to the regulations in sub clause 6.2.6 of this code.
55
10.2.4 Tact weld should comply with the following regulations:

10.2.4.1 Formal welding material and welding procedures should be adopted for tact weld, and qualified welder
is responsible for welding.
10.2.4.2 When argon-shielded tungsten arc welding is adopted for tact weld, its back should be shield by argon.
10.2.4.3 The tact weld should distributed uniformly with the length suggested at 10~15, height 2~4 and no
more than 2/2 of the wall thickness.
10.2.4.4 The tact weld should ensure through welding and good fusion, and no defects such as gas cavity and
slag inclusions.
10.2.4.5 The tact weld should be transited to the Parent Metal gently, and both ends of the weld should be
grinded to gentle slope.

10.3.1 When welding the bottom pass of nickel and nickel alloys pipe, it is suggested argon-shielded tungsten
arc welding method be adopted. If covered arc welding method is adopted, it is suggested dedicated bottoming
welding rod be used.
10.3.2 Small line energy should be used for welding, and the arc voltage should be kept steady. Adopt operation
method that no swing or slight swing for short arc should be adopted.
10.3.3 For multi-layer welding, it is suggested multi-pass welding be adopted. After bottoming pass is welded,
checking the surface of the pass with the help of magnifying glass, and after each pass is welded, remove the
slag on the surface of the pass thoroughly, remove all kinds of surface defects, and the joints of each pass
should be staggered.
10.3.4 When the temperature of the weldment is below 15, thoroughly heat the weld to 15~20 within
300mm range at both sides, and
for thick wall weldment with big restriction, it is suggested to take preheating
measures. The interlayer temperature should not be below 100.

10.3.5 When argon-shielded tungsten arc welding is adopted for welding bottom pass, the back of the weld
should be shielded by argon. During welding, the heating end of the welding wire should be shielded by
protective gas.
10.3.6 The surface of the weldment is not allowed to be scraped by electrical arc, and arc strike and arc
quenching is not allowed on the surface of the weldment. When quenching the arc, the arc crater should be
filled up, and the arc crater defects should be polished.
10.3.7 For pipe with small diameter, when welding, it is suggested measures such as attaching cooling copper
blocks on both sides of the weld and wiping the weld on both sides using wet cloth be taken to reduce the
56
residence time at high temperature and increase cooling speed.

10.3.8 After welding is finished, clean the slag on the surface of weld and surface splash immediately.
57
11. Welding Inspection

11.1 Inspection Before Welding
11.1.1 Engineering parent metals and welding materials must be inspected and accepted according to the 3
chapter of this code before they are put into use, and the disqualified should not be used.
11.1.2 Before grouping, inspect the main structure size, bevel size and bevel surface to the parts, and the quality
should comply with the following regulations:
11.1.2.1 The structure size should comply with the regulations in the design documents.
11.1.2.2 The Bevel Type and size should comply with the regulations in the design documents, welding guide
book or annex C of this code.
11.1.2.3 When nondestructive test to the bevel surface is required in the design documents and relevant
regulations, inspection and defect handling must be conducted before welding.
11.1.2.4 The bevel surface should not have defects such as interlayer, crack, processing damage, burr and flame
cutting slag.
11.1.3 After grouping, check the shape, position, stagger amount, angular deformation, grouping clearance and
landing of lap joint, and confirm that they comply with relevant regulations in the design documents, welding
guide book and this code.
11.1.4 Before welding, check the cleaning quality of the bevel and its both sides. The cleaning width and the
cleaned surface should comply with the regulations in this code and the welding guide book.
11.1.5 Before welding, check for dry and clean welding environment, welding tooling and welding material,
and confirm that they comply with the regulations in this code and the welding guide book.
11.1.6 For weld with preheating requirements, the preheating temperature in preheating zone should be checked
and recorded. The preheating temperature and the width of preheating zone should comply with relevant
regulations in the design documents, welding guide book and this code.
11.1.7 Welding is strictly prohibited before the inspections requirements in this paragraph is met.
58
11.2 Inspection In Welding

11.2.1 After the tact weld is welded, the slag crust should be removed to make inspection, and welding is not
allowed until the defects have been removed.
11.2.2 For weld with welding line energy requirements, the arc voltage, welding current and welding speed
must be measured and recorded when welding. The welding line energy should comply with the regulations in
welding guide book.
11.2.3 When there is definite regulations to welding layer, the welding layer number must be checked. The
layer number and thickness of each layer should comply with the regulations in welding guide book.
11.2.4 After each layer in multi-layer welding is welded, conduct interlay cleaning and appearance inspection
immediately, and the welding to next layer is not allowed until the defects have been removed.
11.2.5 For weld with interlayer nondestructive test requirements, the nondestructive test should be made after
the appearance inspection is qualified. Surface nondestructive test should be made prior to radiographic test and
ultrasonic test. Welding is not allowed to resume until the weld has qualified in the inspection.
11.2.6 For weld with definite regulations to interlay temperature, the interlay temperature should be inspected
and recorded and should comply with the regulations in welding guide book.
11.2.7 For weld that has been interrupted, cleaning and inspection should be made before resuming welding.
The welding is not allowed to resume until the defects found has been removed and the regulated preheating
temperature has been arrived.
101.2.8 When welding double-face weldment, the back of the weld root should be cleaned and inspected, and
the back weld should be welded after the defects have been removed. For weld with back gouging requirements,
appearance inspection and regulated nondestructive test should be made after back gouging. The welding is not
allowed until the defects have bee removed.
11.2.9 If required by design documents, relevant standards or welding guide book to inspect the test piece in
welding, the inspection method and approval standard should comply with the regulations in paragraph 4.3 of
this code or relevant standards.
11.3 Inspection after welding

11.3.1 Unless required by welding guide book, remove the slag crust and splash immediately after welding,
clean the weld surface and make weld appearance inspection.
59
11.3.2 The weld quality should be graded according to the regulations in table 11.3.2
11.3.3 The quality of weld appearance should comply with the following regulations:
11.3.3.1 The appearance quality of welds whose weld factor is 1 as regulated in the design documents or welds
that require 100% radiographic test or ultrasonic test should not be lower than the grade regulated in table
11.3.2 of this code.
11.3.3.2 The appearance quality of weld that requires local radiographic test or ultrasonic test as regulated in
the design documents should not be lower than the grade regulated in table 11.3.2 of this code.
11.3.3.3 The appearance quality of welds that do not require nondestructive test should not be lower than the
grade regulated in table 11.3.2 of this code.
11.3.3.4 For titanium and titanium alloys weld, besides inspection above mentioned, color and luster inspection
still has to be made to the weld surface before cleaning after welding. The luster inspection should comply with
the regulations in table 11.3.3
Luster inspection to the surface of titanium and titanium alloys weld
Table 11.3.3
Surface color of weld
Protective effect
Quality
Silver (metallic luster)
Excellent
Qualified
Golden yellow (metallic luster)
Good
Qualified
Oxidized in low temperature, the

Qualified
surface is contaminated
Purple (metallic luster) (note)
Oxidized in high temperature, the
Blue (metallic luster)
surface is contaminated seriously,
Disqualified
and conductance is degraded.

Grey (metallic luster)
Dark grey
Not effective, the surface is
Ash grey
seriously contaminated.
Disqualified
Yellow white
Note: Pickling process is a good way to differentiate low temperature oxidation and high temperature oxidation.
If purple and blue can be washed away, it is low temperature oxidation, if not, it is high temperature. The
formula of pickle acid is: 2%~4%HF+30%~40%HNO3+excess water (volume ratio). The temperature of pickle
acid should not be higher than 60, and the pickling time is suggested at 2~3min. After pickling, rinse the
weld and dry.
60
Grading Standard For Weld Quality
Table 11.3.2
Grade
Inspection item
Defect name
Appearance
Crack
Not permitted
quality of weld
Two gas cavities with diameter

0.3 and 2mm in each
50mm range of the weld is
Surface gas cavity
Not permitted
permitted
Cavity distance6 cavity
diameter
Surface inclusion
Two gas cavities with diameter

0.4 and 3mm in each
50mm range of the weld is
permitted
Cavity distance6 cavity
diameter
Depth 0.1, length 0.3
Depth 0.2, length 0.5
and 10mm
and 20mm
Not permitted
0.05and 0.5mm,
consecutive length 100mm,
Undercut
Not permitted
the total length of undercut on

both sides of the weld 10%
of the total length of the weld
0.21and 1mm.
No limitation on length
Allowable value for one side

welding without backing0.15
Not through
and 1.5mm.
Not permitted
Total length of defect will not

exceed within 6long range
of the weld
61
0.2and 2.0mm
Total length of defect 25mm
within 100mm range of the
weld
Grade
Inspection item
Defect name
0.2+0.02 and
Root contraction
0.2+0.02 and 1mm
0.2+0.04 and 2mm
0.5mm
Not permitted
No limitation on length
Appearance
Fillet weld lack of
quality of weld
thick
Asymmetrical leg of
fillet weld
Excess welding metal
Not permitted
Difference1+0.1a
1+0.10b, maximum 3mm
0.3+0.05 and 1mm
0.3+0.05 and 2mm
weld
weld
2+0.15a
2+0.2a
1+0.2b, maximum 5mm
62

Grade
Inspection
Defect name
item
Carbon steel
and alloy steel
Gradein GB3323
Grade in GB3323
Grade in GB3323
Gradein annex E
Gradein annex E
Grade in annex E
Gradein GB3323
Grade in GB3323
Grade in GB3323
Aluminum and
aluminum
Internal
Radiographic
quality of butt
weld
test
Not required
alloys
Copper and
copper alloys
Commercial
pure titanium
Nickel and
nickel alloys
Qualification grade in annex E

Gradein GB3323
Ultrasonic test
Grade in GB3323
Gradein GB11345
Not required
Grade in GB3323
Not required
Grade in GB11345
Not required
Note:
(a). When the undercut is grinded and transited smoothly, evaluation can be made according to the minimum allowable thickness of the thinner Parent Metal
of the weld.
(b). When the asymmetrical leg of fillet weld is transited smoothly under a certain conditions, it is not restricted by this regulation (e.g. lap joint or butt joint
of plate with unequal thickness and combined fillet weld).
(c). Except indicated fillet weld defects, others are all commonly used for butt weld and fillet weld.
(d). In the table, a-designed weld thickness; b- weld width; -Parent Metal thickness.
63
11.3.4 Nondestructive test to the surface of the weld should comply with the following regulations:
11.3.4.1 The inspection method, inspection number and quality of the weld that requires surface nondestructive
test should comply with the regulations in the design documents and relevant standards.
11.3.4.2 The surface nondestructive test to weld with reheat crack tendency should be made once after heating
and once after heat treatment.
11.3.5 The radiographic test and ultrasonic test to the weld should comply with the following regulations:
11.5.3.1 The radiographic test to carbon steel and alloy steel weld should comply with current national standard
Radiograph to butt joint of steel consumable welding and quality grade GB3323, and the ultrasonic test
should comply with current national standard manual ultrasonic flaw detection method to steel weld and
detection results grade GB11345.
11.3.5.2 The radiographic test to aluminum and aluminum alloys weld should comply with the regulations in
Annex E of this code.
11.3.5.3 The radiographic test to copper and copper alloys weld should comply with current national standard
Radiograph to butt joint of steel consumable welding and quality grade GB3323. The material for image
quality indicator should be copper wire, and the photographic density should be 1.2~3.5.
11.3.5.4 The radiographic test to commercial pure titanium weld should comply with the regulations in Annex F
of this code.
11.3.5.5 The radiographic test to nickel and nickel alloys weld should comply with current national standard
Radiograph to butt joint of steel consumable welding and quality grade GB3323.
11.3.5.6 The number of radiographic test and ultrasonic test to the weld should comply with the regulations in
the design documents and relevant regulations.
11.3.5.7 The quality of welds whose weld factor is 1 as regulated in the design documents or welds that require
100% radiographic test or ultrasonic test should not be lower than the grade regulated in table 11.3.2 of this
code.
11.3.5.8 The quality of weld that requires local radiographic test or ultrasonic test as regulated in the design
documents should not be lower than the grade regulated in table 11.3.2 of this code.
11.3.6 Remove the unallowed defects found in nondestructive test to the weld, and repair the weld. Adopt the
former regulated method to inspect the repair welding position, until it is qualified. When unallowed defects are
found in the weld that requires local nondestructive test, the former regulated method should be adopted to
broad the inspection, with the inspection number executing the standard in the design documents and relevant
standards.
64
11.3.7 For weld that requires weld that requires local radiographic test or ultrasonic test, the inspection position
should be defined by quality inspector.
11.3.8 Radiographic test or ultrasonic test should be made before the tested weld is covered or prior to the
procedure that affects inspection.
11.3.9 When it is necessary to bore or execute bore stiffening on the weld, nondestructive test should be made
to weld within the scope of 1.5 times of the bores diameter or within the scope of the bore stiffening plates
diameter. It is not allowed to bore until the weld has been confirmed qualified. The weld covered by stiffening
plate must be polished.
11.3.10 For weld that does not have radiographic test or ultrasonic test requirements in the design documents,
the quality inspectors must execute appearance inspection to the visible part of all the welds. The quality should
accord with the grade in table 11.3.2 of this code. When the quality inspectors doubts about the quality of
the invisible part of the weld, they should further execute the inspection.
11.3.11 The heat treatment to the weld after welding should comply with the following regulations:
11.3.11.1 The heat treatment after welding cannot be made until the weld has qualified in the appearance
inspection and nondestructive test.
11.3.11.2 For welds that requires integral heat treatment in the furnace and weld the requires sectional local
heat treatment in the furnace, the furnace temperature should be inspected and recorded, and the heat treatment
parameters should comply with the regulations in the design documents, relevant standards or welding guide
book.
11.3.11.4 For welds that requires local heating treatment, the heat treatment temperature and the width of the
heating zone should be inspected and recorded, and the heat treatment parameters and the width of the heating
zone should comply with the regulations in the design documents, welding guide book or relevant regulations
of this code.
11.3.11.5 It is suggested that automatic thermodetector be used to measure and record the temperature. The
testing instruments must have been calibrated, with the sensitivity no less than 1% of the heat treatment
temperature.
11.3.12 For weld that requires integral heat treatment in the furnace, weld the requires sectional local heat
treatment in the furnace and weld that requires integral heat treatment out side of the furnace, the effect of heat
treatment should be check using methods regulated in the design documents and relevant standards. If no
definite regulations are available, inspect the heated test piece under the same conditions.
65
11.3.13 For weld that requires local heating treatment, the effect of heat treatment should be checked by
measuring hardness. The hardness value should comply with the regulations in the design documents, relevant
engineering standards and the welding guide book. If no regulations are available, the hardness of the carbon
steel weld and the heat affected zone should not be more than 120% of the hardness of the parent material. and
for alloy steel, this value should be more than 125% of the hardness of the parent material.
11.3.14 The strength test and tightness test for the weld, whose method are requirements should comply with
the regulations in the design documents and relevant standards, should be conducted after radiographic test or
ultrasonic test and heat treatment of weld.
11.3.15 After the welding is finished, welder mark and other regulated mark should be marked around the weld.
11.4 Welding engineering hand over acceptance

11.4.1 For weld with nondestructive requirements, welding serial number, nondestructive test method, position
of local nondestructive test, negative serial number, heat treatment position and serial number, repairing
welding position and welder code should be indicated on the completion drawing.
11.4.2 Welding record and checking and inspection record should comply with the regulation of relevant
standards.
66
Annex A
The Format of Welding Procedure Qualification Record And Welding Guide Book
A.0.1 The Format of Welding Procedure Qualification Record Should Comply With The Regulations In Table
A.0.1
Welding Procedure Qualification Record
Unit Name:
Signature of Approver
Record Serial Number:
Date
Welding Method
Degree of Mechanization
Welding Joint:
Manual
Table A.0.1
Semiautomatic
Detailed Drawing:
Bevel Type
Lining
Parent Material:
Heat Treatment After Welding
Standard Number
Temperature
Label
Heat Preservation Time
Material With Category, Group Number

Weld With Material With Category, Group
Number
Protective Gas
Thickness
End Protective Gas
Flow
Diameter
Back Protective Gas
Flow
Others
Welding Material
Electrical Characteristic
Welding Rod Standard
Kind of Current
Welding Rod Label And Diameter
Polarity
Welding Wire Label And Diameter
Welding Current (A)
Welding Flux Label
Tungsten Electrode Size
Deposit Metal Thickness
Others
67
Voltage (V)
Automatic
Table A.0.1 Continued

Welding Position
Technical Measures
Butt Welding Position
Welding Speed
Direction (Upward, Downward)
Swing or Not Swing
Preheating
Swing Type
Preheating Temperature
Multi-Pass Welding Or Single Pass Welding
Interlayer Temperature
Single Wire Welding Or Multi Wire Welding
Others
Others
Appearance Inspection
Permeation Flaw Detection (Standard Number, Result)

Magnaflux Inspection
Ultrasonic Flaw Detection (Standard Number, Result)
(Standard Number, Result)
Ray Detection (Standard Number, Result)
Others
Tensile Test
Test Report Serial Number:

Tensile
Fracture
Strength
Characteristics
(Mpa)
And Position
Sample
Width
Thickness
Area
Fracture Load
Number
Bending Test
Sample Serial Number And

Sample Type
Bending Diameter
Test Result
Specification
Impact Test
Sample Number
Gap Position
Gap Form
Other Test
Test Item
Inspection Method (Standard And Result)
Chemical Composition Analysis of Weld Metal (Result)
Others
68

Test Temperature
Impact Energy (J)
Table A.0.1 Continued

Conclusion
Conclusion: This Assessment Is Made After Welding The Test Piece, Inspecting The Test Piece And
. The Test Record Is Correct, And The Result Is
Measuring The Properties According To

(Qualified, Disqualified).
Welder
(Signature)
Welding Time
(Signature)
Date
(Signature)
Date
Mark
People Who
Fills The
Form
Auditor
Note: Bevel Size, Welding Layer And Welding Sequence Should Be Indicated In The Detailed Drawing.
A.0.2 The Format of The Welding Guide Book Should Comply With The Regulations In Table A.0.2
Welding Guide Book

Unit Name
Writer
Serial Number of Welding Guide Book

Welding Method
Table A.0.2
Ratifier Signature
Date
Serial Number of Welding Procedure Qualification Record
Degree of Mechanization
Welding Joint:
Manual
Semiautomatic
Automatic
Detailed Drawing:
Bevel Type
Lining
Others
Parent Material:
Standard Number
Label
Material With Category Number
And Group Number
Standard Number
And Group Number
Weld With Material With Category Number
, Or Material With Standard Number

And Group Number
And Label
Weld With Material With
Thickness Range:
Fillet Weld
Plate Material: Butt Weld

Diameter And Thickness Range of Pipe Material: Butt Weld
Thickness Range of Deposit Metal:
Others
69
Fillet Weld
Table A.0.2 continued
Welding material
Welding rod category
Others
Welding rod standard
Label
Filler metal size

Label of welding rod and welding wire
Chemical composition of deposit metal of welding rod (welding wire) (%)

C
Si
Mn
Cr
Welding position:
Ni
Mo
Ti
Heat treatment after welding
Butt weld position

downward
Welding direction: upward
Rising rate
Heating temperature
Heat preservation time
Fillet weld position
Cooling type
Preheating
Lowest preheating temperature
Protective gas
Highest preheating temperature
End protective gas
Holding time
Back protective gas
Flow
Flow
Heating type
Electrical characteristics
Kind of current
Polarity
Welding current range (A)
Arc voltage (V)
Welding rod and

Weld layer
Welding
welding wire
method
Label
Diameter
(mm)
Welding current
Polarity
70
Current
(A)
Arc
Welding
voltage
speed
rang (V)
(cm/min)
Line energy
Table A.0.2 continued

Specification And Type of Tungsten Electrode: Thorium Tungsten Electrode
Or Cerium Tungsten
Electrode
Molten Drop Transition Type of Gas Metal-Arc Welding: Spray Transfer
Short-Circuiting Transfer
Welding Wire Feed Speed Range
Technical Measures:
Swing Welding Or Non-Swing Welding
Swing Type
Nozzle Size
Cleaning Before Welding Or Interlayer Cleaning
Back Gouging Method
The Distance Between The Current Contact Nozzle And The Work Piece
Multi-Pass Welding Or Single Pass Welding
Multi Wire Welding Or Single Wire Welding
Hammering
Yes
No
Ambient Temperature
Relative Humidity
Others
Note: Bevel size, welding layer and welding sequence should be indicated in the detailed drawing.
71
Annex B
The Format of Welder Exam Record, Registration Form of Welder Exam

Results And Welder Certificate
B.0.1 The Format of Welder Exam Record Should Comply With The Regulations In Table B.0.1.
Welder Exam Record
Test Piece Serial
Test Piece
Welder Name
Number
Table B.0.1
Position
Welding Rod Label
Parent Metal Label
And Diameter
Welding Wire Label
Plate Material Thickness
And Diameter
Outer Diameter And

Thickness of Pipe
Welding Flux Label
Material
Tungsten Electrode
Welding Method
Label And Diameter
Test Piece Type
Protective Gas
Inspection Result:
Appearance
Inspection
Quality Assessment
Inspector
Radiographic
Date
Photograph
Weld Quality
Test Report Serial
Quality Grade
Grade
Number
Test Date
Test
Test Report Serial
Test Result
Number
Fracture Test
Bending
Face
Back
Side
Bending
Bending
Bending
Test Report Serial

Number
Test Date
Test Date
Property Test
Macroscopic
Test Report Serial
Test Result
Number
Metallic Phase
Test
72
Test Date
B.0.2 The Format of Registration Form of Welder Exam Result Should Comply With The Regulations In Table
B.0.2
Registration Form of Welder Exam Result
Table B.0.2
Exam Serial Number:

Welder Steel
Name
Gender
Seal
Educational
Date of Birth
Working Age
Attainments
Paper Serial
Basic Knowledge
Exam Date
Scores
Chief Examiner Seal
Number
Exam
Test
Exam
Piece
Date
Serial
Number
Test
Piece
Category
Parent
Welding
Welding
Method
Position
Material
Label
Spec.
Chief
Welding
Exam
Examiner
Material
Result
Seal
Operation
Skill Exam
Welding Items Allowed To Take:

Exam
Committee
Conclusion
Chief of Exam Committee
73
Date
B.0.3 The form of welder certificate should comply with the regulations in table B.0.3
Welder Certificate
Table B.0.3
(Plastic Cover)
(In The Cover)
Field Equipment And Industrial Pipe Welding
Name
Photo
Gender
Welder Steel Seal
Welder Certificate
(Work Unit Seal Covers The Photo)
(Welder Exam Committee Seal)
Certificate Serial Number
Date
Welder Exam Committee
(Page1~5)
Qualified
Item
Code
(Page6~10)
Thickness
Chief of
Or Pipe
Exam
Date of
Diameter
Committee
Certification
Range
Seal
Exam Exemption Certificate
Examined By The Welder Exam Committee, This

Welder Meets The Exam Exemption Conditions Of
Gb50236-98. Allow To Extending The Effective Period
Of
His
Former
Qualified
Item
To
.
Chief Of Exam Committee

Date Of Certification
74
(Page11~12)
(In the back cover)
Welding Quality Accident Record

Date
Content
Notice
Inspector
1. This certificate should be kept safely and is

not allowed to lend to other people.
2. This content recorded in this certificate is
not allowed to be altered without
authorization.
3. The effective period of the qualified is
three years since the date of certification.
75
Annex C
The Type and size of the bevel of Weldment
C.0.1 The Type and size of the bevel of Steel Weldment Should Comply With Regulations In Table C.0.1
The Type and size of the bevel of Steel Weldment
Table C.0.1
Bevel Size
Bevel
Thickness
Bevel
T (mm)
Name
Item
Root
Bevel Type
Gap c
Face P
Angle
Remark
(mm)
(mm)
1~3
1
() ()
0~1.5
One Side Welding
I Bevel
3~6
Multi Sides
0~2.5
Welding
3~9
2
0~2
65~75
0~3
0~3
55~65
3~5
0~2
V Bevel
9~26
6~9
0~2
V Bevel
45~55
With
9~26
Backing
4~6
0~2
12~60
X Bevel
0~3
0~3
76
55~65
Table C.0.1 continued

Bevel Size
Bevel
Thickness
Bevel
T (mm)
Name
Item
Bevel Type
Gap c
Root Face
(mm)
P (mm)
Angle
() ()
65~76
Double
5
20~60
0~3
1~3
0~3
1~3
8~12
0~2
0~2
0~2
0~3
0~3
0~4
0~4
V Bevel
20~60
U Bevel
8~12
T Joint
7
2~30
And I
Bevel
6~10
T Joint
And
10~17
Single
Side V
17~30
Bevel
77
45~55
Remark

Bevel size
Bevel
Item
Thickness
Root
Bevel Name
Bevel Type
Gap c
T (mm)
face p
angle ()
Remark
(mm)
(mm)
()
T Joint And
9
20~40
Symmetrical
0~3
2~3
45~55
K Bevel
Pipe
10
Diameter
76
50~60
Pipe Support
2~3
2~3
Bevel
30~35
Pipe
11
Diameter
76~133
Pipe Support
Bevel
45~60
K=1.4T and
no more than
Flange
12
Fillet-Welded
the neck
thickness;
Joint
E=6.4 and no
more than T
78

Bevel Size
Bevel
Item
Thickness
Bevel
T (mm)
Name
Root
Bevel Type
Gap c
face p
Remark
angle
(mm)
(mm)
() ()
Socket
K=1.4T and no
Joint
13
1.6
Welded
more than the

neck thickness
Flange
Socket
Joint
1.6
14
Welding
K=1.4T and no
less than 3.2
Joint
C.0.2 The Type and size of the bevel of Aluminum And Aluminum Alloys Weldment Should Comply With
Regulations In Table C.0.2
The Type and size of the bevel of Aluminum And Aluminum Alloys Weldment
Table C.0.2
Bevel Size
Bevel
Welding
Method
Item
Thickness
Bevel
T (mm)
Name
Root
Bevel Type
Gap c
Face
(mm)
P
(mm)
Angle
()
Remark
()
Curled Edge
Height Is
1~2
T+1.
Curled
Edge
Without
Manual
Additional
Argon-Shield
Welding
Tungsten Arc
Wire
Welding
3
2
0~1.5
One Side
I Bevel
0.5~2.5
3~5
Welding
Both Sides
Welding
79

Bevel Size
Bevel
Weldin
g
Thickness
Bevel
Bevel
T (mm)
Name
Type
Item
Root
Gap c
Method
Face P
Remark
angle
(mm)
(mm)
3~5
3
() ()
0~2
1~1.5
70~80
(a) The up half of the
2~4
1~2
60~70
bevel angle at the
V Bevel
5~12
horizontal
V Bevel
4
4~12
With
3~6
50~60
welding
position is 40 ~50 ,
Backing
and down half 20~30
Manual
Argon
-Shielde
d
U Bevel
0.~2.5
1.5~2.5
55~65
(b)Chamfering at the
inside of the root of
Tungste
the bevel for one side
n Arc
welding suggested.
Weldin
g
6
12
X Bevel
0~2.5
2~3
60~80
0.5~1.5
T Joint
7
Without
Bevel
80

Bevel size
Bevel
Welding
Thickness
Bevel
T (mm)
Name
Item
Method
Gap
Root
face p
(mm)
(mm)
0.5~2
50~55
0~2
50~55
Bevel Type
angle
() ()
T Joint And
Manual
6~10
Argon
Single Side
V Bevel
-Shielde
d
Tungste
n Arc
T Joint And
9
Welding
Symmetrica
l K Bevel
10
10
I Bevel
0~3
11
8~20
V Bevel
0~3
3~4
60~70
3~6
3~6
50~60
V Bevel
12
8~25
With
Backing
81
Remark

Bevel size
Bevel
Welding
Thickness
Bevel
T (mm)
name
Root
Item
method
Bevel Type
Gap c
face p
angle
Remark
(mm)
(mm)
13
Consumable
20
U Bevel
0~3
() ()
3~5
40~50
3~6
70~80
5~8
60~70
electrode
argon arc
8
welding
14
X bevel
0~3
26
C.0.3 The type and size of the bevel of red copper and brass welding should comply with regulations in table
C.0.3
The Type And Size of The Bevel of Red Copper Manual Argon-Shielded Tungsten Arc Welding
Table C.0.3-1
Bevel size
Bevel
Thickness
Item
Bevel name
Bevel Type
Gap c
Root face
(mm)
p (mm)
T (mm)
angle
() ()
I Bevel
3~4
V bevel
60~70
Remark
82
Table C.0.3-1 continued

Bevel Size
Bevel
Thickness
Bevel
T (mm)
Name
Item
Bevel Type
Gap C
Root face
(mm)
p (mm)
angle
Remark
() ()
5~8
V Bevel
1~2
60~70
10~14
X Bevel
60~70
The Type And Size of Brass of The Bevel of Brass Oxyacetylene Welding
Table C.0.3-2
Bevel Size
Bevel
Thickness
Item
Root
Bevel Name
Bevel Type
Gap C
T (mm)
Face P
Angle
Remark
(mm)
(mm)
Curled
Edge
() ()
0~4
Without Filler
metal
One side
welding
Both sides
welding, not
I Bevel
3~6
3~5
able to be
simultaneously
welded on
both sides
83
Table C.0.3-2 continued

Bevel Size
Bevel
Thickness
Bevel
T (mm)
Name
Item
Root
Bevel Type
Gap C
Face P
Angle
Remark
(mm)
(mm)
() ()
3~12
V Bevel
3~6
60~70
V Bevel
3~6
0~3
60~70
X Bevel
3~6
0~4
60~70
C.0.4 The Type And Size of The Bevel of Commercial Pure Titanium Argon-Shielded Tungsten Arc Welding
Should Comply With Regulations In Table C.0.4.
The Type And Size of The Bevel of Commercial Pure Titanium Argon-Shielded Tungsten Arc WeldingTable
C.0.4
Bevel Size
Bevel
Thickness
Item
Root
Bevel Name
Bevel Type
Gap C
T (mm)
Face P
Angle
(mm)
(mm)
1~2
I bevel
0~1
() ()
Remark
84

Bevel Size
Root
Bevel
Gap C
Face
Angle
(mm)
Thickness
Item
Bevel Name
Bevel Type
T (mm)
2~10
V Bevel
(mm)
() ()
0.5~2
1~1.5
60~65
0.5~2
1~1.5
60~65
1~2.5
1~2
40~50
1~2.5
1~2
40~50
Remark
Butt V Bevel
of Pipe Wall
3
2~10
With
Unequal
Thickness
Branch Pipe
Bevel of
2~10
Crossover T
Joint
Main Pipe
Bevel of
2~10
Inserted T
Joint
C.0.5 The type and size of the bevel of nickel and nickel alloys should comply with regulations in table C.
85
The Type And Size of The Bevel of Nickel And Nickel Alloys
Table C.0.5
Bevel Size
Thickness T
Bevel
(mm)
Name
Item
Bevel Type
Gap C
Root Face
(mm)
P (mm)
1~3
1.50.5
2.50.5
10.5
755
2.50.5
10.5
705
I Bevel
1
Bevel Angle () ()
2
8
17
V Bevel
1.50.5
Double V
2.50.5
Bevel
a50~55
HT/3
30~40
17
30.5
1.50.5
U Bevel
R5~6
Flange
Fillet Joint
5
b1~3
Pipe Fillet
6
H1.4T
c2~3
Joint
HT
b0.5~1
86
Bevel Size
Thickness T
Item
Bevel Name
Bevel Type
Gap C
Root Face
(mm)
P (mm)
Bevel Angle
(mm)
() ()
Straight Pipe
7
Bevel of
c2~3
Straddling T
H=0~2
605
H=0~2.5
555
b=1 0.5
Joint
Main Pipe
8
Bevel of
c2~3
Inserted T
b=1~2
Joint
87
Annex D
Selection of Welding Materials
D.0.1 The welding material selected for the same kind of steel welding should comply with the regulations in table D.0.1
Welding Material Selected For The Same Kind of Steel Welding
Covered Arc Welding
Welding Rod
Steel Grade of
Welding Wire For
Welding Wire For
Corresponding
Carbon Dioxide
Argon Arc
label example
Welding
Welding
HJ431
H08Mn2Si
Steel Grade of
Corresponding
Welding Wire
Type
Type
Label Example
Q235AF
Steel Grade of
Welding wire
Steel Grade
Table D.0.1
E4303
J422
H08
HJ401H08A
H08Mn
Q235A,10,20
E4316
J426
H08A
E4315
J427
H08MnA
E4303
J422
H08
E5003
J502
H08Mn
20R20g
25
88
HJ401H08A
HJ431
H08Mn2Si
HJ401H08A
HJ431
Table D.0.1 continued

Covered Arc Welding
Welding Rod
Steel Grade
Steel Grade of
Welding Wire For
Welding Wire For
Corresponding
Carbon Dioxide
Argon Arc
Label Example
Welding
Welding
Welding Wire
Steel Grade of
Corresponding
Welding Wire
Type
Type
Label Example
09Mn2V
Steel Grade of
E5515C1
W707Ni
E5515C1
W707Ni
E5515C2
W907Ni
H08Mn2MoVA
HJ250
09Mn2VDR
09Mn2VD
06MnNbDR
W107Ni
E5003
J502
H10MnSi
16Mn
HJ401H08A
HJ431
H08MnMoA
16MR
E5016
H10Mn2
J506
H10Mn2
16MnRC
E5015
J507
16MnDR
E5016G
J506RH
16MnD
E5015G
J507RH
15MnV
E5003
J502
15MnVR
E5016
J506
E5015
J507
H08Mn2SiA
HJ402
HJ350
H10Mn2
HJ401H08A
H10Mn2
E5515G
HJ431
H08MnMoVA
H10MnSi
15MnVRC
H08Mn2SiA
HJ402H10Mn2
J557
89
HJ350
H08Mn2SiA

Covered Arc Welding
Welding Rod
Steel Grade
Welding Wire
Steel Grade of
Corresponding
Type
Corresponding
Welding Wire
Type
Welding Wire For
Welding Wire For
Carbon Dioxide
Argon Arc
Welding
Welding
H08Mn2SiA
H08Mn2SiA
J606
15MnVNR
E6015D1
J607
18MnMoNbR
E7016D2
J707
12CrMo
E5515B1
R207
H08MnMoA
HJ402H10Mn2
H13CrMoA
HJ402H10Mn
HJ350
HJ250G
E5515B2
R307
12Cr1MoV
E5515B2V
R317
12Cr2Mo
E6015B3
R407
1Cr5Mo
E15MoV15
R507
H1Cr5Mo
E0191016
A102
0Cr19Ni9
H08CrMoA
15CrMo
H08CrMoVA
HJ350
H08Mn2MoA
E0191015
Steel Grade of
Label Example
Label Example
E6016D1
Steel Grade of
HJ402H10Mn
A107
90
HJ250G
HJ350
H13CrMoA
HJ250
H08CrMoVA

Covered Arc Welding
Welding Rod
Steel Grade
Welding Wire
Steel Grade of
Corresponding
Type
Welding Wire
Corresponding
Type
Steel Grade of
Welding Wire For
Welding Wire For
Carbon Dioxide
Argon Arc
Welding
Welding
Label Example
Label Example
E01910Nb16
Steel Grade of
A132
0Cr18Ni9Ti
E01910Nb15
A137
E01910Nb16
A132
0Cr18Ni9Ti
H0Cr20Ni10Ti
HJ260
H0Cr20Ni10Ti
E01910Nb15
A137
00Cr18Ni10
E00191016
A002
H00Cr21Ni10
HJ260
H00Cr21Ni10
00Cr19Ni11
E00191016
A002
91

Covered Arc Welding
Welding Rod
Steel Grade
Steel Grade of
Welding Wire
Steel Grade of
For Carbon
Welding Wire For
Corresponding
Dioxide
Argon Arc Welding
Label Example
Welding
Welding Wire
Steel Grade of
Corresponding
Type
Welding Wire
Type
Label Example
E01812Mo216
A202
0Cr17Ni12Mo2
E01812Mo215
A207
E001812Mo216
A022
0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti
E01812Mo2Nb16
A212
0Cr19Ni13Mo3
E01913Mo316
A242
0Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti
E001812Mo216
A022
H00Cr19Ni12Mo2
HJ260
H00Cr19Ni12Mo2
H0Cr20Ni14Mo3
HJ260
H0Cr20Ni14Mo3
H0Cr20Ni14Mo3
92
HJ260
H0Cr20Ni14Mo3

Covered Arc Welding
Welding Rod
Steel Grade
Welding Wire
Steel Grade of
Corresponding
Type
Welding Wire
Corresponding
Type
Steel Grade of
Steel Grade of
Welding Wire
Welding Wire For
For Carbon
Argon Arc
Dioxide Welding
Welding
Label Example
Label Example
0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti
E01812MoNb16
A212
H0Cr20Ni14Mo3
HJ260
H0Cr20Ni14Mo3
00Cr17Ni14Mo2
E001812Mo216
A022
H0Cr20Ni14Mo3
HJ260
H0Cr20Ni14Mo3
E11316
G202
0Cr13
E11315
G207
E01716
G302
0Cr17
1Cr13
E01715
G307
E11316
G202
E11315
G207
2Cr13
93
D.0.2 The welding material selected for the different kind of steel welding should comply with the
regulations in table D.0.2.
Welding Material Selected For The Same Kind of Steel Welding
Covered Arc Welding

Steel
Welding Rod
Steel Grade of Joint
Table D.0.2
Corresponding
Grade of
Label
Welding
Example
Wire
Type
Welding wire
Corresponding
Type
label example
H08
Q235+16Mn
E4303
J422
HJ401H08A
HJ431
HJ401H08A
HJ431
HJ401H08A
HJ431
HJ401H08A
HJ431
H08Mn
E4315
427
E5015
J507
E5015
J507
H08MnA
2020R+16MnR16MnRC
H10Mn2
16MnR+18MnMoNbR
H10MnSi
Q235+15CrMo
H08
E4315
J427
H08MnA
Q235+1Cr5Mo
16MnR+15CrMo
E5015
J507
20,20R,16MnR+12Cr1MoV
E5015
J507
E1231316
A302
E12313Mo216
A312
E1231316
A302
E12313Mo216
A312
E1231316
A302
E12313Mo216
A312
E2262116
A402
E2262115
A407
E2262116
A402
E2262115
A407
Q235+0Cr18Ni9Ti
20R+0Cr18Ni9Ti
16MnR+0Cr18Ni9Ti
18MnMoNbR+0Cr18Ni9Ti
15CrMo+0Cr18Ni9Ti
94
D.0.3 The selection of aluminum and aluminum alloys welding wire should comply with the
regulations in table D.0.3.
Selection of Aluminum And Aluminum Alloys Welding Wire
Parent Metal Label
Table D.0.3
Welding Wire Label
L1
L1
L2
SA12L1L2
L3
SA12SA13L2L3
L4
SA12SA13L4
L5
SA12SA13L4L5
L6
SA12SA13L5L6
LF2
SA1Mg2SA1Mg3SA1Mg5LF2LF3
LF3
SA1Mg3SA1Mg5LF3LF5
LF5
SA1Mg5LF5LF6
LF6
LF6
LF11
SA1Mg5LF11
LF21
SA1MnSA1Si5LF21
L1~L6+LF21
SA1MnSA1Si5LF21
LF2+LF21
SA1Mg5LF3
LF3+LF21
SA1Mg5LF5
LF5+LF21
SA1Mg5LF6
LF6+LF21
SA1Mg5LF6
L1~L6+LF2
SA1Mg5LF3
L1~L6+LF3
SA1Mg5LF5
L1~L6+LF2
SA1Mg5LF6
L1~L6+LF6
LF6
95
D.0.4 The selection of copper and copper alloys welding wire and welding flux should comply
with the regulations in table D.0.4.
Selection of Copper And Copper Alloys Welding Wire And Welding Flux
Parent material
Table D.0.4
Welding wire
Serial No.
Welding flux
Category
Label
Label
Code
T2
HSCu
201
Gaseous flux301
T3
HSCu
201
Gaseous flux 301
T4
HSCu
201
Gaseous flux 301
TU2
HSCu
201
Gaseous flux 301
H62
HSCuZn3
223
Gaseous flux 301
H68
HSCuZn3
223
Gaseous flux 301
HFe5911
HSCuZn4
224
Gaseous flux 301
1
2
Red copper
6
7
Brass
96
Annex E
Radiographic Test of Aluminum And Aluminum Alloys Weld

E.1 Quality of Radiograph Negative
E.1.1 The radiograph negative should select linear image quality indicator made of commercial
pure aluminum or antirust aluminum alloys materials. The type and specification of the image
quality inspector should comply with the regulations in current national standard Linear Image
Quality Indicator GB5618.
E.1.2 The minimum linear diameter of the quality inspector recognizable on the negative should
comply with the regulations in Table E.1.2.
Transillumination Thickness And Minimum Linear Diameter Recognizable (mm)
Table E.1.2
Transillumination
Minimum Linear
Transillumination
Minimum Linear
Diameter
Diameter
Thickness ()
Thickness ()
Recognizable
Recognizable
6.0
0.100
16.025.0
0.32
6.08.0
0.125
25.030.0
0.40
8.010.0
0.16
30.050.0
0.50
10.012.5
0.20
50.063.0
0.63
12.516.0
0.25
63.0100.0
0.80
E.1.3 The photographic density of the non-defect section in the inspection zone should be within
the range regulated in table E.1.3
Transillumination thickness ()
Photographic density
40.0
1.0~3.5
40.080.0
1.5~3.5
80.0
2.0~3.5
97
E.2 Negative evaluation sequence

E.2.1 Put the negative in dark place and observe using viewer with enough brightness with the
help of suitable fixed dark slide.
E.2.2 Confirm that the negative quality comply with the regulations in paragraph E.1 of this
annex.
E.2.3 For gas cavity, tungsten inclusion, and spot oxide inclusions, calculate the defect spot
number according to the regulations in paragraph E.4 of this annex and rate the grades according
to the regulations in sub clause E.4.3.
E.2.4 For strip oxide inclusions and incomplete penetration, measure the length according to the
regulations in paragraph E.4 of this annex, and rate the grades according to the regulations in sub
clause E.4.3 of this annex.
E.2.5 For crack, copper inclusion and lack of fusion, rate their grades according to the regulations
in sub clause E.4.5 of this annex.
E.2.6 Surface defects such as undercut are not included in the rating group.
E.3 Defect spot number calculation

E.3.1 Make the section with most defect in the inspection zone as the evaluation scope, which is
determined according to the regulations in table E.3.1. If the defect lies on the interface of the
evaluation scope, the section outside of the scope should be measured together. If one kind of
defect exists in several positions within the scope, or several kinds of defect exist, the defect spot
number is sum of all the defect spots.
Evaluation scope size (mm)
Table E.3.1
Parent thickness
20.0
20.080.0
80.0
Evaluation scope.
1010
1020
1030
E.3.2 Convert gas cavity, tungsten inclusion and oxide inclusions whose size is no more than 2mm
to defect spot number according to the size regulated in Table E.3.2.The defect spot number of gas
cavity and oxide inclusion should be converted according to table E.3.2. The defect spot number
of weld tungsten inclusion should be calculated as 1/2 of the value looked up in table E.3.2.
98
Defect Size And Spot Number Conversion

Defect Size
(mm)
Spot Number
Table E.3.2
1.0
1.0,2.0
2.0,4.0
4.0,8.0
8.0,10.0
16
E.3.3 If the size of the defect is smaller than that in table E.3.3, the number of the defect points
can be ignored.
Size of Defect That Can Be Ignored (mm)
Table E.3.3
Parent Metal
Thickness
Defect Size
20.0
20.040.0
40.0
0.4
0.6
1.5
E.3.4 For concentrated defects whose size is smaller than the value regulated in table E.3.3 of this
annex, the scope should be counted as a big defect, and the defect spot number can be looked up
in table E.3.2 of this annex. However, when their position is obviously higher than the height
allowance of the weld, the defects can be ignored.
E.3.5 Calculation to defect length should comply with the following regulations:
E.3.5.1 For oxide inclusions bigger than 2mm, the longest size of them can be counted as the
defect length. For incomplete penetration, the defect length is twice of the longest defect.
E.3.5.2 If no less than 2 defects locate in the same line, when the distance between the
neighboring defects is longer than the length of the bigger defect, they should be counted as
scattered defects and evaluated separately, and when the distance is shorter than the length of the
bigger defect, they should be counted as the same defect, whose defect length should include the
distance.
E.4.1 Weld Quality Rating

E.4.1 Weld quality can be divided into four grades according to the character and amount of the
defects.
E.4.2 No defects such as crack ,copper inclusion, lack of fusion in grade, grade and grade
weld, and no defects such as incomplete penetration in both sides welding and one side welding
with backing.
99
E.4.3 The defect spot number of gas cavity, tungsten inclusion and oxide inclusions smaller than
2mm should be rated according to table E.4.3. If the defect size is bigger than 1/3 of the thickness
of the parent material, the defect should not be rated as grade, and if the defect size is bigger than
1/3 of the thickness of the Parent Metal or 10.00, whichever is smaller, the defect should not be
rated as grade .
Classification of grades based on defect spot number
Evaluation Scope (mm)
Table E.4.3
1010
Parent Metal Thickness
1020
1030
5.0
3.0
(mm)
3.0
Grade
10.0
20.0
40.0
5.0
80.0
20.0
40.0
80.0
10.0
10
14
21
24
28
14
21
28
42
49
56
Defect spot number is greater than that of grad
Note:
(a). Figures in the table represent defect spot number and allowable limit.
(b). Weld joint of Parent Metal with different thickness should be evaluated according to the
thickness of the thinner piece.
E.4.4 The defect length of oxide inclusions bigger 2mm and of incomplete penetration for the
weld of one side welding without backing should be classified according to the regulations in table
E.4.4
Strip defect grade classification
Table E.4.4
12
12
48
48
Grade
1/4
12
1/3
16
1/2
24
Defect length longer than that of grade
100
E.4.5 If the defect spots exist consecutively in grade and are three times more than the
evaluation scope, the weld should be rated as grade .
E.4.6 When crack, copper inclusion and lack of fusion exist in the welds, it should be rated as
grade .
101
Annex F
Radiographic Test of Commercial Pure Titanium
F.0.1 100% of the butt welds should be conducted with radiographic test.
F.0.2 The radiographic test must be conducted according to current national standard Radiograph
to butt joint of steel fusion welding and quality classification GB3323. The negative evaluation
should comply with the regulations in this annex.
F.0.3 The type and specification of the image quality indicator used for radiograph should comply
the regulations in table F.0.3 (Fig.0.3). The metal wire of the image quality indicator should be
titanium and titanium alloys or aluminum and aluminum alloys.
Fig. F.0.3 Linear Image Quality Indicator Shape

Type And Specification of Linear Image Quality Indicator (mm)
Type
Thickness
Table F.0.3
Line
Line
Length
Spacing
50
50
Serial Number And Diameter of Titanium Wire

Serial
1
Ti1
15
Number
Diameter
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
10
11
Serial
Ti2
15~35
Number
Diameter
0.30
0.35
0.40
102
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
F.0.4 The minimum linear diameter that the image quality indicator can display clearly should
comply with the regulations in table F.0.4.
Weld Thickness And Minimum Linear Diameter That Image Quality Indicator Can Display
Clearly
Table F.0.4
Weld
thickness
(mm)
6.0
6.0~8.0
8.0~12.5
12.5~16
16~20
20~25
Image
quality
indicator
linear
diameter
0.20
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.50
0.60
F.0.5 Crack, lack of fusion and incomplete penetration in the weld are qualified.
F.0.6 Convert the allowed gas cavity, spot inclusions and tungsten inclusion in the weld to defect
spot number according to the regulations in F.0.6-1. However, if the defect length is within the
scope in table F.0.6-1, the defect spot number can be ignored, and if the weld length is 30% or
4mm more than the thickness of parent material, the weld will be judged disqualified.
Defect length converted to spot number
Table F.0.6-1
Defect thickness (mm)
1.0
1~2
2~4
Converted spot number
Defect length that does not have to be converted to spot number (mm)
Table F.0.6-2
10
10~20
20~25
Defect length
0.3
0.4
0.7
F.0.7 The calculation range of defect spot number is the summation of the defects of the weld
within any 10*15 area of the negative. When the weld width is smaller than 10mm, still count
15mm as its length.
F.0.8 When the defect spot number exceeds the number regulated in table F.0.8, the weld will be
judged disqualified
.Defect spot number allowed
Table F.0.8
Parent Metal thickness (mm)
3
35
510
1020
2025
10
Item
Defect spot number allowed
103
Annex G
Wording Explanation of This Standard
G.0.1 The following is the explanation to the words used in this Code with different strictness:
(1) Very strict, necessary
Positive word: must
Negative word: strictly prohibited
(2) Strict, do like this under normal conditions
Positive word: should
Negative word: should not or not allowed
(3) Slightly selective, if allowed, do like this first.
Positive word: suggested or all right
Negative word: should not or not allowed
G.0.2 The wording in the clauses for indicating that it should be implemented according to other
relevant standards and codes shall be as should be implemented according to or should
comply with the requirements or regulations in
104
Additional Explanation
Chief Edit Unit, Participated Unit And Main Drafter of This Code
Chief edit Unit: Third Chemical Engineering Construction Company of China

Participated Units:
Harbin Welding Research Institute, Administration Cadre Institute of
former Ministry of Chemistry, Administration Center for Construction Standardization of former

Ministry of Chemistry, Thirteenth Chemical Engineering Construction Company of China, Anhui
Second Construction Company of former Electricity Ministry, Yanshan Petrochemical
Construction Company of China Petrochemical Corp.
Main Drafters: Lu Aiqin, Zhang Zhengxian, Song Shengying, Cheng Xunyi, Xia Jiewen, Liang
Yongli, Tu Naiming, Tian Shuzhen, Liao Chuanqing
105
National Standard of P.R.C
Welding Code For Construction and Inspection of

Field Equipment and Industrial Piping
GB 50236-98
Clause Explanation
Revision Explanation
In response to the requirements of the No.10 file of construction standard issued by Ministry of
Construction (91), this code is established by revising the former national standard Welding Code
For Construction and Inspection of Field Equipment and Industrial Piping GBJ236-82 with
former Ministry of Chemistry Industry as the chief editor and Harbin Welding Research Institute,
Administration Cadre Institute of former Ministry of Chemistry, Administration Center for
Construction Standardization of former Ministry of Chemistry , Thirteenth Chemical Engineering
Construction Company of China, former Anhui Second Construction Company of Ministry of
Electricity, Yanshan Petrochemical Construction Company of China Petrochemical Corp.
responsible for specific editing. This code is approved as No. 253 file of construction standard
[1998] by Ministry of Construction on Dec. 11, 1998, and is issued jointly with State Bureau of
Quality and Technical Supervision.
During revision process, code revision group conducted extensive investigation and research,
summarized and absorbed current technical level and experiences of current welding engineering
construction in our country, took reference to related foreign advanced standards, and took counsel
with related unit comprehensively. Finally, this code is reviewed and finalized by ministry of
construction and former ministry of chemistry.
During the implementation of this code, each unit shall accumulate experiences and data seriously
combining engineering experience and scientific research. If any change or supplement is to be
made, please mail the suggestion and related data to National Administration Center for Chemical
Construction Standardization (Add:No.253 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Postal code: 050021),
and send copy to State Bureau of Petrochemical Industry as reference for future revision.
109
Contents
1. General Principals (113)

2. General Regulations (114)
3. Materials (115)
4. Welding Procedure Qualification (116)
4.2 Qualification Rules (116)
4.3 Test and Qualification (117)
5. Welder Exam (119)
5.2 Content And Method of Operation Skills Exam (121)
5.3 Test Piece Assessment (123)
6. Welding of Carbon Steel And Alloys Steel (124)
6.2 Preparations Before Welding (124)
6.4 Pre-Heating Before Welding And Heat Treatment After Welding (127)
7. Welding of Aluminum And Aluminum Alloys (129)
8. Welding of Copper And Copper Alloys (132)
9. Welding of Industrial Pure Titanium (135)
111

10. Welding of Nickel And Nickel Alloys (138)
11. Welding Inspection (140)
11.1 Inspection Before Welding (140)
11.2 Inspection In Welding (141)
11.3 Inspection After Welding (141)
11.4 Welding Engineering Hand Over Acceptance (146)
112
1 General Principals
1.0.1 To make it clear that this code is established to guarantee the quality of welding engineering
of constructional field equipment and industrial metal pipe and the original industry restriction is
cancelled, i.e. if the materials and welding methods are within application range, the code can
adopt to the construction field of any industry.
1.0.2 To Regulate the application range of this code, including material kind and welding method.
For fusion welding, because braze welding is seldom applied in basic construction, it is not listed
in the welding methods.
1.0.3 Because boilers and pressure vessels are items administered by the country and have
dedicated standard to comply with, they are not governed by this code.
1.0.5 Because this code is the comprehensive code for guiding field welding of basic construction,
and is the basic requirement to the welding quality of field equipment and industrial pipe, besides
this code, welding engineering still has to comply with relevant current national standards and
codes.
113
2.0.1 Because design document is the key basis for construction, it is necessary to provide related
welding design in the design document. Considering that the original code also includes the
requirements on the design documentation, this portion of the content is reserved and is
supplemented in this code fro the convenience in the construction.
2.0.3 According to experiences, the qualification of the construction unit will directly affect the
quality of welding engineering. The original code has regulated the basic qualification of the
construction unit, and to strengthen the technical capacity, equipment level of the construction unit
and establish welding quality management system, this content is reserved and supplemented
during this revision, which provides basic conditions to guarantee the welding quality of the
engineering.
2.0.4 Because welding environment has direct influence on the welding quality, this sub clause
puts forward basic requirement to welding environment.
As to the regulation to welding environment temperature, the lowest allowable welding
environment temperature is provided in many domestic standards, however, the values are not
consistent. In fact, during the welding process, if enough temperature is guaranteed in the welding
zone (including adopt measures such as preheating, intermediate heating and slow cooling), the
welding can be conducted successfully and qualified joint can be attained. Therefore, limiting the
environment temperature is not critical necessary, and because public recognized reasonable
environment temperature is not available, this sub clause puts forward that under the condition
that enough temperature can be guaranteed by taking suitable measures and the welder skills are
not affected, the environment temperature is not compulsively regulated.
2.0.5 To Regulate rewelding process and procedures. This code has cancelled the regulation on
twice rewelding restriction. Proved by construction experience, over twice rewelding does exist,
and if handled properly, the function performance of the weld will not be affected.
114
3 Material
3.0.2 The materials involved in this code should include Parent Metal and welding material. All
the welding materials used for welding engineering should have quality certificate of the
manufacturer. For material without quality certificate, the manufacturer should make up the test
according to the material standard, and the material cannot be used until it is proved qualified.
3.0.3 This sub clause regulates the inspection and acceptance of materials before they are used.
The welding properties of the new materials have been tested in trial-production phases, and the
design unit has considered the welding properties when selecting new materials, therefore, to
reduce the unnecessary repeating test for the construction unit, the design unit should supply the
welding properties data of the new materials to the construction unit.
115
4 Welding Procedure Qualification

4.1.1 Under the precondition that the welding properties are known, welding procedure
qualification is a proving test conducted before welding to testify the correctness of the formulated
welding procedure.
4.1.6 The Welding Guide Book in this code is identical with the Welding Procedure
Specification in the pressure vessel standard. The aim of revision is to avoid the confusion of
glossary such as field construction specification and code. Welding Procedure Specification is
appropriate to instruct field construction. This sub clause points out that welding guide book is
worked out according to welding procedure qualification record and brings up fundamental
regulation on how to utilize welding procedure qualification record when working out welding
guide book.
4.1.7 To adapt the collectivization requirement to engineering construction, several units can form
a quality management system, and when the technical force, tooling and quality management
system of all the unit within the quality management system, the correct implementation of the
welding procedure can be ensured. The regulations in this sub clause is put forward based on the
reasons mentioned above and taking reference of standard ASME- of Mechanical Engineer
Association of America
4.2 Qualification Rules
4.2.3 This sub clause is to classify the Parent Metal used in construction field to reduce welding
procedure qualification number. The classification of material is based on standard ASME- of
Mechanical Engineer Association of America, however, because there are still many metal
materials that cannot be produced in our country, the steel grade in Examples column in table
4.2.3 is incomplete.
4.2.6 To classify some procedure factors that affect the functional properties of weld joint. The
factors are classified into major factor, added major factor and minor factor, and regulations are
made as to whether qualification has to be made again resulting from the changing of these
factors.
4.2.7 This sub clause regulates the recognition scope of parent metals in procedure qualification,
mainly based on standard ASME- of Mechanical Engineer Association of America
116
4.2.8 When changing heat treatment kind after welding, welding procedure qualification should be
made again. Heat treatment kind includes: no heat treatment and heat treatment for chromium
nickel stainless steel; no heat treatment, stress relief heat treatment, normalizing, normalizing and
tempering, quenching and tempering.
4.2.9 This sub clause regulates the recognition scope of the thickness of the parent metals in the
welding procedure qualification. Weldment thickness affects weld thermal cycle, and different
thickness results in different procedure measures and even technical process. Adopt small line
energy for thin weldment to avoid deformation, however the structure rigidity should be mainly
considered for thick weldment, therefore, the recognition scope of the welding procedure qualified
by adopting weldment with a certain thickness is limited. Standard ASME- of Mechanical
Engineer Association of America has similar regulations.
4.2.10 To make it clear that the welding procedure qualified in butt weld qualification can be
applied in rewelding and repairing welding, which refer to the weld repairing welding to weld
surface defects and rewelding to internal defects found in nondestructive test. Because the welding
is conducted under the conditions that major factors such as Parent Metal and welding material are
unchanged, procedure qualification does not have to be conducted for rewelding. However, for the
rewelding and repair welding conducted to workpiece with big restriction, measures should be
provided when working out welding guide book for rewelding.
4.2.11 To regulate that welding procedures that qualified in butt weld test piece qualification can
be applied to butt weldment with unequal thickness, and the limiting condition is that the thickness
of the Parent Metal at the both sides of the Parent Metal should be within the recognition scope.
This regulation is consistent with current national standard Welding Procedure Qualification for
Steel Pressure Vessel JB4708 and standard ASME- of Mechanical Engineer Association of
America.
4.3 Test and Qualification
4.3.1 To regulate inspection items of the test piece for procedure qualification. Appearance
inspection and radiographic test to the test piece for procedure qualification are not regulated in
foreign standards such as standard ASME- of Mechanical Engineer Association of America and
Japanese industry standard JIS-Z3040, however, in consideration that appearance inspection and
radiographic test can find the external and internal defects of the weld, and the technical factors
that produce the defects can be analyzed from the character of the defects, therefore they are
meaningful for procedure qualification. Also, cutting samples according to the result of
radiographic test can avoid the internal defects that affect mechanical test. Therefore appearance
inspection and radiographic test are regulated in this code, which is consistent with current
national standard Welding Procedure Qualification for Steel Pressure Vessel JB4708.
117
4.3.2 The requirement to the quality of appearance inspection and radiographic test to the weld of
the test piece. Whether weld whose external and internal quality can meet the requirements can be
welded under testing condition is an necessary condition to evaluate a welding procedure.
4.3.3 The mechanical properties of test piece with heat treatment requirement cannot arrive at the
anticipated level until it has undergone heat treatment. To make the test reflect the real
circumstance of the test piece, mechanical test should be conducted to the test piece after heat
treatment.
4.3.4 To regulate test items of mechanical test. Tensile test and bending test should be conducted
in welding procedure qualification, however, because cast pipe itself has no bending property
requirement, bending test to cast pipe is not required. Impact test is conducted only when it is
required in design or professional standard.
4.3.8 Specific requirement to bending sample, of which, the regulation to the thickness of bending
sample is not so consistent with relevant standard at home, but not contradictory. This sub clause
regulates that when the thickness of the test piece T<10, sample thickness t=T, and when T10,
t=10, however the regulation of other standard is when T>20, t=20. As regulated in the previous
clause that when T20, the bending test is only conducted to side bending sample, i.e. when T20
face bending and back bending samples are not needed, and as regulated in foreign standard, the
thickness of face bending and back bending samples are mainly 9.5mm (3/8), which is reasonable,
therefore, this code has this regulation that is not so consistent with relevant standards.
4.3.9 To regulate the sampling position for impact test. Only take sample in weld zone and heat
affected zone, which is consistent with the regulations in current national standard Welding
Procedure Qualification for Steel Pressure Vessel JB4708.
4.3.10 To regulate the method of mechanical test, of which, in bending test method, the sample is
bent to 180, which is in the allowable range of the plasticity of the tested material.
4.3.12 To avoid the cancellation to a qualified welding procedure due to contingency of the test
result, this sub clause regulates that when a sample is disqualified, duplicate test is allowed by
double sampling on the original test piece.
118
5 Examination of Welders
5.1.1 To regulate that all the welders that work within the scope of this code should take exam
following the regulations in this chapter. At present, there are many relevant standard about welder
exam at home, such as Regulations on Welder Exam of Boiler and Pressure Vessel and exam
regulations in professional standards etc. Because the welding engineering of basic construction
ahs the characteristics of complicated welding environment, wide variety of welding material,
small deliverability of special material and different requirement to the quality of the weldment
etc., the above mentioned exam regulations cannot be applied to basic construction completely.
Therefore, to regulate the welder skills exam to large amount of equipment and industrial pipes
welding in basic construction field that do not belong to pressure vessel, it is necessary to establish
the regulation.
5.1.2 To regulate that welder exam committee is responsible for organizing and implementing
welder exam. Welder exam committee can be established by the company or exist as a business
firm.
5.1.3 To regulate the basic personnel of welder exam committee, including welding engineers who
work as exam technical principal, radiography inspectors with superior theory and actual ability
and welding technicians who have the ability to supervise welder skills exam and execute
procedure command. For other members of the exam committee mentioned in the original code,
such as the representatives of labor and management department, human resource department,
technical department and inspection department, because these personnel do not have leading
roles to affect the quality of welder exam, they are not indicated in this revision. The exam
committee and competent department shall be determined according to work requirement.
5.1.4 Put forward requirements to exam place, tooling and detection method etc., which are also
necessary condition for establishing welder exam organization. The aim is to ensure the successful
progress of the welder exam.
5.1.6 Based on the situation of our country, it is necessary to regulate to the educational
attainments of the welder. To avoid large amount of welders cannot pass the exam resulting from
bad exam result, it is regulated that the welder should have a certain foundation and must pass the
examination and approval of the exam committee.
119
5.1.7 Because the elevation of skill level is based on theoretical level, basic knowledge exam is
the precondition to participate in the skill exam. To urge the welders to study basic knowledge and
elevate their theoretical level, it is necessary to regulate that welders have to pass the basic
knowledge exam to participate in the skill exam.
5.1.8 The content of welder basic knowledge exam includes necessary basic knowledge for
reasonable welding and safe operation.
5.1.9 To regulate when and under what circumstances can a welder be exempted from the basic
knowledge exam. However, if the welding method is changed, basic knowledge of corresponding
method should be examined, because the basic principle of the welding methods is different, and
the welders have to systematically study the welding method to grasp correctly and improve.
5.1.10 Revised sub clause to sub clause 6.1.2 of the original code. That the welder must take the
exam strictly in accordance with the requirements of welding guide book is strengthened. The aim
is ensure that the welder exam is not affected by bad welding procedure factors on one hand and
examine the ability of the welder the execute the command of welding procedures on the other
hand.
5.1.11 Because failing in the exam may caused by many factors beyond skills, makeup chance
should be given to the one failed, and if failed again, judgement can be made to his skills, and he
has to be trained for a period of time to apply for the exam again. How long shall the one who
failed in the makeup be trained before he applies for makeup again? Three month regulated by
domestic standard, no time limitation in foreign code. We think this should be decided by the
progress of the welder, it is suggested no time limitation is rigidly regulated.]
5.1.12 Regulation to the effective period of the items qualified in the exam
(1) The effective period of the qualified item is 2 years as regulated in the original clause.
According to the current increasing welding amount, the skills of welders have become steady,
therefore, in order to relief the burden of company, it is all right to delay the effective period.
Many domestic exam regulations have changed the period to 3 years now. To be consistent
with this standard, the period is changed to 3 years in this revision.
(2) For welders who have stopped welding for 6 months consecutively and want to resume
welding, the only way regulated in the original clause is reexamination. But totally relying
on reexamination will cause heavy workload and economic burden to company. Field
examination is added in this revision. Field examination can also check whether the skills of
the welder are regressed or not after 6 months of interruption. Field examination and the
weld length to be examined are established according to standard ASME- of Mechanical
Engineer Association of America.
120
(3) The original clause does not regulate consistent excellent weld quality, which will certainly
cause inconsistent exam exemption condition. The exemption condition regulated in this revision
is established after investigating and researching the current welding skill level of the construction
units.
(4) Because the quality management index and examination method in the companies are not all
the same, and the requirements to welder skill level are not so consistent, the condition for
canceling the certificate of welder with bad quality is defined by company quality inspection
department
5.1.13 Generally, in the construction field, one welder always engages in the welding of boiler,
pressure vessel and steel structure pieces etc. besides the welding work regulated in this code, and
as regulated in corresponding codes, respective exam regulations must be complied with.
Therefore, companies and welders all wish the connection among the exam regulations can be
bridged to avoid repeated exam. This code notes that when a welder qualified in the exam
according to a exam regulations, and if all items of that exam regulations are not lower than the
requirements in this chapter, this welder can up to the welding task regulated in this code.
However, in consideration of the specificity of field construction, the welder exam committee is
required to guard the examination and verification.
5.2 Content And Method of Operation Skills Exam

5.2.1 Classify the welding methods for the exams. Because it is more practical to weld a test piece
by adopting combined welding method than weld test pieces separately according to each welding
method, the two forms of exam noted in this revision can take place of each other.
5.2.2 The sub clause regulate the category and position of the test piece for exam.
(1) The original code only classifies the test pieces to two forms, i.e. plate test piece with butt
weld and pipe test piece with butt weld. Although this simplifies the exam and broad replace range
visually, actually, not only will it reduce the room for the welders to choose test piece, but also it
adds the burden of company. Therefore, this revision extends the forms of test piece to six, i.e.
plate test piece with butt weld, plate test piece with fillet weld, pipe test piece with bevel butt weld,
pipe test piece with fillet weld, pipe test piece with fillet weld plus pipe test piece with all through
fillet weld.
121
(2) Regulate the welding position of the test piece. Compared with the original sub clause,
horizontal rotation position and fixed position with 45inclination for pipe test piece with butt
weld are added, and various welding positions corresponding to the category of the test piece are
added. From standard ASME- of Mechanical Engineer Association of America.
(3) The method noted in table 6.2.9 of the original code to examine horizontally fixed welding and
vertically fixed welding on the same tube test piece is welcomed by many companies. This
method proved to be an effective and economic method and is added in the text of this code in this
revision, and some specific regulations are also added.
5.2.4 To reduce the number of exam items, test piece type and Approval Range of position are
regulated. This sub clause is revised according to standard ASME- of Mechanical Engineer
Association of America and the Exam Regulations of former Ministry of Labor.
5.2.5 For the thickness of the test piece, if the overall progress bottoming, filling and covering
has been experienced during welding, the welders skills will be exposed completely, therefore
adding the thickness can only cause the increase of the filling layer, and if the welder can weld the
first filling layer successfully, he will adopt the same operation method for the following layers, i.e.
Adding or reducing filling layer will not affect the examination to welders skills. The upper limit
of the recognized thickness of test piece with over 20mm thickness is not limited. When the
thickness is only enough for bottoming layer and covering layer and no filling layer room,
changing thickness will bring the changing of operation method, at this time, the upper limit and
lower limit have to be considered.
5.2.7 Welder exam aims at testing the operation skills of welders and their abilities to grasp
welding material properties.
Combing the practical situation in our country that there are many materials for workpiece,
however lack of material for exam, under the precondition that welding material is not changed, it
is feasible to take place of high alloy material using low alloy steel series as the Parent Metal of
the test piece for exam. When the Parent Metal of test piece for exam is substituted according to
table 5.2.7-2 of this code, the welding material must match the Parent Metal originally regulated.
This regulation applies test piece with only radiographic test requirement, and cannot apply to test
piece with other properties test requirements such as bending test.
5.2.8 Classification of welding rod aims at reducing the amount of the exams. The classification is
mainly depending on the characteristics, whether the welder can weld qualified weld is determined
on the whole. Dedicated welding rod and dedicated welding wire (e.g. dedicated bottoming rod,
upward vertical welding rod, flux-cored wire) should be examined separately due to different
specificities of operating procedure. Protective gas, tungsten electrode kind and flux etc do not
have much influence on operating characteristics and do not have exam classification
requirements.
122
5.2.9 The butt joint test piece of for one side welding with backing and butt joint test piece for two
sides welding can all be considered as welding with backing, whose operation methods are
different from that of one side welding without backing (one side welding both sides shaping).To
consider from skills factor, the latter can take place of the former, but the former cannot take place
of the latter.
5.3 Test piece assessment

5.3.1 This sub clause regulates the test items of various test pieces. Because the aim of welder
exam is to evaluate the welders ability to weld qualified weld, and generally appearance
inspection and radiographic test are the main methods to evaluate whether the weld is qualified or
not, this sub clause regulates that only appearance inspection and radiographic test to the butt weld
test piece is conducted if there is no special requirements and the bending property test regulated
in the former code, which is mainly used to check the plasticity of the weld and which is
guaranteed by procedure qualification, is cancelled. This regulation is revised according to
standard ASME- of Mechanical Engineer Association of America.
5.3.2 The defects generated at arc starting and arc stopping place cannot reflect the skills of the
welder, therefore, weld with 20mm distance to either side of plate test piece should not be covered
in the qualification range of the test piece for exam.
5.3.3 For pipe weld with small diameter, because lack of fusion and incomplete penetration are the
major defects in pipes weld with small diameter, and fracture inspection is more sensible towards
these defects, fracture inspection can be used instead.
5.3.5 When the design documents requires to add bending property test, this requirement must be
met, which is not contradictory to the above mentioned sub clauses.
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6 Welding of Carbon Steel And Alloys Steel

6.1.1 This chapter applies to covered arc welding, argon arc welding, carbon dioxide welding,
submerged arc welding and oxyacetylene welding, whose parent metals are P1~P11 in table 4.2.3
of this code.
6.1.2 This sub clause regulates the configuration of weld by referring to current national standard
Steel Pressure Vessel GB150, current national standard Technical Code for Electrical Power
Construction and Inspection (thermal power plant welding section) DL5007 etc. The aim is to
avoid the hidden damage to the weld joint caused by excessive stress concentration. The fact that
position barrier can effect welding and heat treatment should also be considered.
6.2 Preparations before welding

6.2.1 To guarantee the processing quality of relative important weld bevel, the original code
regulates that mechanical method should be adopt to process the bevel of and grade weld.
Now, semi automatic and automatic torch cutting machines have been widely used in construction
field, thus the quality of cutting bevel can be ensured, therefore, it is unnecessary limit hot work
method.
6.2.4,6.2.5 The regulation to stagger amount caused when grouping mainly considers whether
welding quality can be guaranteed, also considers the allowable wall thickness error of pipe
processing. The regulation to the stagger amount of equipment butt weld is established by
referring to the current national standard Steel Pressure Vessel GB150. To deal with the possible
weld of one side welding, the regulations in table 6.2.5 of this code is established
6.2.9 When welding stainless steel weldment, if splashes falls on both sides of the bevel, they will
corrode the contaminated place, thus affect the functional performance of the weld. Preventive
measures: Other than daub chalk powder with bonding agent on both sides of the bevel, dedicated
splash resistance pigment has been sold in the market, and it is also all right to put asbestos on
both sides of the bevel etc.
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6.3.1 Correct selection of welding material is the most important and basic condition to ensure
welding quality. This sub clause regulates the principle for selecting welding rod and welding wire.
It also makes some supplementary regulations for the selection of welding material of
some
special materials.
Selection of welding material is generally regulated in the design documents, the aim of this sub
clause is: check for correct selection of material in design when reviewing the drawing on one
hand, and on the other hand, provide convenience for self selection of material if no regulations
are available or he regulations in design documents cannot be met.
(1) If the welding material has bad processing properties, such as unsteady arc inflammation,
difficult to release slag, big splash and gas cavity in the weld etc. welding defects is easy to be
produced, thus the welding quality cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, processing properties is an
important condition to consider when selecting welding material.
(2) For welding of steel of the same kind, firstly, the function performance of the weld metal must
match the parent material, for which, except carbon steel and low alloy structural steel, whose
welding material should be selected according to their strength level, for other steels, the main
chemical composition of the welding metal selected should be similar to that of the parent
material.
As far as the weldability of low temperature steel is concerned, the key point is to guarantee the
low temperature toughness requirements of the joint to avoid it from brittle fracture when using,
and generally, the toughness can meet the requirement. For 9Ni steel, because the composition of
the weld and the Parent Metal is similar, the weld has bigger brittleness, and it is difficult to
achieve the required low temperature toughness, therefore, generally, high nickel alloys, which
have stable low temperature toughness after welding, are selected as welding material, however,
when selecting nickel based alloys as welding material, pay attention to avoid thermal crack from
producing in the weld.
Normally, the welding material for pearlitic refractory steel is selected according to its alloy
element content.
(3) Structure of different steel can fully utilize the advantage of every kind of material, thus saving
large amounts of expensive materials and better meeting the servicing requirement. In engineering
construction, it is inevitable to meet the welding problems of steels of different kind.
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When dealing with welding of steels of different kind, which have basically identical
metallographic structure, because their thermal physical properties have no big difference, the
problem caused to welding quality due to different structure is not the key point to consider. No
matter which side the selection of welding material is based on, there should be no problem.
Normally, the welding material is selected according to the side of steel with lower alloys content
or steel whose alloys content is in the middle of both sides of the steel, thus the servicing
requirement to joint can be met, and the weldability of the welding material is better.
When welding austenitic steel with pearlitic steel, to avoid brittle martensitic structure from being
produced in the weld, welding material with higher nickel content is selected, which is the key
method to improve the fusion zone quality of the joint for this kind of welding to different steels.
The higher the nickel content, the smaller the width of brittle layer, and when nickel based
welding material is used, the brittle layer will disappear completely.
The base layer of clad steel is mainly made of carbon steel or low alloy steel to meet the strength
and rigidity requirement. The stainless steel section is called composite layer, which is mainly
made of Cr18Ni9 and Cr18NiMo2Ti etc. and is mainly used to meet the requirements to corrosion
resistance property, and which generally accounts for 10%~20% of the total thickness. The
transition welding to the base layer and composite layer of clad steel, for which 25Cr-13Ni or
welding material with higher nickel content should be selected, is actually the welding of
austenitic steel with pearlitic steel.
6.3.5 For steels with higher alloys content, in argon arc bottoming welding, argon gas or other
protective gas should be filled at the inside of the weld, otherwise the inner surface of the weld
will be oxidized severely, even form areosis structure and cannot take shape, thus seriously
affecting the weld quality. However, for steels with lower alloys content, whether the insider of the
weld is filled with protective gas or not will not greatly affect weld shaping and welding quality,
therefore, in this circumstance, it is not necessary to protect the inside metal of the weld.
According to many years of experiences and the regulation of current national standard Technical
Code for Electrical Power Construction and Inspection (thermal power plant welding section)
DL5007, the chemical composition of the alloy steels, whose inside metal of the weld must be
protected in argon arc welding, is limited at Cr3% or total content of alloy elements more than
5%.
6.3.11 For welding to low temperature steel, austenitic stainless steel, refractory and anti corrosion
high alloys steel and austenitic steel joints of different kinds, to guarantee the welding quality,
besides correct welding method and welding material, the common characteristics of the welding
procedures adopted is selecting small welding line energy and reducing interlayer temperature.
When welding low temperature steel, gross ferrite or martensite structure caused by overheat can
be avoided by controlling welding line energy. Proved be experiment, when increasing welding
line energy, the toughness of the weld and the heat affected zone will decline correspondingly.
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For austenitic stainless welding, the adoption of small welding procedure parameters can
effectively avoid burning loss of alloys elements, reduce welding residual stress, reduce the
retention time at sensitizing temperature zone of the bath, avoid intercrystalline corrosion and
prevent heat crack.
For refractory and anti corrosion high alloys steel, the adoption of smaller line energy when
welding can reduce open grain structure caused by burning loss of alloy elements and bath
overheat, thus achieving better equal strength joint. Although open grain structure is of some
good to high temperature instantaneous strength and lasting strength, it seriously reduces high
temperature plasticity and fatigue strength and causes the heat crack. The wider the overheat zone,
the serious the effect.
For the welding of pearlitic steel and austenitic steel joints of different kinds, the key point is to
select austenitic filler material with high chromium-nickel content, in addition, selection of small
current, short arc and fast welding procedures can effectively reduce fusion ratio and avoid quench
hardening structure from being produced on the pearlitic steel side of the steel. If pearlitic steel
has great tendency towards quench hardening, it should be preheated before welding, and its
preheating temperature is lower than the preheating temperature of individual pearlitic steel
welding.
The surface annealing welding pass of low temperature steel, which can be realized by surface
refusion in argon-shield tungsten arc welding without filling welding wire, is good for improving
the weld toughness. Not only is this kind of annealing welding pass good for welding toughness,
but it can also improve the toughness of fusion zone. To eliminate columnar structure in surface
layer, one more annealing welding pass can be welded at last, then process the annealing welding
pass.
6.4 Preheating before welding and heat treatment after welding
6.4.1 Preheating before welding and heat treatment after welding are effective measures to reduce
residual stress of welding joint, avoid production of cracks and improve the metal structure and
performance of the weld and zone close to weld. As to whether preheating and heating treatment is
needed or not, not only should hardening capacity and weldment thickness of the steel material be
considered, but also conditions such as structure rigidity, medium, supply state of parent material,
welding method and environment temperature should be considered.
Heat treatment after welding realizes the aim of eliminating residual stress by utilizing the
characteristics that the strength of metal will reduce under high temperature and the elastic strain
will be changed to plastic strain. The heat treatment after welding in field construction condition
refers to high tempering to the joint, which is mainly used to reduce residual stress in the joint,
excluding other forms of heat treatment, such as solution treatment, hardening and tempering and
normalizing etc.
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6.4.2 Preheating aims at reducing the quench hardening extent of the steel material, slowing down
the cooling speed of the weld to make it convenient for the hydrogen to release and improve stress
condition, thus reducing the delayed crack tendency of the weld. Insufficient interlayer
temperature is equivalent to lower preheating temperature and causes the aim of preheating cannot
be achieved. However, much too high interlayer temperature or preheating temperature will cause
overheat or produce joint plasticity and impact energy decline., and for pearlitic refractory steel,
softened zone might be formed in the heat affected zone, thus causing heat strength decline
sharply.
6.4.4 Due to welding residual stress, media such as caustic soda, nitrate, solution containing HCN
and cyanide solution etc. will speed the corrosion of the joint, even cause rupture. Because not
only is the medium related with the corrosion, but the density, temperature and pressure of the
medium are also related with the corrosion, which welds can produce stress corrosion and to
which weld must heat treatment after welding be conducted to eliminate residual stress should be
explained in the design documents by the design department.
6.4.6 To guarantee the material strength of quenched and tempered steel, the temperature of the
treatment to eliminate residual stress should be about 30 lower than the original tempering
temperature.
6.4.10 The effect of heat treatment to the weld whose heat treatment after welding cannot be
conducted immediately is: to reduce the adverse effect of the hydrogen, reduce welding residual
stress, avoid martensitic structure in weld joint, thus avoiding cracks caused by hydrogen.
6.4.11 Procedure parameters of preheating before welding and heat treatment after welding is
defined referring to current national standard Steel Pressure Vessel GB150.
The reason why the preheating temperature is allowed to fall when adopting argon-shield tungsten
arc welding is that: (1) because the welding speed of argon-shield tungsten arc welding is slow, in
fact, the needed preheating temperature is produced at the welding location; (2) excess depth of
fusion can be reduced and it is good for controlling the inner and outer surface shaping of welding
pass.
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7 Welding of aluminum and aluminum alloys

7.1.1 Because the aluminum materials used in equipment and pipe engineering are mainly pure
aluminum and corrosion-resisting aluminum alloy, and other aluminum alloys are not adopted due
to their poor weldability, the welding referred in this chapter is only to pure aluminum and
corrosion-resisting aluminum alloy.
There are many aluminum materials welding methods, but because aluminum has big thermal
conductivity, and its specific heat is 1 time of iron, this requires high power or energy
concentrated power supply must be used when welding. For welding quality or for production
efficiency, inert gas shielded arc welding procedure is the best choice and has been widely applied
by construction unit. However, gas welding and covered arc welding are difficult to guarantee the
quality of weldment, and have been replaced by argon arc welding in construction field, therefore,
gas welding method is deleted in this revision.
The revision in this paragraph is mainly referred to the following standards:
Operation standard of aluminum and aluminum alloys inert gas shielded arc welding
JIS-Z3604-85 of Japan
Verification method of aluminum welding techniques JIS-Z3811-76 of Japan
Aluminum ship welding specification ANSI/AWSC3.7-83 of America
American military standard Aluminum alloys welding MIL-W-8604A-82
Aluminum sheet welding Bevel Type DIN8552T2-81 of Germany
Aluminum and aluminum alloys welding NFA81-410-73 of France
Aluminum and aluminum alloys welding technical specification HGJ222-92 released by former
ministry of chemistry.

7.2.2 Bevel preparation. The bevel preparation principle, method and recommended Bevel shape
and size regulated in the original code are basically feasible, In this revision, two groups of bevel
size is added to make it convenient for the user to choose.
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7.2.3 Clean before welding. The cleaning requirements and cleaning methods regulated in the
original code is effective in preventing defects such as gas cavity and slag inclusions.
This sub clause only makes some supplementation referring to Verification method of aluminum
welding techniques JIS-Z3811-76 of Japan and Aluminum sheet welding Bevel Type
DIN8552T2-81 of Germany.
7.2.4 Weldment grouping. To make it convenient to be used in filed construction, tack weld size is
provided here base on the original code, which is good for assembling.
7.2.6 For the stagger amount to pipe and field equipment assembling, the following changes is
made:
Two groups of stagger amount with 5mm wall thickness of pipe as boundary is required.
For vertical weld of equipment, the original T=10mm boundary is change to T=5mm, and two
groups of stagger amount is required. This change is made referring to content in Aluminum and
aluminum alloys welding technical specification HGJ222-92 released by former ministry of
chemistry, and is more practical.
7.3.1 AC power supply is regulated to be used in argon-shielded tungsten arc welding. If DC
power supply is used, when tungsten electrode is connected to anode, the penetration power of
electrical arc is poor and cannot guarantee depth of fusion, however, when the tungsten electrode
is connected to cathode, although penetration power of electrical arc is not enough, the arc does
not have cleaning effect to the surface of aluminum material. Therefore, only argon-shielded
tungsten arc welding has the advantages of the both.
DC power supply is regulated to be used in consumable electrode arc welding with the welding
wire connecting the anode. Because the arc of consumable electrode arc welding has strong
penetration power, especially when the current becomes jet flow, when the welding wire is
connected with the anode, the arc has cleaning effect to the surface of the parent material, and
argon arc is particularly effective in removing oxide film.
7.3.2 Preheating to aluminum materials before welding aims at clearing the humidity on the
surface of metal in welding zone. Referring to Operation standard of aluminum and aluminum
alloys inert gas shielded arc welding JIS-Z3604-85 of Japan and Aluminum ship welding
specification ANSI/AWSC3.7-83 of America, if no special requirements, pre-heating is not
necessary.
7.3.5 Crack tends to be produced at the arc strike place due to big thermal conductivity of
aluminum, and hydrogen gas is not easily to be discharged due to low temperature of the Parent
Metal in the beginning, thus producing gas cavity, therefore, it is regulated that arc strike must be
conducted on the run on plate. Aluminum materials have bigger contraction percentage when they
are heated then cooled, and when quenching arc, crater crack or depression tend to be produced
because the welding wire has not filled up the arc crater, therefore, it is regulated that arc
quenching should be conducted on quenching plate.
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7.3.7 Try to decrease the layers in aluminum materials welding to avoid repeatedly heating of the
parent material, and strictly control the interlayer temperature in multi-layer welding, for much too
high interlayer temperature will cause the reduction of joint strength and plasticity, thus producing
micro crack. Referring to Aluminum alloys welding handbook (by ALPHILLIPS) of America,
the interlayer temperature in multi-layer welding should be cooled to room temperature and
should not exceed 65 (150).
However, when welding thick plate in consumable electrode argon arc welding, the aim of
preheating is to achieve suitable fusion penetration, thus the current does not have to be readjusted
during welding process.
7.3.8 For vertical weld with thickness over 5mm, two welders both faces synchronous welding
procedure, which is introduced by German and has been applied in many construction field, can
be adopted. This procedure is good for improving production efficiency of vertical welding to
aluminum materials, reducing deformation and improving quality.
7.3.11 For specific procedure parameters, there are many affecting factors, and the range of
fluctuation is wide, thus pertinent procedure parameters should be established according to
specific engineering. This revision made some supplementation based on the original code and
referring to Operation standard of aluminum and aluminum alloys inert gas shielded arc welding
JIS-Z3604-85 of Japan, Aluminum ship welding specification ANSI/AWSC3.7-83 of America
and Aluminum sheet welding Bevel Type DIN8552T2-81 of Germany. This is only
recommendation.
7.3.12 Avoid the weldment from deformation. When heated, the linear expansion coefficient of
aluminum materials is nearly 1 times more than that of iron, and their contraction percentage two
times of that of iron, therefore, aluminum materials have big deformation amount in welding. If
handled inappropriately, the aluminum materials often deform or rupture. So much attention
should be paid to this point. Whether to grouping procedure or welding procedure, the original
code considers few to deformation prevention measures. In this revision, mainly referring to
Operation standard of aluminum and aluminum alloys inert gas shielded arc welding
JIS-Z3604-85 of Japan and American military standard Aluminum alloys welding
MIL-W-8604A-82, effective deformation prevention clauses are added.
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8 Welding of Copper And Copper Alloys

8.1.1 Basically, the copper materials adopted in equipment and pipe engineering are red copper
and brass. Bronze is mainly used to manufacture casting and abrasion proof pieces, and copper
nickel is mainly used to manufacture precision instruments, therefore, this chapter only involves
with red copper and brass.
Because red copper has very high thermal conductivity, which is 6~8 times of steel and 1.5 times
of aluminum, and has big thermal capacity, when welding, the heat will be transferred to the
surround Parent Metal immediately from the welding zone, especially to thick plate, thus causing
incomplete penetration and lack of fusion. Therefore, energy concentrated intense heat source
must be adopted in red copper welding to guarantee that ideal temperature for copper welding can
arrived as soon as possible. With simple procedure and high welding quality, manual
argon-shielded tungsten arc welding is commonly used by domestic construction units. Therefore,
this chapter regulates that manual argon-shielded tungsten arc welding should be used for red
copper welding.
Brass is chrysochalk alloy. When zinc content is higher than 0.15, the thermal conductivity of
copper alloys will reduce with alloy composition increasing. When welding, the heat lost of the
welding zone caused by conduction is not so much as red copper. The boiling point of zinc is (907
), which means it is easy to evaporate during welding, producing gas cavity in weld, thus
reducing the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance property of the weld, and in the mean
time, the evaporated zinc will react with oxygen to produce zinc oxide, which is harmful human.
Therefore, when welding brass, the energy used should be lower than that used in red copper
welding. Oxyacetylene flame is specially suitable for brass welding and is commonly applied by
construction units. Therefore, it is regulated in this paragraph that oxyacetylene welding should be
adopted.
8.2 Preparations before welding
8.2.1 When welding copper and copper alloys, the weld has poor formation, serious thermal crack
tendency and gas cavity tendency, causing joint property to decline. These problems are mainly
because that copper and copper alloys have big thermal conductivity, weak surface tension when
melting, big flowability and that the reaction product H2O and CO2 cannot be dissolved in copper
and copper alloys, and the grains grows in fusion welding.
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Therefore, welding wire with deoxidation ability or duplex structure should be selected for copper
welding (e.g. alloys containing silicon, manganese and phosphorus etc.). In welding, conduct
preheating before welding and necessary heat treatment after welding.
8.2.2,8.2.3 Welding material selection, cutting and feeding requirements and bevel size are
regulated.
Bevel size of red copper and brass. The original selection table is consistent with the selection
table in book 4, edition 7 of the Welding Handbook issued by America Welding Society (AWS)
on the whole. No change to it.
8.2.4 Pipe and equipment grouping requirements are regulated, mainly based on Copper air
separation equipment welding procedure JB/TQ259.

8.3.4 In red copper argon-shielded tungsten arc welding, in what thickness should preheating be
conducted? Copper air separation equipment welding procedure JB/TQ259 regulates that
preheating should be conducted only when plate thickness is over 5mm. Book 4, edition 7 of the
American Welding Handbook (America Welding Society) regulates that preheating is required
when plate thickness is over 3.3mm (1/8) in content about procedures of red copper manual
argon-shield tungsten arc welding. Book 6, edition 8 of the Metal Handbook compiled by
America Welding Society also regulates that preheating is required when plate thickness is 3.3mm
(1/8) in content about copper argon-shielded tungsten arc welding. Based on these, the minimum
thickness required for preheating is 3mm.
The preheating temperature is set at 350~550, which is similar to the temperature regulated in
Copper air separation equipment welding procedure JB/TQ259. In the above mentioned
documents of American, the preheating temperature is lower than 350, however when the
thickness is over 2.3mm, America use helium gas to take stead of argon gas. Under same current
condition, helium arc has much deeper depth of fusion than argon arc, therefore, the preheating
temperature of argon arc welding must be higher than the preheating temperature of helium (argon
+ helium) arc welding to achieve same depth of fusion under same current condition. So this sub
clause continues to the preheating temperature habitually used at home.
For interlay temperature, American Welding Handbook and Metal Handbook all regulate that
the interlayer temperature cannot be lower than the preheating temperature.
8.3.5 Oxyacetylene welding is adopted for brass. Because oxyacetylene flame has lower
temperature, the preheating temperature of brass is lower than that of red copper
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8.3.6 Whether brass welding needs heat treatment after welding depends on composition of Parent
Metal and weldment usage. The stress produced when welding high zinc (0.02) brass alloys can
cause stress corrosion in some media, causing the premature failure of the products, and the
hardness of the welding zone will change according to the aging result caused by welding heat.
Therefore, heat treatment after welding must be conducted to eliminate stress.
Fore quench hardenable alloy weldment, annealing treatment, whose temperature must higher than
the temperature of the heat treatment used to eliminate stress, and homogenizing treatment should
be adopted to produce satisfactory metallographic structure.
In book 4, edition 7 of the Welding
Handbook compiled by American Welding Society, the recommended temperature range of brass
annealing is 427~593, which is similar to the recommended temperature in the original code. So
no change is made.
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9. Welding of Industrial Pure Titanium

9.1.1 Because commercial pure titanium has many advantages such as good plasticity, corrosion
proof, easy to shape and good welding properties etc. it is widely used in industrial pipe.
Therefore, commercial pure titanium welding is added in this revision.

9.2.1 Welding material selection principle is regulated, which is mainly based on the Welding
Handbook complied by Welding Society of Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society
9.2.2 This sub clause regulates the selection principle for the shape and size of bevel. See table
C.0.4 in Annex C of this code.
9.2.3 This sub clause is established based on the fact that the chemical activity of pure titanium
and some detrimental impurities have bad influence on weld properties and aiming at making the
titanium weld very sensitive to the dirt on the surface of the bevel and the welding wire. Many
related foreign standards and relevant data all have strict requirements to the cleaning of bevel and
welding wire.
In titanium material welding, all scales, coatings, residual pollutants, chippings, abrasive dusts and
all impurities that react with titanium material on the surface and at least 50mm range at both sides
of the joint and on the Parent Metal should be cleaned using austenitic stainless steel brush. The
surface of coarse cut bevel, burr and other surface defects must be polished using fine-tooth file.
All the cleaning tools can only be used on pure titanium and must be cleaned thoroughly before
they are used. After the afore-mentioned mechanical methods are applied, ethanol containing no
sulfur or acetone should be applied to clean the weldment thoroughly to remove oil grease just
before welding. Cleaning is one of the key steps to ensure welding quality, without it, iron and
hydrogen contamination or welding defects such as gas cavity will be produced.
9.2.6 The shape and size of tungsten electrode will directly affect the stability of welding arc and
burning loss extent of the tungsten electrode, thus directly affecting welding quality.
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9.3.1 When DC power supply and straight polarity argon arc welding is adopted, the tungsten
electrode does not tend to overheat due to small calorific power. Stronger current can be adopt to
tungsten electrode with same diameter to increase calorific power of the workpiece and deepen
depth of fusion, thus improving production rate., furthermore, tungsten electrode is cathode, hot
electron has strong emission power and arc is steady and concentrated, therefore, it is good for
titanium welding.
9.3.2 When construction units are introducing engineering, the butt weld junctions of titanium
pipe are prefabricated in horizontal rotation position, which is good for the welding quality. Fixed
weld is also feasible, however, the requirements to welder skills are higher, and it is troublesome
to realize excellent protection to all parts in aloft work., and the operation is inconvenient. In
addition, outdoor working requires some necessary measures for the environment conditions and
for preventing dust and iron ion contamination. Therefore, try to reduce fixed installation welding
junctions in construction.
9.3.3 Because titanium materials have high melting point, big heat capacity and bad thermal
conductivity, under the effect of welding thermal cycle, the crystal grains in weld and heat affected
zone tend to grow, thus reducing plasticity and toughness of the welding joint. If bigger procedure
parameters are used, the crystal grain will grow grosser, and the weld will stay in high temperature
longer, thus the protection time of argon gas will extended, and the work efficiency will be
reduced. Therefore, small procedure parameters should be used in welding, and the interlayer
temperature must be controlled.
9.3.4 Because titanium is a very active, it will absorb oxygen, argon gas and nitrogen gas very
easily, thus its plasticity will fall. Therefore, weld protection is one of the most important
measures for titanium welding.
Protection includes three steps, and no step can be omitted.
(1) Utilize torch tip to protect weld and welding wire whose temperature after welding is higher
than 400.
(2) Utilize torch back cover to protect the outer surface of weld and heat affected zone whose
temperature after welding is higher than 400.
(3) Utilize local argon filling in the pipe to protect the inner surface of weld and heat affected
zone.
The above mentioned three steps are summarization of construction experience, and are necessary
protection measures.
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9.3.5 This sub clause brings specific requirements to arc strike and arc quenching. High frequency
arc strike is one of the important methods to avoid tungsten inclusion. The aim of adopting current
attenuation device is to fill up the arc crater. Gas delay protective device is used to protect the
weld from contaminated by atmosphere in high temperature and makes the weld change to
qualified color.
9.3.6 If exposed in air in high temperature, welding wire will be contaminated in atmosphere just
like the titanium weld, therefore, the protection of welding wire is equally important as the
protection of weld. Once contaminated, measures must be taken immediately.
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10. Welding of Nickel And Nickel Alloys

10.1.1 Because nickel and nickel-based alloys have the characteristics of high temperature
resistance, high pressure resistance and high corrosion resistance, they are applied in industries
such as chemistry, petroleum and non-ferrous smelting etc, for which this chapter is added.
10.2 Preparation Before Welding

10.2.1 Nickel and nickel alloys have higher thermal crack sensitivity, and the welding wire
selected should match the parent material. In addition, alloy elements such as Nb, Mo, W and Cr
etc. can be added in welding wire to compensate the burning loss of alloy elements and control the
production of thermal crack.
10.2.2 This sub clause regulates the requirements to the shape and size of bevel. See table C.0.5 in
annex C of this code.
In nickel and nickel alloys welding, the metal in the bath has bad flowability, and generally the
depth of fusion if only about 50% of that of carbon steel, therefore, to enable excellent fusion and
a certain depth of fusion, the bevel design should differentiate from structural steel in that the
bevel angle should be enlarged appropriately and the root face should be shrunk appropriately.
This sub clause also regulates pipe cutting and bevel processing methods. Mechanical processing
has high precision and makes the surface clean, which is good for grouping and welding. However,
mechanical method does not have as high efficiency as plasma cutting method. After plasma
cutting, the slag inclusions on the processing surface, oxide layer and sags and crests must be
cleaned. This sub clause also regulates the cleaning requirements to bevel and inside and outside
of its edge. Because there exists refractory oxide film on the surface of nickel and nickel alloys,
such as nickel oxide, whose melting point is 2090, and nickels melting point is only 1446, if
suitable measures are not taken to remove the surface oxide film before welding, it will become
inclusions in the weld, even affect normal welding. In addition, the materials attached on the
surface of the workpiece can also bring some detrimental elements such as Pb, P and S etc. to the
bath, causing crack, therefore, they must be cleaned thoroughly before welding.
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10.2.3 For nickel and nickel alloys, unsteady fusion penetration must be avoided especially to
prevent crack and gas cavity from being produced. Therefore, the requirements to stagger amount
is stricter than other metals.

10.3.1 The key problem in iron nickel alloys and nickel alloys pipe welding is thermal crack,
second to that, because their liquid weld metal has bad flowability and wettability, weak
penetration power and shallow depth of fusion, defects such as incomplete penetration, inclusions
and lack of fusion etc. are easily to be produced. Based on the above characteristics, precautions in
welding and some measures are provided in this sub clause.
10.3.2 To avoid thermal crack, small line energy should be adopted in welding, try to adopt short
arc no swing or slight swing mutli-layer multi-pass welding. The above two measures can lessen
oxidation degree of the weld pass.
10.3.4 Heating the weldment with temperature lower than 15 can prevent weld gas cavity from
being produced due to humidity condensation. Low interlayer temperature is good for controlling
thermal crack.
10.3.5 When welding bottom, the back is filled with argon gas to protect it from being oxidized. If
the bottom pass is thin, when welding the second layer, the weld back also has to be shielded by
argon gas.
10.3.7 According construction experience, when pipe diameter is small, heating is concentrated
and heat radiating is slow, thus causing the crystal grain to grow seriously, increasing thermal
crack tendency, therefore, it is all right to adopt measures of forced cooling, such as equip cooling
copper block on both sides of the weld and wiping the weld on both sides using wet cloth. Pay
attention not to do these directly on the weld.
10.3.8 After welding is finished, cleaning the weld and its both sides is very important. As
instructed by American Welding Handbook, for high temperature welding joint, removing slag
inclusions and splash is very important, because sulfur will accumulate in slag inclusions very
quickly in high temperature, causing brittle. In addition, in oxidizing environment, when the
melting point of slag inclusions is arrived or closed, other elements in slag inclusions will cause
chemical corrosion. Therefore, after welding is finished, the slag inclusions and splash on the
surface of the weld and around the weld must be removed clearly.
139
11 Welding Inspection
11.1 Inspection Before Welding
Inspection before welding is the primary step of welding inspection. It aims at eliminating
factors that might possibly cause defects in advance and preventing defects from being produced.
The welding inspection works regulated in this paragraph include the following content: inspect
the parent metals and welding materials used for welding; inspect processing and grouping work
of the weldment; inspect construction field welding preparation work.
Some important content of inspection before welding such as inspection to design drawing,
inspection to welding construction personnel and inspection to welding guide book etc. has been
regulated in detail in the previous chapter and will not be regulated repeatedly in this chapter.
11.1.1 All materials used in engineering cannot be put into use until it has been confirmed through
material inspection that they meet the regulations in the design documents and relevant standard.
11.1.2 Before adding group, the size of the key structure of all the parts must be inspected. The
corrective inspection to the size of key structures could improve geometric accuracy of the group
welding components.
More laminar defects are found in the surface nondestructive test conducted to the surface of
bevels in large scale welding structure with increase in thickness. This sub clause adds some
relevant content.
11.1.3 This sub clause explicitly regulates that the shape and position of group components,
stagger amount of butt joint, angular deformation and grouping clearance should be inspected after
grouping. Lap amount and grouping clearance of lap joint, and grouping clearance of T joint and
angular joint, which strictly control the shape and position tolerance that affects the structure when
grouping, are the key factors to guarantee welding quality.
11.1.4 Before welding, check the cleaning quality of the bevel and its both sides. This refers to
cleaning inspection before welding begins. Because the bevel still might be oxidized or
contaminated during assembling or waiting for welding process after assembling and cleaning,
cleaning inspection must be conducted before welding.
11.1.6 This sub clause specifically regulates that before welding, inspection should be conducted
to weld whose preheating temperature and preheating range have been regulated definitely.
Temperature chalk, thermopaint, temperature measurement meters or other temperature
measurement methods that are proved reliable can be adopted to improve the reliability of
temperature measurement inspection
140
11.2 Inspection In Welding

11.2.1 Much too short and thin tack weld is easy to be torn during welding, and defects are very likely to exist
on tack weld pass. These defects cannot fully meld during welding, however, they are retained in the new
welding pass, forming root defect. Therefore, the slag skin of the tack weld must be removed to conduct
inspection.
11.2.2 For weld whose welding input line energy is explicitly regulated in welding guide book, the three
determining factors of input line energy should be inspected and recorded during welding, i.e. arc voltage,
welding current and welding speed, thus proving that the line energy requirements are met.
11.2.3 For welding layer number and thickness, only when it is considered that controlling the line energy is
necessary for reducing welding deformation (or controlling welding stress) and improving metal structure of
the weld, will the welding guide book and design drawing give explicit regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to
inspect and record during welding under these circumstances.
11.2.5 According to the situation at present that structure thickness is increasing, increasing demand for
interlayer surface nondestructive test, radiographic test and ultrasonic test. this sub clause establishes
corresponding regulations to relevant detection work.
11.2.7 Interrupted welding refers to the rewelding to a weld that has been interrupted for some reason after it is
completely cooled. So it is necessary to eliminate the weld defects at the interrupted place and reheat the weld
to regulated preheating temperature before rewelding.
11.2.8 This sub clause reserves the content in the original code. Considering that both sides welding does not
require complete root cleaning before welding the other side, the regulation that in both sides welding, welding
should be conducted after the weld root of the other side has been cleaned and inspected and the defects found
have be eliminated is supplemented in this sub clause.
11.2.9 It is explicitly stipulated that whether the intermediate test coupons (test pipe) is inspected shall be
determined by design documents and relevant engineering standards.
Test method and standard of criterion should accord with procedure qualification requirements of this code.
141
11.3 Inspection After Welding

11.3.1 Weld with special requirements in welding guide book refers to weld that requires slow cooling after
welding. It happens that welders make appearance inspection without removing the coating, even coating
reserved on the weld of hand over engineering, thus missing the best chance to find weld defects. To correct
this bad habit, this sub clause regulates that slag crust and splash should be removed immediately after welding,
and weld surface should be cleaned, then weld appearance inspection should be conducted.
11.3.2 In this revision, to consistent with current national standard Welding Quality Assurance
GB/T12467~12469-90, welding grading is changed to welding quality grading.
Welding quality includes four grades, i.e. grade, grade , grade and grade , of which grade is strictest,
and the quality requirements is also the highest. From grade to grade , the requirements are lower
gradually, and the welding quality standard is lower gradually.
Require grading to weld surface quality and internal quality (see table 1.3.2 of this code), which means no
mater in what engineering the welds are applied and no matter in what condition the welds are applied, if the
weld quality requirements are the same, and the restrictions to defects are the same, the welds belong to the
same grade of weld.
According to current national standard Requirements and Defect Grading of Steel Fusion Welding Assured by
Welding Quality GB/T12469-90, all products with product design specification or legal acceptance rules
should comply with these regulations and be converted to corresponding grades.
For products without corresponding specification or legal acceptance rules, the following factors should be
considered:
(1) Load character
1) Static load
2) Dynamic load
3) Non strength design (rigid design of components is restricted by deformation, normally, strength margin
is enough)
(2) Servicing environment
1) Temperature
2) Media
3) Humidity
4) Abrasion loss
142
(3) Effect of product invalidation

1)
Evoke explosion or leakage, even cause personal injury and product rejection etc.
2)
Cause product damage and machine shutting down, cause heavy economic loss.
3)
Cause product damage, but the machine can still operate, awaiting handling in overhauling.
(4) Material selection

1)
With excellent strength and toughness design safety margin.
2)
Although no big strength margin, toughness margin is enough
3)
High strength, low toughness
4)
Match welding material
(5) Manufacturing condition

1) Welding procedure method
2) Company management system
3) Welding accessibility in components design
4) Inspection condition
5) Economical efficiency
Thus, the welds applied in large amount of different industries, different engineering and different working
conditions can be classified to several grades, then regulates different inspection requirements to materials,
components processing, grouping and welding procedures according to the quality standard reached. Thus, the
regulations and requirements are simple and clear, explicit, and easy to grasp and execute.
11.3.3.1 The appearance quality of welds whose weld factor is 1 as regulated in the design documents or welds
that require total radiographic test or ultrasonic test should not be lower than the grade regulated in table
11.3.2 of this code. This is the lowest quality requirement of surface appearance inspection through judging the
weld importance using weld coefficient an detection method.
11.3.3.2 It is regulated that the appearance quality of weld that requires local radiographic test or ultrasonic test
should not be lower than the grade regulated in table 11.3.2 of this code. This is the lowest quality
requirement through judging the weld importance according to the detection methods and number selected and
the position of the weld in constructional structure.
143
11.3.3.3 This sub clause regulates the lowest quality standard of weld surface appearance inspection. Thus not
only can the quality of welding engineering be effectively controlled, but it is also good for the improvement of
overall level of the quality of welding engineering.
11.3.3.4 By comparing the quality requirements in relevant domestic and foreign titanium and titanium welding
standard, it is hard to grade the defects at present. According to regulations available, the sub clause only
regulates that the surface quality of titanium and titanium alloys should not be lower than the grade
regulated in table 11.3.2 of this code. Besides, the oxidation contamination caused by bad protection of the
welding surface of titanium and titanium alloys will seriously damage welding properties, therefore, only weld
surface color and luster inspection is required here (table 11.3.3). of course, only depending on writing
description to judge color and luster, which depends on inspectors experiences in large content, is not so
reliable. Hopefully we can fabricate relevant color standard sample in the future.
11.3.4 This sub clause regulates the nondestructive test.
11.3.4.1 It is hard to uniformly regulate nondestructive method and approval standard to weld surface. Design
and relevant standards can only make regulations according to specific engineering and weld quality.
11.3.4.2 Near cracks might be produced in heat treatment to metal with reheat crack tendency, therefore, it is
suggested surface nondestructive test to weld with reheat crack tendency be made once after heating and once
after heat treatment.
11.3.5 This sub clause regulates radiographic test and ultrasonic test to weld.
11.3.5.7 The design regulates that the quality of welds whose weld factor is 1 or welds that require 100%
radiographic test or ultrasonic test should not be lower than the grade regulated in table 11.3.2 of this code.
This is the lowest quality requirement to the inner quality detection methods and approval standard through
judging the weld importance according to design factors.
11.3.6 As regulated in the original code, double crack detection should be conducted to the welds welded by
welder whose weld has been found disqualified. Current various professional standards have regulated the
extended crack detection ratio. therefore, to match the professional standards, after revised, this sub clause
executes the professional standards.
11.3.7 The position of local radiographic test or ultrasonic test should be defined by quality inspector. This is to
assure the representativeness of detection work and reduce aimless detection.
11.3.8 The regulation in this sub clause is to prevent miss detection, make it convenient for detection work and
reduce factors that affect the quality of detection work.
144
11.3.10 In this revision, we regulate the inspection to the weld that does not have radiographic test or ultrasonic
test requirements in the design, and stress that quality inspectors should conduct appearance inspection to the
visible part of all welds. When the quality inspectors doubts about the quality of the invisible part of the weld,
they should further execute the inspection according to practical situation.
11.3.11.1 This sub clause regulates that appearance inspection and nondestructive test should be conducted
prior to heat treatment of the weld, thus improving inspection effect and avoiding defect spread caused by
temperature stress produced in heat treatment.
11.3.11.2 Because of stricter requirement to engineering structure and advancement of heat treatment
technologies, now integral heat treatment to weld in the furnace and sectional local heat treatment in the
furnace can be conducted in construction field. Therefore related requirements are supplemented here.
11.3.11.3 For weld that requires integral heat treatment in the furnace (e.g. integral heat treatment in global
vessel), the key for successful heat treatment is ensuring the implementation of heat treatment specification
under the condition that the overall structure is heated uniformly. Therefore, this sub clause regulates that
temperature measurement points should be arranged at different position of the workpiece to ensure that the
temperature of various positions of the weld could be measured and recorded.
11.3.11.4 The key for successful local heat treatment is ensuring the implementation of heat treatment
specification within determined heat treatment range. This sub clause regulates this requirement.
11.3.11.5 Accurate and reliable measuring meter is the basis of heat treatment inspection work. This sub clause
establishes corresponding regulations. Automatic temperature recording detector can reduce human error, so it
is recommended.
11.3.12 For weld that requires integral heat treatment in the furnace, weld the requires sectional local heat
treatment in the furnace and weld that requires integral heat treatment outside of the furnace, many test methods
are available to inspect heat treatment effect, so it is regulated that they should be determined by design and
relevant engineering standards. If no regulations are available in relevant technical documents, they should be
inspected through the heated welding test coupons (test pipe) under identical environment conditions. However,
attentions must be paid to that this method has good representativeness for the heat treatment effect of local
weld, and poor representativeness for the improvement of stress state of the overall structure after welding. If
the variation of stress state of the overall structure after welding is required to be determined, special detection
analysis and research must be made.
145
11.3.5 Change make marks with more content according to the fact that steel marks cannot be applied in some
projects and the requirements of some projects to after the welding is finished, welder mark and other
regulated marks should be marked around the weld.
11.4 Welding engineering hand over acceptance

11.4.1,11.4.2 Welding engineering hand over acceptance. Because welding work is part of field pipe and
equipment engineering, it can not be handed over separately. Therefore, the record to the hand over items
should comply with the regulations in corresponding standards.
For weld with nondestructive requirement, corresponding record should be made to make it convenient for
quality follow up inspection.
146

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GB50236-98 Welding Code For Construction and Inspection of Field Equipment and Industrial Piping

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GB 50236-98

Issue Date: Dec. 11, 1998

Implementation Date: Jun. 01, 1999

Issued by State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision and Ministry of

National Standard of P.R.C

China Plan Publishing House

Ministry of Construction of P.R.C

9.1 General Regulations (52)

4 Welding Procedure Qualification

4.2 Qualification Rules

Parent Metal Assortment and Grouping Table

Parent Metal Category

Low alloys structural steel with tensile

Low alloys structural steel with tensile

strength low limit 480~550MPa

Low alloys structural steel with tensile

with the lower limit of using temperature

with the lower limit of using temperature

with the lower limit of using temperature

Table 4.2.3 continued

Parent Metal Category

Martensitic stainless steel

Ferritic stainless steel

Austenitic stainless steel

Nickel alloys steel for use in low

temperature, with nickel content less than

temperature, with nickel content

L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, LF21

LF4, LF5, LF6, LF11

Table 4.2.3 continued

Parent Metal Category

T1, T2, T3, TP1, TP2

Nickel 99.0Ni series

Nickel alloys Ni-Cr series

Nickel alloys Ni-Cr-Fe series

Nickel alloys Ni-Fe-Cr series

TA1, TA2, TA3

Major factors and added major factors

Manual arc welding

number in the designation of steel welding rod)

1. Welding rod designation (except the third

Manual arc welding

Added major factors

2. When only the third number in the designation

3. The diameter of the welding rod is changed to

Change the welding in the position qualified to

upward vertical welding.

Table 4.2.6 continued

higher than the qualified value.

2. The highest interlayer temperature is 50

than the qualified value.

Added major factors

1. The pre-heating temperature is 50 lower

Major factors and added major factors

2.Increase line energy or the unit deposit metal

The Parent Metals of the qualification sample

One category number + the same category

same category number.