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Dirichlet Theorem: Riemann-Zeta Function

The document discusses properties of the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) and Dirichlet series. It shows: 1) ζ(s) can be meromorphically continued to the entire complex plane except for a simple pole at s = 1, by expressing it as the sum of the holomorphic function φ(s) and the term 1/(s-1). 2) Dirichlet series D(s) = ∑an/ns converge uniformly on compact subsets of the region where they converge. If they can be analytically continued to a larger region, they also converge uniformly there. 3) If a Dirichlet series ∑an/ns satisfies |∑mn an| < C for all

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王大洋
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© © All Rights Reserved
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43 views

Dirichlet Theorem: Riemann-Zeta Function

The document discusses properties of the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) and Dirichlet series. It shows: 1) ζ(s) can be meromorphically continued to the entire complex plane except for a simple pole at s = 1, by expressing it as the sum of the holomorphic function φ(s) and the term 1/(s-1). 2) Dirichlet series D(s) = ∑an/ns converge uniformly on compact subsets of the region where they converge. If they can be analytically continued to a larger region, they also converge uniformly there. 3) If a Dirichlet series ∑an/ns satisfies |∑mn an| < C for all

Uploaded by

王大洋
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Note of Number Theory, 26, Feb, 2015

Dirichlet Theorem
Riemann-Zeta Function
Riemann-Zeta Function:

(s) :=

1
, s C, Re (s) > 1,
s
n
n=1

(s) is an analytic function on Re (s) > 1.

Proposition 1:
(s) has meromorphic continuation to Re (s) > 0 with simple pole at s = 1. More
precisely,
(s) =

1
+ (s) on Re (s) > 1.
s1

Where (s) is a holomorphic function on Re (s) > 0.


Proof.
1
=
1s

ts dt when Re (s) = > 1


1

1
1
=

ts dt
(s)
s
1s
n
1
n=1
)
n+1
(

1
s
=

t dt
s
n
n
n=1
n+1

)
( s
t ns dt
=
Dene

n=1

n (s) =

n+1 (

)
ts ns dt,

1
=
n (s) .
s 1 n=1

which is a holomorphic function on Re (s) = > 0. Thus, (s)


1

H-Ray.C
Estimate |n (s)|:
n+1
s



t ns dt, here we claim: ts ns |s|
|n (s)|
n1+
nn+1
|s|
|s|

dt = 1+
1+
n
n
n
|s|
Proof of the claim |ts ns | 1+ :
n

|t

t



1s
n | = x
dx (s)
n
t
|s| x1 dx
s

tn
|s|
|s| 1+ 1+
n
n

|n (s)|

n=

1
n1+

|s|

n (s) converges absolutely and uniformly on

compact subset of Re (s) = > 0


Thus, (s) :=

n (s) denes a holomorphic function on Re (s) = > 0

n=1

1
1
Note that (s) =
=
. Take log:
s
n
1 ps
n=1
p:prime

log (s) =

log

1
1 ps

1
=
npns
p n=1
1 1
+
=
ps
npns
p n2
p
|
{z
}
(s)

Claim:

Claim: (s) is a holomorphic function on Re (s) = > 0.

Proof.
2

Lecture Note of Number Theory, 26, Feb, 2015

n2

)
1( 1
1
1
1
1
1 1
=

+
+
.
.
.

n |pns |
npn
2 p2 p3
2 p p2 1 p
p p2
p
1
1

< if 2 > 1
2 (1 2 ) p p2

1
From the claim, lim+ log (s) = lim
+ lim (s)
s
s1
s1
s1
p
| {z }
|
{z
}
p
<

1
lim+
= + There are many primes. This is Eulers method.
s1
ps
p
1
Inspired by Eulers method, Dirichlet wanted to prove
= . Dirichlet
ps
p:rime
construct so-called special series, Dirichlet Series, {Di (s)}:

D1 (s) =

1
an (2)
an (i)
,
D
(s)
=
,
.
.
.
,
D
(s)
=
2
i
ns
ns
ns
n=1
n=1
n=1

(i)

an C such that Di (s) is holomorphic on Re (s) > 0 (i = 1) and bn C, b1 = 0 such


that
b1 log D1 (s) +

nite

bi log Di (s)

p(a mod n)

i=2

1
.
ps

Dirichlet Series
Let 1 , 2 , . . ., n , . . . be a sequence of real numbers such that
(1) 1 0
(2) i i + 1
(3) lim i = +
i

Example: n = log n; n = n.
A Dirichlet Series D (s) is a series of the form:

D (s) =

an en , an C
s

n=1

H-Ray.C

Example: n = log n, D (s) =

an

ns

n=1

Lemma 1:

|z| ( x
)
e
Given 0 < < , then ez ez
ex
x
Proof.



tz
tz
e dt e = ez ez
z


z


etz dt
e
ez |z|



= ez ez |z|

etx dt =

)
|z| ( x
e
ex
x

Proposition 2:
Suppose D (s) =

an en s converge at s = s0 , then D (s) converges uniformly in

n=1

any compact set of Re (s s0 ) > 0 and |Arg (s s0 )| < <

Proof.
D (s) =

n (ss0 )n s0

an e

n=1

an en s0 an en (ss0 )

n=1

We may assume s0 = 0. For m < m , dene Am,m =

an . By assumption,

n=m

converges.
> 0, N such that N < m < m , |Am,m | < .

Dm,m (s) : =

an e

n s

n=m
m

(Am,n Am,n1 ) en s

n=m

Am,n en s e

)
n+1 s

Am,n en+1 s Am,n1 en s

n=m

n=m
1
m

(
)
Am,n en s en+1 s + Am,m em s

n=m

n=1

an

Lecture Note of Number Theory, 26, Feb, 2015


(
|Dm,m (s)|
[

s


e n en+1 s + em s

n=m

m
)
|s| ( n

e
en+1 + em
n=m

)
|s| ( n
=
e
en+1 + em

2 |s|
+1

]
by lemma 1

= Re (s) > 0; |Arg (s)| < .


s = rei , < < <
(
|Dm,m (s)| 1 +

|s|
r
1
1
, = r cos .
=
=

r cos
cos
cos

2
cos

D (s) converge uniformly in Re (s) > 0

< < Arg (s) < <


2
2

Corollay:
If D (s) =

an en s converges at s = s0 with an > 0,then D (s) converges uni-

n=1

formly in compact subset of Re (s) > Re (s0 ) an hence D (s) dene a holomorphic
function on Re (s) > Re (s0 ).
(Recall if {fn }n=1, 2, ... a sequence of holomorphic function on a domain U , converge
uniformly in compact subset of U , then lim fn (s) is holomorphic function on U .)
n

Proposition 3:
Suppose D (s) =

an en s converges uniformly in compact subsets of Re (s) > 0

n=1

H-Ray.C
and has analytic continuation to Re (s) > 1 with 1 < 0 , then D (s) converges
uniformly in compact subset of Re (s) > 1 .

Proof.
By proposition 2, it suces to show D (s) converges at s = x > . Pick x0 R,
x0 > 0 , 1 < x1 < x0 . Want to show D (s) has Taylor expansion around x0 :

D (s) =

D(k) (x0 )

k!

k=0

Thus, D (x1 ) = D (s) =

D(k) (x0 )

k!

k=0

More, D(k) (x0 ) =

(s x0 )k for |s x0 | < x0 1

(x1 x0 )k .

an (n )k en x0

n=1

D (x1 ) =

an n k en x0

k!

k=0 n=1

n k
n=1 k=0

k!

(x0 x1 )k an en x0

n (x0 x1 )

(x0 x1 )k <

n x0

an e

n=1

an en x1 <

n=1

Conclusion:
Dirichlet series Re(s) =
Re(s) = 1
Here, we only consider D (s) =

an
n=1

ns

. That is, n = log n.

Proposition 4:
6

Lecture Note of Number Theory, 26, Feb, 2015

Let Am,m =

an . Suppose there exists a subset c > 0 such that |Am,m | < c

n=m

an
m > m > 0. Then D (s)
has analytic continuation to Re (s) = > 0.
ns 0
n=1

Proof.
)
(
m
m
m

an
1
Am,m
Am,n Am, n 1
1
Dm,m (s) =
=
=

+
Am,n
s
s
s
s
n
n
n
(n + 1)
m s
n=m
n=m
n=m
[m 1
]

1

1
1


|Dm,m (s)| C
ns (n + 1)s + |m |s

[
C

n=m

n=m

|s|

1
n+1

1
+
m

|Dm,m (s)| uniformly for s in a compact subset of Re (s) = > 0.


This show D (s) denes a holomorphic function on Re (s) > 0 and hence D (s)

(
)

a
1

n
converge at Re (s) > 0 by proposition 3.(D (s) =
C)
<

ns
ns
n=1

n=1

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