9/24/2015

New Seven Tools of Quality

The New Seven (N7)
Tools of TQM

1.
2.
3.
4.

Collated by Prof. Jerome Alvarez

5.
6.

7.

Origin of the New Seven Tools

Affinity Diagram
Relations Diagram
Tree Diagram
Matrix Diagram
Arrow Diagram
Process Decision Program
Chart
Matrix Data Analysis

Relation Between New Seven

Tools and Basic Seven Tools

A committee for developing QC tools affiliated with

FACTS

JUSE was set up in April 1972.

Data

Aim was to develop more QC techniques with design

Numerical Data

approach

New set of methods (N7) was announced in 1977

Developed to organize verbal data diagrammatically.

Work in conjunction with original Basic Seven Tools

Verbal Data

Define problem after

collecting numerical data

Define problem before

collecting numerical data

The Basic Seven Tools

Analytical approach

The New Seven Tools

Organize

Generate Ideas
Formulate plans

Information

Affinity Diagrams

Developed by Kawakita Jiro, a Japanese

anthropologist; thus also known as KJ Method
A technique to prioritize, organize, and group together
brainstorming ideas that have a natural affinity to
one another.
Used in pinpointing the problem in a chaotic situation
and generating solution strategies
Gathers and organizes large amounts of intertwined
data (ideas, opinions, issues) based on natural
relationship

Advantages of Affinity Diagrams

Facilitates breakthrough thinking and stimulate

fresh ideas

Permits the problem to be pinned down accurately

Ensures everyone clearly recognizes the problem

Incorporates opinions of entire group

Fosters team spirit

Raises everyones level of awareness

Spurs to the group into action

9/24/2015

Constructing an Affinity Diagram

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

Completing an Affinity Diagram

Select a topic
Collect verbal data by brainstorming
Discuss info collected until everyone understands it thoroughly
Write each item on separate data card
Spread out all cards on table
Move data cards into groups of similar themes (natural affinity
for each other)
Combine statements on data cards to new Affinity statement
Make new card with Affinity statement
Continue to combine until less than 5 groups
Lay the groups outs, keeping the affinity clusters together

Topic
Affinity Statement

Affinity Statement

Affinity Statement

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Affinity Statement
Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Source: Nayatani, Y., The Seven New QC Tools (Tokyo, Japan, 3A Corporation, 1984)

Affinity Diagrams

Affinity Diagrams
The (word processing) program is a pleasure to use
Program is quick and responsive
Can adjust the cursor to move as quickly as Id like
Enables me to find things in the document

Commands are easy to know

and use

Offers lots of size, font, and design options

Can customize the icon display so that its easy

for me to use

Able to see what the fonts look like as Im

choosing them

Clear relationship between menu commands and

icons
Able to execute common operations in a single
step
Can execute commands quickly

Relations Diagrams

Used to identify and help solve problems

between effects and causes, between
relationships, and between methods and
objectives.
Used in Finding Solutions Strategies by
Clarifying Relationships with Complex
Interrelated Causes
Also known as Interrelationship diagram/
Interrelationship digraph

Easy font management

Know what an icon is going to do before I click

on it

Can organize the listing of fonts to reflect the

way I use them
Everything stays neat and aligned when I change
fonts

Relations Diagrams

Allows for Multi-directional thinking rather

than linear

Resolves tangled issues by unraveling the

logical relations among intertwined causes
and effects

Arrows are used to show cause and effect

relationships similar to that of Cause & Effect
Diagram or Fish Bone Chart of Ishikawa

9/24/2015

Advantages of Relations Diagrams

Constructing a Relations Diagram

Useful at planning stage for obtaining

perspective on overall situation

1.

Facilitates consensus among team

3.

Assists to develop and change peoples

thinking

2.

4.
5.
6.

Enables priorities to be identified accurately

Makes the problem recognizable by clarifying

the relationships among causes

7.
8.
9.
10.

Relations Diagrams
Tertiary
Cause

Tree Diagrams
Secondary
Cause

Primary Cause

Why doesnt
X happen?

Primary Cause
Tertiary
Cause
4th level
Cause

Secondary
Cause

Tertiary
Cause

Secondary
Cause

Primary Cause

Tertiary
Cause

Secondary
Cause

6th level
Cause

4th level
Cause

5th level
Cause

Advantages of Tree Diagrams

It maps out the paths and tasks that need to be

accomplished to complete a specific project or
to reach a specified goal.
It brings the issues and problems disclosed by
the affinity diagram and the interrelationship
digraph down to the operational planning
stage.
Also known as Systematic diagrams or
Dendrograms

Tertiary
Cause

Primary Cause
Secondary
Cause

Express the problem in form of Why isnt something

happening?
Each member lists 5 causes affecting problem
Write each item on a card
Discuss info collected until everyone understands it thoroughly
Move cards into similar groups
Asking why, explore the cause-effect relationships, and divide
the cards into primary, secondary and tertiary causes
Connect all cards by these relationships
Further discuss until all possible causes have been identified
Review whole diagram looking for relationships among causes
Connect all related groups

Systematic and logical approach is less

likely that items are omitted
Facilitates agreement among team
Are extremely convincing with strategies

Constructing a Tree Diagram

1.
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.

7.
8.

Write Relations Diagram topic (Objective card)

Identify constraints on how objective can be achieved
Discuss means of achieving objective (primary means,
first level strategy)
Take each primary mean, write objective for achieving it
(secondary means)
Continue to expand to the fourth level
Review each system of means in both directions (from
objective to means and means to objective)
Add more cards if needed
Connect all levels

9/24/2015

Ex. Tree Diagram

Tree Diagrams

Program is quick and

responsive
4th means

Secondary means
Primary means

4th means

3rd means

4th means

3rd means

Secondary means

To
Accomplish

3rd means

3rd means

4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means

Secondary means

3rd means

4th means

3rd means

4th means

Constraints
Secondary means

3rd means

4th means

3rd means

4th means

Matrix Diagrams

Can customize the icon display so that its

easy for me to use
Clear relationship between menu
commands and icons
Able to execute common operations in a
single step
Can execute commands quickly
Offers lots of size, font, and design
options
Able to see what the fonts look like as
Im choosing them
Can organize the listing of fonts to reflect
the way I use them
Everything stays neat and aligned when I
change fonts

Matrix Diagrams

These are spreadsheets that graphically display relationships

between characteristics, functions, and tasks in such a way as
to provide logical connecting points between each item.

Enable data on ideas based on extensive

experience
Clarifies relationships among different
elements
Makes overall structure of problem
immediately obvious
If two to four types of diagrams are combined,
location of problem is clearer
Ex. House of Quality (HOQ)

Commands are easy

to know and use

Easy font
management

Advantages of Matrix Diagrams

The (word
processing)
program is a
pleasure to
use

Seeks to arrange data quantitatively to display the strength of

relationships among variables so that they can be easily
viewed and understood.

A Matrix Diagram consists of a number of columns and rows

whose intersections are checked to find out the nature and
strength of the problem.

Enables me to find things in the

document
Know what an icon is going to do before
I click on it

4th means

Primary means

Can adjust the cursor to move as

quickly as Id like

A statistically based factor analysis technique.

Consists of two-dimensional array to determine
location and nature of problem
Discovers key ideas by relationships represented by
the cells in matrix.
Also called: Decision, Selection, or Solution
Matrices

5 types: L-shaped, T-shaped, Y-shaped, Xshaped, and C-shaped

Constructing a Matrix Diagram

1.

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

Write final-level means from Tree diagram forming

vertical axis
Write in Evaluation categories (efficacy, practicability,
and rank) on horizontal axis. Examine final-level means
to identify whom will implement them
Write names along horizontal axis
Label group of columns as Responsibilities
Label right-hand end of horizontal axis as Remarks
Examine each cell and insert the appropriate symbol:
Efficacy: O=good, 5=satisfactory, X=none
Practicability: O=good,5=satisfactory, X=none

9/24/2015

Matrix Diagrams
Type T-Matrix

=1
=2
=3

level
Tree
level
Tree
level
Tree
level
Tree
level
Tree
level
Tree
level
Tree
level
Tree
level
Tree
level
Tree

means
diagram
means
diagram
means
diagram
means
diagram
means
diagram
means
diagram
means
diagram
means
diagram
means
diagram
means
diagram

Subsidia ry

1
4

M
em
ber

Leader

Principa l

Re ma rks
M
anager

Section/Plant

Q
Ccirclesupporter

=4
=5
=6

Re sponsibilitie s

Section/Plant

Eva lua tion

4th
from
4th
from
4th
from
4th
from
4th
from
4th
from
4th
from
4th
from
4th
from
4th
from

O
X
X

Hold 4 times/month

At every meeting

O
O
O

At least 3 times/y ear/person

O
O

Matrix Diagrams HOQ

Type Y-Matrix

Arrow Diagrams

SiteQ
Ccircle

9.

O
O

R
ank

8.

Determine score for each combination of symbols, record

in rank column
Examine cells under Responsibility Columns, insert
double-circle for Principal and single-circle for Subsidiary
Fill out remarks column and record meanings of symbol

Practicability

7.

Matrix Diagrams

E
fficacy

Constructing a Matrix Diagram

(cont.)

Uses circles and arrows to show the relationship among tasks;

promotes understanding and agreement among group.
The order of the steps of a process and their relation to one
another are represented by a network of connected arrows and
action points.
In the network section, circles called nodes are used to
depict a specific sequence of action.
Similar to the GANTT chart used in scheduling, the flowchart
used to represent steps in the process, and the PERTCPM(Program Evaluation and Review Technique-Critical
Path Method) that is used to determine the critical path in the
sequence of tasks.

Advantages of Arrow Diagrams

Allows overall task to viewed and potential

snags to be identified before work starts

Leads to discovery of possible improvements

Makes it easy to monitor progress of work

Deals promptly with changes to plan

Improves communication among team

9/24/2015

Constructing an Arrow Diagram

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.

From strategies on Tree diagram, select one (Objective of

Arrow Diagram)
Identify constraints to Objective
List all activities necessary to achieving Objective
Write all essential activities on separate cards
Organize cards in sequential order of activities
Remove any duplicate activities
Review order of activities, find sequence with greatest amount
of activities
Arrange parallel activities
Examine path, number nodes in sequence from left to right
Record names and other necessary information

Process Decisions Program Charts

(PDPC)

A method for mapping out every conceivable event

and contingency that occur when moving from a
problem statement to possible solutions.
Similar to a flow chart but includes unpredictable
outcomes. (flowchart deals only with predictable
events)
Used with unfamiliar process or problem.
Used to increase the probability that any planned
action will improve the entire system.

Constructing a PDPC
1.

2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Select a highly effective, but difficult strategy from the Tree

diagram
Decide on a goal (most desirable outcome)
Identify existing situation (Starting point)
Identify constraints of objective List activities to reach goal and
potential problems with each activity
Review list. Add extra activities or problems not thought of
previously
Prepare contingency plan for each step and review what action
is needed if step is not achieved
Examine carefully to check for inconsistencies and all
important factors are included
Examine to make sure all contingency plans are adequate

Arrow Diagram
Strategy

Constraints

12

10

11

13

Activity

7
Source: Nayatani, Y., The Seven New QC Tools (Tokyo, Japan, 3A Corporation, 1984)

Advantages of Process Decisions

Program Charts (PDPCs)

Facilitates forecasting
Uses past to anticipate contingencies
Enables problems to pinpointed
Illustrates how events will be directed to
successful conclusion
Enables those involved to understand decisionmakers intentions
Fosters cooperation and communication in group
Easily modified and easily understood

Process Decisions Program Charts

Start

NO
NO

NO
NO

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

NO

GOAL

9/24/2015

Process Decisions Program

Charts (PDPC)

Matrix Data Analysis

Advantages of
Matrix Data Analysis

Technique quantifies and arranges data

presented in Matrix

Based solely on numerical data

Finds indicators that differentiate and attempt

to clarify large amount of information

Constructing a
Matrix Data Analysis

Can be used in various fields (market surveys, new

1.
2.

product planning, process analysis)

3.

Principal Component Analysis can be when

4.

used when Matrix diagram does not give

5.

sufficient information

6.

Useful as Prioritization Grid, thus known also

as Prioritization Matrix

7.
8.
9.

Determine your goal, your alternatives, and criteria for decision

Place selection in order of importance
Apply percentage weight to each option (all weights should add up to
1)
Sum individual ratings to establish overall ranking (Divide by number
of options for average ranking)
Rank order each option with respect to criterion (Average the
rankings and apply a completed ranking)
Multiply weight by associated rank in Matrix (in example, 4 is best, 1
is worst)
Result is Importance Score
Add up Importance Scores for each option
Rank order the alternatives according to importance

Competitive Profile Matrix

PRODUCT
Dimensions

Matrix Data Analysis

Criteria
Design A
Percentage weight
Rank
Importance score

Customer
Acceptance
.40
4
1.6

Cost
.30
3
.90

Reliability
.20
2
.40

Weight Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score

(IMPORTANCE)

Strength
.10
1
.10

Design B
Percentage weight
Rank
Importance score

.30
3
0.9

.40
4
1.60

.10
1
.10

.20
2
.40

Design C
Percentage weight
Rank
Importance score

.25
1
0.25

.25
2
.50

.25
4
1.00

.25
3
.75

Design D
Percentage weight
Rank
Importance score

0.3
2
0.6

.10
1
.10

.20
3
.60

.40
4
1.60

Sum of weights
Average weight
Criterion Ranking

1.25
.31
1

1.05
.26
2

.75
.19
4

1.05
.24
3

Sum

3.0

3.0

2.5

2.9

Performance

0.20

Features

0.10

Reliability

0.10

Durability

0.10

Serviceability

0.15

Affordability

0.10

Aesthetics

0.20

Perceived Quality

0.05

Total

1.00

Rank

1 (tie)

1 (tie)

1
4
3
4
4
4
4
1

0.20
0.40
0.30
0.40
0.60
0.40
0.80
0.05
3.15

4
4
3
3
3
4
2
4

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.30

0.30

0.40

0.30

0.30

0.45

0.45

0.40

0.20

0.40

0.40

0.20

0.15

3.25

2.80

Rating: 4 being the highest, 1 is the lowest