C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

Differentiation

dy
If y = kx n ,  nkx n1
dx
dy
[Remember, =gradient of tangent to curve y = f(x) ]
dx
Revision examples: Differentiate the following functions;

1 4 25 3
i) y ii) y  x iii) y  iv) y= v) y  vi) y4 x
x2 x3 x 5x2

 
3
vii) y  6 3 x vii) y  x

Solution
1 dy 2
i) y  x 2   2 x 21  2 x 3   3
x 2 dx x

1
dy 1 12 1 1  12 1
ii) y  x  x2   x  x  1
dx 2 2
2x 2

4 3 dy
iii) y  4 x   3 x 4 x31  12 x4
x 3 dx

25 dy 25
iv) y  25x 1   1 x 25x11  25x 2  2
x dx x

3 3 2 dy 3 6 6
v) y  x    2 x x 3   x 3   3
5x 5
2 dx 5 5 5x
1
1
dy 1 4 1 1  34 1
vi) y4 xx 4
  x  x 
dx 4 4 4x
3
4

1 1 1 2
dy 1 2
vii) y  6 3 x  6x3   x 6x 3  2x 3 
dx 3 x
2
3

3 12
 x dy 3
3
y x  x  x
3 3 1
viii) 2
 x 2

dx 2 2
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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

Another Revision Example:

yx x, dy
Given that find and hence find the gradient of the curve at the
dx
point (9,27)

Solution

1+
1
dy 3 12 3 x
y  x x  x1 x x  x 
1 3
2
 x 2
 x2 
dx 2 2

dy 3 9 9 , so gradient at the point is 9

When x  9,  
dx 2 2 2

The Chain Rule

Used to differentiate a composite function (i.e. one function inside another

1
function) e.g. y  x 1  2
 2.

We start by letting t = the inner function: in the above example t = x 2  1

The chain rule says:

dy dy dt
 x
dx dt dx
1
Example: Differentiate y  x 1  2
 2

Solution
1
Let t = x 2  1 so y  t2
dt dy 1 
Then  2 x and  t
1
2

dx dt 2
dy dy dt
 x
dx dt dx
 1 t  x 2x
1
2

2
 1 x 2x x t  1
2

2
1

 xt   NB : wemust give answer in terms of

2

original variable sub t  x 2  1

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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

1
 x( x 2  1)  2
x
 2 1
( x  1) 2
dy
when y   x 2  2 
6
Example: Use the chain rule to find
dx
Solution:

Let t  x 2  2, y  t6
dt  2 x, dy
 6t 5
dx dt

dy dy dt
Then  x
dx dt dx
=6t 5 x 2 x
=12xt 5

x 
5
=12x 2
2
NB: To apply the chain rule quickly remember:

dy d
  outer function  x d  inner function 
dx dt dx
 
4
e.g y  x 3 1
dy
 
3
 4 x3  1 x 2 x2
dx
Exercise: C3/4 textbook, Ex 1, P.69, Q. 2(a,c), 3(a,c,e), 4, 8

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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

Connected Rates of Change

dx
The rate of change of x is , where t is time. If we know a formula for x
dt
in terms of t, we find the rate of change of x by differentiation.

dx
NB: If x is increasing at 6cm s-1 then = + 6,
dt
dx
if x is decreasing at 6cm s-1 then  6
dt

We can sometimes use the Chain Rule to find the rate of change of a variable
if we know the rate of change of a related variable.

Example: Find the rate of increase of the radius of a sphere whose volume is
increasing at a rate of 100 cm3 s-1 at the instant when the radius is 3cm.

Solution:
dV dr
We know = 100 and we want to find .when r=3
dt dt
dr dr dV
Using the Chain Rule,  x
dt dV dt
We therefore need to find a relationship between V and r so we can find
dr 
from 1 dV 
dV  
dr 

4 3
For a sphere, Volume, V= r
3

dV 4
So,  3 x  r 31  4 r 2
dr 3

dr 1 1
 
dV dV 4 r 2
dr

dr 1 dV
Therefore,  x
dt 4 r 2
dt
1
 x 100 (when the radius is 3cm)
4 (3) 2
25
 cm s 1
9
C3/4 textbook: Ex 3, p159, Q. 6, 7, 9, 10,13, 14
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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

The product rule

If y = uv (where u and v are functions of x), then

dy dv du
 u  v  uv /  vu /
dx dx dx

Example 1

dy
Given that y   3 x  2   x  6  , find
2
using the product rule:
dx

Solution

Let u = 3x  2, v  x 2  6,
du  3, dv
Then  2x
dx dx
dy dv du
Using u v
dx dx dx

dy
dx 
  3x  2  x 2 x  x 2  6  x3
= 6 x 2  4 x  3x 2 18
 9 x 2  4 x  18
dy
Example 2: Find if y  (3  2 x) x 2  4
dx
Solution: (we need to use both the chain and product rules for this)

Let u  3  2 x, v  x2  4
du dv 1 2 1 1
Then  2,  ( x  4) 2 1 x 2 x  x( x 2  4)  2
dx dx 2
(using chain rule)
_______________________________________________
dy
 uv /  vu / (using product rule)
dx
1
 (3  2 x) x x( x 2  4)  2  x 2  4 x 2
1
 x(3  2 x)( x 2  4)  2  2 x 2  4
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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

Example 3: Find the x-coordinates of the stationary points of the curve

y  ( x  2) 2 (4 x  3)3

Solution:

Let u  ( x  2)2 v  (4x+3)3

du dv
 2( x  2) x 1  3(4 x  3) 2 x 4
dx dx
dy dv du
Then u v
dx dx dx
 ( x  2) x 12(4x+3)2  (4 x  3)3 x 2(x+2)
2

 12( x  2) 2 (4 x  3) 2  2( x  2)(4 x  3)3

 2( x  2)(4 x  3) 2  6( x  2)  (4 x  3) 
 2( x  2)(4 x  3) 2 (10 x  15)

dy
 0 at stationary points
dx
ie 2(x+2)(4x+3) 2 (10 x  15)  0
( x  2)  0  x  2
3
(4 x  3)  0  x  
4
3
(10 x  15)  0  x   are the x coords of the stationary points.
2
Exercise

Differentiate the following using the product rule:

i)  
y   2 x  4  x3  3 x  9
ii) y   x  3  5x  4 x 
3 2

iii) y   7  7 x   2 x  3 , and find the coordinates of any stationary points

2
2

iv) y   3x  2   x  x  7 
3 2

v) y   3  8x2  2  4x
vi) y  x x …………do you get the same answer as when we multiplied it
out first ?

The quotient rule

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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

u
If y = (where u and v are functions of x), then
v

dy v du  u dv vu /  uv /
 dx dx 
dx v 2 v2

Example 1:

3x  1 dy
Given that y , (i) find and hence (ii) find the equation of the
x2 dx
tangent to the curve at the point (1, 4 )

Solution:

(i) Let u  3x  1, v  x2

du  3, dv  1
dx dx
du dv
dy v dx  u dx
Then 
dx v2


 x  2 x 3   3x 1 x 1
 x  2
2

= 3x  6  3x2 1
( x  2)
 7
 x  2
2

dy 7
(ii) When x  1,   7
dx (1  2) 2

Using y  y1  m( x  x1 ) (where x1  1, y1  4 and m  7) ,

y  (4)  7( x  1)
y  3  7 x is the equation of the tangent.

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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

x2  1 dy
Example 2: Given that y  find
3x  1 dx
Solution: (we need to use both the chain and quotient rules for this)

Let u  x 2 1, v  (3x 1)

1
2

du dv 1
 2 x,  (3x  1) Exercise
1
2
x3
dx dx 2
1. Differentiate the
following using the Quotient
du dv
dy v dx  u dx Rule:

dx v2 2x  5
3 i) y
x2  2
1 1
(3x  1) x 2 x  ( x  1) x (3 x  1)  2
2 2

 2 3x 2  1
(3 x  1) ii) y
6  2x
4x 1
iii) y 2
2 x(3x 1)  3 ( x 2  1)(3x  1) 3x  7
1 1
2 2

= 2 2. Find the equation of the

 3x 1 tangent to the curve
2 x at the point where
y 2
x 5
x = 1

Integration

kx n1
 kx dx 
n
 c, n 1
n 1
1
NB Exception is  x 1dx or  xdx  ln x  c
Example 1:

4
Find  x2 dx
Solution
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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

4
 x2 dx   4x
2
dx.
21
= 4x c
2  1
-1
= 4x  c
-1
=  4 x 1  c
9

3
Example 2: Evaluate x 2 dx
4

Solution:
9
 3 1 
9 3  x2 
4 x 2 dx   3 
 2
 1
4
9
  = x ]
9 5 5
 5  5 [x  x
5 1

 x2 
2 2

 2x 2 
=   
 5   5 
 2  4  4

   
 5 5
=2 9  4
2

  84 5
5  

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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

Example 3: Find the area represented by;

2  3 1 
  4   4  dx
x x2
1


Solution;

2  3 1 
  4   4  dx
1
x x2 
 1
2
 3x 4

 x 2  4 dx
2
 3x 41 x 21 
   4x
 4  1 2  1 1
2
 3x 3 x 1 
   4x
 3 1 1
2
   x 3  x 1  4 x 
 1
2
 1 1 
  3   4x
x x 1
 1 1 
   8   1 1  4
2
3 2 
3
4 8

Example 4:

dy 1
Given that  x 2
dx x
i) Find the general solution of the differential equation.
ii) Find the equation of the curve with this gradient function which
passes through (1,5)

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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

Solution:
(i)
dy
 x  12
dx x
1
=x 2  x 2
dy
y =  dx
dx
 1 
=  x 2  x 2 dx
 
 
3
x2 x 1
=  c
3 1
2
2 3 1
y = x2   c
3 x

Curve passes through (1,5) sub x  1, y  5 into y 

2 32 1
(ii) x   c.
3 x
2 1
 5  1  c  c  5
3 3

2 32 1 13
y  x  5
3 x
Example 5:

x5  2 x 2  x
Find  x4 dx
Solution: There is no quotient rule for integration so we must divide first
before integrating.

x5  2 x 2  xdx  x  2 x 2  x 3 dx
 x4   
2 1 2
= x  2x  x  c
2 1 2
= 1 x2  2  1 2  c
2 x 2x
Integration involving a Linear Substitution

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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

If we have a composite function where the inner function is linear, we can

always integrate by substitution.

Steps: 1) Use the substitution ‘let u = the linear function’.

du
2) Find and express dx in terms of du.
dx
3) Substitute u for x in the function to be integrated.
4) Substitute for dx its equivalent in terms of du .
5) Substitute any ‘stray’ x terms if necessary.
6) Carry out the integration du .
7) Replace u with x equivalent.

 2x 1
3 3
Example 1: Evaluate I  1 dx

Solution:

du
Let u  2 x  1   2  du  2dx
dx
 dx  du
2
x 3 du
I  x 1 u 3
2
= 1 x1 u 3du
x 3

2
x 3
 4
= 1 u 
2  4  x1
3
 4
1
= 
  2x 1 
 1 7 4  34 
2 4  8

 1

1
5
I    3 x  1 dx
2
Example 2: Evaluate
1

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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

Solution

du du
Let u  3x  1  3   dx
dx 3
x 5 du
Then I  x 1 u
1
2

3
1 x 5 12
3 x 1
= u du
x 5
 3
1 u 2 
=  
3 3 
 2  x 1

x 5
2
  u 
3

9   x 1
3 5

2
9 

3x  1 
1

2
  16  4 
9
2
  2
9
4

9

Harder Integration by Substitution (with ‘stray’ x terms)

Example 1

 x(2 x  1) dx
2
Find
1
Solution Let u = 2 x  1  x  (u  1)
2
du du
 2  dx 
dx 2

Then replace each x with its equivalent in terms of u.

2 1 2 du
i.e  x(2 x  1) dx   (u  1)u …….multiply out before integrating….
2 2
1
  (u 3  u 2 )du
4
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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

1  u4 u3 
     c.
4 4 3 
3
u u 1
     c.
4  4 3
3
u  3u  4 
    c. ………..replace the x…………….
4  12 
(2 x  1)3  3(2 x  1)  4 
    c.
4  12 
(2 x  1)3
 (6 x  1)  c.
48

Example 2

Find  x x  1 dx.
Solution:

Let u = x  1  x  u  1
du
 1  dx  du.
dx

Then replace each x and multiply out before integrating

1 3 1
 (u  1)u 2 du   u 2  u 2 du.
5
2u 2 2 32
  u c …….replace the x…………
5 3
5 3
2 2
 ( x  1) 2  ( x  1) 2  c.
5 3

Example 3

2 2
Evaluate 1 x(2 x  3) dx.

Solution:
1
Let u  2 x  3  x  (u  3)
2
du du
 2  dx 
dx 2
Then replace each x :
2 2 x2 1 2 du
1 x (2 x  3) dx  x1 2 (u  3)u 2 ….multiply out before integrating….
1 x 2 3
  u  3u 2 du
4 x 1
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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

x 2
1  u4 
   u3  ……replace the x………….
4  4  x 1
2
1  (2 x  3)4 
   (2 x  3)3 
4  4 1

1 1 1 
   1   1
4 4 4 
1 1
  2 
4 2

Volumes of Revolution : When the area between a curve and the x-

axis is rotated through one revolution (360 o) about the x-axis a volume of
revolution is formed.

If the curve y=f(x) from x=a to x=b is rotated about the x-axis through 360o ,
the volume formed is given by

b
V=   y 2 dx
a
q
[About the y-axis, from y=p to y=q, V =  p x dy ]
2

Example 1: Find the volume of revolution formed when the area enclosed
1
by the curve y= , the x-axis and the lines x=1 and x=3 is rotated 360 o
x
about the x-axis.
Solution:

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 C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)

3
V    y 2 dx
1
2
31
     dx
1
 x
3
 1
2 dx
1 x
3
   x 2 dx
1
3
 x 1 
  
 1 1
3
 1 
  
 x 1
 1   1  
         
 3   2  
1
  unit 2
6

Example 2: Find the volume of revolution formed when the curve 2y = x -1

is rotated through one revolution about the y axis from y=1 to
y=4
Solution:

Since the rotation is about the y-axis, we need to get x in terms of y.

Rearranging gives x = 2y + 1

4
V    x 2 dy
1
4
    2 y  1 dy
2
1
4
 1  2y+1 3 
  x 
 2 3 
1
4
1   2y+1)  
3

  
2  3 1
1  93 33 
  - 
2 3 3
 117

/conversion/tmp/activity_task_scratch/31244908.doc
Xaverian Page 16 11/2/2021