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    CH 33 Sec 4 - The Cold War Divides The World PDF

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    1) The document summarizes Cold War conflicts in Latin America and the Middle East that resulted from the superpowers supporting opposing sides. It focuses on conflicts in Cuba, Nicaragua, and Iran. 2) In Cuba, Fidel Castro led a revolution that overthrew the U.S.-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959. Castro established a communist regime and aligned with the Soviet Union. This led to conflicts like the failed U.S.-backed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. 3) The document also briefly mentions conflicts in Nicaragua and Iran that resulted from superpower involvement in those countries during the Cold War era.

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    CH 33 Sec 4 - The Cold War Divides The World PDF

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    MrEHsieh
    528 views6 pages
    1) The document summarizes Cold War conflicts in Latin America and the Middle East that resulted from the superpowers supporting opposing sides. It focuses on conflicts in Cuba, Nicaragua, and Iran. 2) In Cuba, Fidel Castro led a revolution that overthrew the U.S.-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959. Castro established a communist regime and aligned with the Soviet Union. This led to conflicts like the failed U.S.-backed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. 3) The document also briefly mentions conflicts in Nicaragua and Iran that resulted from superpower involvement in those countries during the Cold War era.

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    1) The document summarizes Cold War conflicts in Latin America and the Middle East that resulted from the superpowers supporting opposing sides. It focuses on conflicts in Cuba, Nicaragua, and Iran. 2) In Cuba, Fidel Castro led a revolution that overthrew the U.S.-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959. Castro established a communist regime and aligned with the Soviet Union. This led to conflicts like the failed U.S.-backed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. 3) The document also briefly mentions conflicts in Nicaragua and Iran that resulted from superpower involvement in those countries during the Cold War era.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    528 views6 pages

    CH 33 Sec 4 - The Cold War Divides The World PDF

    Uploaded by

    MrEHsieh
    1) The document summarizes Cold War conflicts in Latin America and the Middle East that resulted from the superpowers supporting opposing sides. It focuses on conflicts in Cuba, Nicaragua, and Iran. 2) In Cuba, Fidel Castro led a revolution that overthrew the U.S.-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959. Castro established a communist regime and aligned with the Soviet Union. This led to conflicts like the failed U.S.-backed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. 3) The document also briefly mentions conflicts in Nicaragua and Iran that resulted from superpower involvement in those countries during the Cold War era.

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    of 6

    Page 1 of 6

    The Cold War Divides the World


    MAIN IDEA

    WHY IT MATTERS NOW

    REVOLUTION The superpowers


    supported opposing sides in
    Latin American and Middle
    Eastern conflicts.

    Many of these areas today are


    troubled by political, economic,
    and military conflict and crisis.

    TERMS & NAMES


    Third World
    nonaligned
    nations
    Fidel Castro

    Anastasio Somoza
    Daniel Ortega
    Ayatollah Ruholla
    Khomeini

    SETTING THE STAGE Following World War II, the worlds nations were

    grouped politically into three worlds. The first was the industrialized capitalist
    nations, including the United States and its allies. The second was the
    Communist nations led by the Soviet Union. The Third World consisted of
    developing nations, often newly independent, who were not aligned with either
    superpower. These nonaligned countries provided yet another arena for competition between the Cold War superpowers.
    TAKING NOTES
    Determining Main Ideas
    Use a chart to list main
    points about Third World
    confrontations.
    Country

    Conflict

    Cuba
    Nicaragu
    g a
    Iran

    Fighting for the Third World


    The Third World nations were located in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. They
    were economically poor and politically unstable. This was largely due to a long
    history of colonialism. They also suffered from ethnic conflicts and lack of technology and education. Each needed a political and economic system around
    which to build its society. Soviet-style communism and U.S.-style free-market
    democracy were the main choices.
    Cold War Strategies The United States, the Soviet Union, and, in some cases,
    China, used a variety of techniques to gain influence in the Third World. (See feature on next page.) They backed wars of revolution, liberation, or counterrevolution. The U.S. and Soviet intelligence agenciesthe CIA and the KGBengaged
    in various covert, or secret, activities, ranging from spying to assassination
    attempts. The United States also gave military aid, built schools, set up programs
    to combat poverty, and sent volunteer workers to many developing nations. The
    Soviets offered military and technical assistance, mainly to India and Egypt.
    Association of Nonaligned Nations Other developing nations also needed
    assistance. They became important players in the Cold War competition between
    the United States, the Soviet Union, and later, China. But not all Third World
    countries wished to play a role in the Cold War. As mentioned earlier India
    vowed to remain neutral. Indonesia, a populous island nation in Southeast Asia,
    also struggled to stay uninvolved. In 1955, it hosted many leaders from Asia and
    Africa at the Bandung Conference. They met to form what they called a third
    force of independent countries, or nonaligned nations. Some nations, such as
    India and Indonesia, were able to maintain their neutrality. But others took sides
    with the superpowers or played competing sides against each other.

    982 Chapter 33

    Page 2 of 6

    How the Cold War Was Fought


    During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet
    Union both believed that they needed to stop the
    other side from extending its power. What
    differentiated the Cold War from other 20th century
    conflicts was that the two enemies did not engage in
    a shooting war. Instead, they pursued their rivalry by
    using the strategies shown below.

    Egypt built the Aswan Dam with Soviet aid.

    Major Strategies of the Cold War


    Espionage

    Multinational Alliances

    Fearing the enemy might be gaining


    the advantage, each side spied on the
    other. One famous incident was the
    Soviet downing of a U.S. U-2 spy plane
    in 1960.

    To gain the support of other nations,


    both the Soviet Union and the United
    States entered into alliances. Two
    examples of this were NATO and the
    Warsaw Pact (shown on map above).

    Propaganda

    Brinkmanship

    Surrogate Wars

    Both superpowers used propaganda


    to try to win support overseas. For
    example, Radio Free Europe
    broadcast radio programs about the
    rest of the world into Eastern Europe.

    The policy of brinkmanship meant


    going to the brink of war to make the
    other side back down. One example
    was the Cuban Missile Crisis.

    The word surrogate means substitute.


    Although the United States and the
    Soviet Union did not fight each other
    directly, they fought indirectly by
    backing opposing sides in many
    smaller conflicts.

    Foreign Aid
    The two superpowers tried to win allies
    by giving financial aid to other nations.
    For instance, Egypt took aid from the
    Soviet Union to build the Aswan High
    Dam (see photograph above).

    SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Visuals


    1. Generalizing Judging from the map, how would you describe the effect on
    Europe of multinational alliances?
    2. Analyzing Motives What motive did the two superpowers have for fighting
    surrogate wars?

    Reconstructing the Postwar World 983

    Page 3 of 6

    Cold War Hot Spots, 19481975

    1. The United States


    helps Greece defeat
    Communist-led
    rebels (19461949)
    and gives economic
    and military aid to
    Turkey (19471950).

    Arctic Circle

    4. The United States


    and the Soviet Union
    bring the world to
    the brink of nuclear
    war during the Cuban
    missile crisis in 1962.

    N O RT H
    AMERICA
    40N

    UNITED
    STATES

    2. Communists
    retain or gain
    control after bloody
    wars in Korea
    (19501953) and
    Vietnam (19571975).

    3. The Soviets
    down U.S. U-2
    pilot Francis Gary
    Powers in 1960.

    SOVIET UNION
    GERMANY

    ASIA
    EUROPE
    NORTH
    KOREA

    TURKEY
    GREECE

    CHINA

    IRAN

    ATLANTI C OCE A N

    SOUTH
    KOREA

    EGYPT

    PACI FI C
    OCEAN

    CUBA

    Tropic of Cancer

    AFRICA
    VIETNAM

    GUATEMALA

    5. The Soviet Union


    aids anticolonial
    struggles in Congo
    (1960), Mozambique
    (1971), and Angola
    (1974).

    0 Equator

    SOUTH
    AMERICA

    Tropic of Capricorn

    80W

    CHILE

    Communist expansion
    Communist expansion
    prevented by U.S. and
    allies

    GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps


    1. Location On what continents identified on the map did Cold War conflicts not occur?
    2. Region About what fraction of the globe did Communists control by 1975?

    Confrontations in Latin America


    After World War II, rapid industrialization, population growth, and a lingering gap
    between the rich and the poor led Latin American nations to seek aid from both
    superpowers. At the same time, many of these countries alternated between shortlived democracy and harsh military rule. As described in Chapter 28, U.S. involvement in Latin America began long before World War II. American businesses
    backed leaders who protected U.S. interests but who also often oppressed their people. After the war, communism and nationalistic feelings inspired revolutionary
    movements. These found enthusiastic Soviet support. In response, the United
    States provided military and economic assistance to anti-Communist dictators.
    Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution In the 1950s, Cuba was ruled by an

    unpopular dictator, Fulgencio Batista, who had U.S. support. Cuban resentment led
    to a popular revolution, which overthrew Batista in January 1959. A young lawyer
    named Fidel Castro led that revolution. At first, many people praised Castro for
    bringing social reforms to Cuba and improving the economy.
    Yet Castro was a harsh dictator. He suspended elections, jailed
    CUBA
    or executed his opponents, and tightly controlled the press.
    When Castro nationalized the Cuban economy, he took
    over U.S.-owned sugar mills and refineries. In response,
    NICARAGUA
    Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all trade with Cuba. Castro
    then turned to the Soviets for economic and military aid.

    984 Chapter 33

    INDONESIA

    MOZAMBIQUE

    7. The United States


    intervenes in the
    governments of
    Guatemala (1954),
    Bolivia (1956), and
    Chile (1973).
    120W

    40S

    MALAYSIA

    INDIAN OCEAN

    ANGOLA

    BOLIVIA

    80E

    5,000 Kilometers

    40E

    CONGO

    3,000 Miles

    40W

    6. Britain helps
    Indonesia repress a
    Communist uprising
    in 1965.

    PACI FI C
    O CEAN

    AUSTRALIA

    Page 4 of 6

    In 1960, the CIA began to train anti-Castro Cuban exiles.


    In April 1961, they invaded Cuba, landing at the Bay of Pigs.
    However, the United States did not provide the hoped for air
    support. Castros forces easily defeated the invaders, humiliating the United States.
    Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis The failed

    Bay of Pigs invasion convinced Soviet leader Nikita


    Khrushchev that the United States would not resist Soviet
    expansion in Latin America. So, in July 1962, Khrushchev
    secretly began to build 42 missile sites in Cuba. In October,
    an American spy plane discovered the sites. President John
    F. Kennedy declared that missiles so close to the U.S. mainland were a threat. He demanded their removal and also
    announced a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent the Soviets
    from installing more missiles.
    Castro protested his countrys being used as a pawn in the
    Cold War:
    PRIMARY SOURCE
    Cuba did not and does not intend to be in the middle of a
    conflict between the East and the West. Our problem is above
    all one of national sovereignty. Cuba does not mean to get
    involved in the Cold War.
    FIDEL CASTRO, quoted in an interview October 27, 1962

    Contrasting
    What differing
    U.S. and Soviet
    aims led to the
    Cuban missile
    crisis?

    Fidel Castro
    1926
    The son of a wealthy Spanish-Cuban
    farmer, Fidel Castro became involved
    in politics at the University of Havana.
    He first tried to overthrow the Cuban
    dictator, Batista, in 1953. He was
    imprisoned, but vowed to continue
    the struggle for independence:

    Personally, I am not interested in


    power nor do I envisage assuming
    it at any time. All that I will do is
    to make sure that the sacrifices of
    so many compatriots should not be
    in vain.

    But Castro and Cuba were deeply involved. Kennedys


    Despite this declaration, Castro has
    demand for the removal of Soviet missiles put the United
    ruled Cuba as a dictator for more
    States and the Soviet Union on a collision course. People
    than 40 years.
    around the world feared nuclear war. Fortunately, Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in return for a U.S.
    promise not to invade Cuba.
    INTERNET ACTIVITY Create a time line
    The resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis left Castro
    of the important events in Castros
    rule of Cuba. Go to classzone.com for
    completely dependent on Soviet support. In exchange for this
    your research.
    support, Castro backed Communist revolutions in Latin
    America and Africa. Soviet aid to Cuba, however, ended
    abruptly with the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. This
    loss dealt a crippling blow to the Cuban economy. But the aging Castro refused to
    adopt economic reforms or to give up power.
    Civil War in Nicaragua Just as the United States had supported Batista in Cuba, it
    had funded the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza and his family

    Analyzing Motives
    Why did the
    U.S. switch its support from the
    Sandinistas to the
    Contras?

    since 1933. In 1979, Communist Sandinista rebels toppled Somozas son. Both the
    United States and the Soviet Union initially gave aid to the Sandinistas and their
    leader, Daniel Ortega (awrTAYguh). The Sandinistas, however, gave assistance
    to other Marxist rebels in nearby El Salvador. To help the El Salvadoran government fight those rebels, the United States supported Nicaraguan anti-Communist
    forces called the Contras or contrarevolucionarios.
    The civil war in Nicaragua lasted more than a decade and seriously weakened
    the countrys economy. In 1990, President Ortega agreed to hold free elections, the
    first in the nations history. Violeta Chamorro, a reform candidate, defeated him.
    The Sandinistas were also defeated in elections in 1996 and 2001.

    Reconstructing the Postwar World 985

    Page 5 of 6

    Confrontations in the Middle East


    As the map on page 984 shows, Cold War confrontations continued to erupt around
    the globe. The oil-rich Middle East attracted both superpowers.
    Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran Throughout the Middle East, oil

    industry wealth fueled a growing clash between traditional Islamic values and
    modern Western materialism. In no country was this cultural conflict more dramatically shown than in Iran (Persia before 1935). After World War II, Irans leader,
    Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (pahluhvee), embraced
    Western governments and wealthy Western oil companies.
    Iranian nationalists resented these foreign alliances and united
    IRAN
    under Prime Minister Muhammed Mossadeq (mohsahDEHK).
    AFGHANISTAN
    They nationalized a British-owned oil company and, in 1953,
    forced the shah to flee. Fearing Iran might turn to the Soviets for
    support, the United States helped restore the shah to power.
    The United States Supports Secular Rule With U.S. support, the shah western-

    ized his country. By the end of the 1950s, Irans capital, Tehran, featured gleaming
    skyscrapers, foreign banks, and modern factories. Millions of Iranians, however,
    still lived in extreme poverty. The shah tried to weaken the political influence of
    Irans conservative Muslim leaders, known as ayatollahs (eyeuh TOHluhz), who
    opposed Western influences. The leader of this religious opposition, Ayatollah
    Ruholla Khomeini (koh MAYnee), was living in exile. Spurred by his taperecorded messages, Iranians rioted in every major city in late 1978. Faced with
    overwhelming opposition, the shah fled Iran in 1979. A triumphant Khomeini
    returned to establish an Islamic state and to export Irans militant form of Islam.

    Ayatollah
    Khomeini (inset)
    supported the
    taking of U.S.
    hostages by Islamic
    militants in Tehran
    in 1979.

    986 Chapter 33

    Khomeinis Anti-U.S. Policies Strict adherence to Islam ruled Khomeinis domestic policies. But hatred of the United States, because of U.S. support for the shah,
    was at the heart of his foreign policy. In 1979, with the ayatollahs blessing, young
    Islamic revolutionaries seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran. They took more than 60
    Americans hostage and demanded the United States force the shah to face trial.
    Most hostages remained prisoners for 444 days before being released in 1981.
    Khomeini encouraged Muslim radicals elsewhere to overthrow their secular
    governments. Intended to unify Muslims, this policy heightened tensions between
    Iran and its neighbor and territorial rival, Iraq. A military leader, Saddam Hussein
    (hooSAYN), governed Iraq as a secular state.

    Analyzing Motives
    Why did the
    United States
    support the shah
    of Iran?

    Page 6 of 6

    War broke out between Iran and Iraq in 1980. The United
    States secretly gave aid to both sides because it did not want
    the balance of power in the region to change. The Soviet
    Union, on the other hand, had long been a supporter of Iraq.
    A million Iranians and Iraqis died in the war before the UN
    negotiated a ceasefire in 1988.
    The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan For several

    years following World War II, Afghanistan maintained its


    independence from both the neighboring Soviet Union and
    the United States. In the 1950s, however, Soviet influence in
    the country began to increase. In the late 1970s, a Muslim
    revolt threatened to topple Afghanistans Communist
    regime. This revolt led to a Soviet invasion in 1979.
    The Soviets expected to prop up the Afghan Communists
    and quickly withdraw. Instead, just like the United States in
    Vietnam, the Soviets found themselves stuck. And like the
    Vietcong in Vietnam, rebel forces outmaneuvered a military
    superpower. Supplied with American weapons, the Afgan
    rebels, called mujahideen, or holy warriors, fought on.
    The United States had armed the rebels because they
    considered the Soviet invasion a threat to Middle Eastern oil
    supplies. President Jimmy Carter warned the Soviets
    against any attempt to gain control of the Persian Gulf. To
    protest the invasion, he stopped U.S. grain shipments to the
    Soviet Union and ordered a U.S. boycott of the 1980
    Moscow Olympics. In the 1980s, a new Soviet president,
    Mikhail Gorbachev, acknowledged the wars devastating
    costs. He withdrew all Soviet troops by 1989. By then,
    internal unrest and economic problems were tearing apart
    the Soviet Union itself.

    Comparing
    In what ways
    were U.S. involvement in Vietnam
    and Soviet involvement in Afghanistan
    similar?

    SECTION

    The Taliban
    Islamic religious students, or taliban,
    were among the mujahideen rebels
    who fought the Soviet occupation of
    Afghanistan. Various groups of
    students loosely organized
    themselves during a civil war among
    mujahideen factions that followed
    the Soviet withdrawal in 1989.
    In 1996, one of these groups,
    called the Taliban, seized power and
    established an Islamic government.
    At first, they were popular among
    many Afghans. But they imposed a
    repressive rule especially harsh on
    women, and failed to improve the
    lives of the people. They also gave
    sanctuary to international Islamic
    terrorists. In 2001, an anti-terrorist
    coalition led by the United States
    drove them from power.

    ASSESSMENT

    TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
    Third World

    nonaligned nations

    Fidel Castro

    Anastasio Somoza

    Daniel Ortega

    Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini

    USING YOUR NOTES

    MAIN IDEAS

    CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING

    2. Which confrontation had the

    3. How was the Cuban Missile

    6. MAKING INFERENCES What advantages and

    most lasting significance?

    Crisis resolved?
    4. What was significant about the

    Country
    Cuba

    Conflict

    1990 elections in Nicaragua?


    5. Why did the Soviet Union

    invade Afghanistan?

    Nicaragu
    g a
    Iran

    disadvantages might being nonaligned have offered a


    developing nation during the Cold War?
    7. COMPARING What similarities do you see among U.S.

    actions in Nicaragua, Cuba, and Iran?


    8. ANALYZING CAUSES What were the reasons that Islamic

    fundamentalists took control of Iran?


    9. WRITING ACTIVITY REVOLUTION For either Cuba,

    Nicaragua, or Iran, write an annotated time line of events


    discussed in this section.

    CONNECT TO TODAY WRITING AN OPINION PAPER


    Research the effects of the U.S. trade embargo on Cuba. Write a two-paragraph opinion
    paper on whether it would be in the best interests of the United States to lift that embargo.

    Reconstructing the Postwar World 987

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