Problems

D2

D1

Q1. Considering ideal diodes, calculate

the current through RL = 1 k.

+3 V

+5 V
1 k

Solution:
Both diodes are ON :

2.2 k
IL

RL

5 =i 1 1k + ( i 1 + i 2 ) 1k
3 =i 2 2.2k + ( i 1 + i 2 ) 1k
2.407 mA
i1 =
i 2 = 0.185 mA

2.2 k
+3 V

+5 V
i1

2.59 mA.
iL =

Q2. Calculate the current through the resistor

RL = 1 k when the switch is OFF and ON,
respectively (cut-in voltage = 0.7 V).

IL

1 k

D1

Power supply
(15 V DC)
D2

Solutions:
OFF condition:
12 0.7
I L = 11.3 mA.
1k

i2

Battery back up
(12 V DC)

ON condition:
15 0.7
=
I L = 14.3 mA.
1k

Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

RL

1
[email protected]

vL

Half-Wave Rectifier
IR

Q3. In the circuit, V1 = 0.6 V and V2 = 0.3

V. Calculate the IR.
10 V

Solution:
=
I R V=
R R

330
ID

D1 ID

D2

10 0.3
330

= 30 mA

Q4. A sinusoidal source vi = 12sin100t V is

used in the half-wave rectifier circuit with RL = 1
k. The diode has a cut-in voltage of 0.7 V.
Calculate the PRV and the power rating of the
diode.

+ vD

vi

id

RL vL

Answer: PRV = 12 V.
Power rating = Imax x Vdmax = 7.91 mW.
Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

2
[email protected]

Problems
Q5. Design a bridge rectifier to drive a load resistance RL = 8 . The transformer
secondary generates 30 V, 50 Hz sinusoidal signal and has an internal resistance of
12 . Diode power rating is 0.5 W, and cut-in voltage is 0.7 V.
Solutions:
=
v s=
30
2 42.43 V .
peak
42.43 0.7
= 2.086 A
8 + 12
Required Pd peak =
0.7 2.086 =
1.46 W.

id=
peak

D1

D3

vL

D1

vL
RL
D4

D2

Bridge rectifier circuit.

Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

The diode with

smallest V will
be damaged
first.

3
[email protected]

Problem
Q6. Calculate the peak-to-peak ripple voltages for a half-wave and a full-wave
rectifiers with a capacitor filter. (RL = 1 k, C = 470 F, vi = 12 V, 50 Hz)
Solutions:
T = 1/50 = 20 mS
Discharging time constant = RLC = 470 mS.
T1 = 0 approximation is valid.
Half-wave rectifier:

vr

p p

= Vm / ( f RL C )

= 12 2 ( 50 1k 470 )
V ( 0.707 V using exp. function)
= 0.722
=
Full-wave rectifier:

vr

p p

= Vm / ( 2 f RL C )

= 12 2 ( 50 1k 470 )

Becomes a complex problem

for RL = 1 k, C = 47 F.
Solve for T2 first:

= 0.361
=
V ( 0.357 V using exp. function)
Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

4
[email protected]

Problem
Q7. As shown in the figure, a half-wave
rectifier dc power supply is to provide 10 V
(dc) to a 1 k load. Calculate the
capacitance required so that the peak-topeak ripple voltage does not exceed 10%
of the average output voltage. Source
frequency is 50 Hz. What should be the
amplitude of the input voltage?

+ vD Line
voltage

+
C

RL vL

Half-wave rectifier with filter.

Solutions:

1
= 20 mS
f
T2 T =
20 mS
T=

vr

p p

Triangular wave approximation: vr (rms ) = vr | p p 2 3

Vm

=
10% of 10 V 9 V - 11V

vL (V)

Vm =
11 V

C =Vm / f RL vr

10 V

p p

=110 F .

T1

T2

Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

t (mS)

5
[email protected]

Voltage Regulator
Q8. In the following circuit, Vi can vary between
9 and 12 V, and RL between 1 k and infinity. A
Zener diode with Vz = 6 V and PD = 400 mW is
used to design the voltage regulator. Choose a
suitable value of Rs to avoid diode burn out.

Rs

+
IL

I
Vi

IZ

Vz

RL VL

Solutions:
The diode must be fired:

Vi |min
9

RL |min
Vz
RL |min + Rs |max

1k
6
1k + Rs |max

Rs |max 0.5 k

Maximum allowed Zener current:

66.67 mA
I=
P=
z allowed
D / Vz
Rs |min

Vi |max Vz
I z allowed

Rs |min

12 6
Rs |min 90 .
66.67 m

The range of Rs is 90 <Rs <500 .

Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

6
[email protected]

Problems
500

Q9. Draw the Thevenins equivalent circuit

(VZ = 6 V, RZ = 0).
15 V

IZ

Vz

1 k

Solutions:
For firing the diode:
15 RL || 1k
6
RL || 1k + 500
RL || 1k 333.33
RL 500 .

333.3

10 V

The diode is not fired:

15 1k
VTh = 10 V ,
1k + 500
=
RTh 1k ||=
500 333.3 .

Eqv. Circuit for

RL<500 .

Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

6V

Eqv. Circuit for

RL>500 .

7
[email protected]

Problems
Q11. Sketch the current through the resistor RL = 1 k. Both of the diodes have a
cut-in voltage of 0.7 V and the break down voltages for diode 1 and 2 are 6V and 9
V, respectively. Also sketch the voltage transfer characteristics.
VTh as seen by the parallel diodes (between A-A):

15 V

1k
RL
Vi
.
VTh V i=
V=
=
i
1k + RL
1k + 1k 2

0V

So, the V i that puts the diode D 1 in F.B.,

VTh 0.7 V i 1.4 V,

Input voltage.

1 k
+
vin

D1

The corresponding Vo =0.7 V =

2k 0.35 mA .
I L 0.7 =
For V i 1.4 V, V=
V i 2k .
o V i 2 I=
L

A
D2

+
RL

v0
-

The circuit.

So, the V i that puts the diode D 2 in F.B.,

VTh 0.7 V i 1.4 V,
The corresponding Vo = 0.7 V
IL =
0.7 2k = 0.35 mA .
For V i 1.4 V, =
Vo V i 2
=
I L V i 2k .

Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

8
[email protected]

Problems
1 k
+
vin

D1

D1 in F.B.

A
D2

+
RL

v0
0.7 mA

-0.7 mA

Equivalent circuit for Vi >1.4 V.

1 k
+
vin

D1

D2 in F.B.

A
D2

+
RL

Current sketch.

v0
-

Vo (V)

0.7

Equivalent circuit for -1.4<Vi <1.4 V.

1 k
+
vin

D1

-1.4
1.4

A
D2

+
RL

v0
-

Equivalent circuit for V <-1.4 V.

Vi (V)

-0.7

Voltage transfer characteristics of

the circuit.

i
Department of Electronics & Electrical
Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

9
[email protected]

Problems
Q12. Considering a high value for RL, Draw the voltage transfer characteristics for
the following circuits. All of the diodes have a cut-in voltage of 0.7 V. In Fig.2, the
break down voltages for diode 1 and 2 are 9 V and 6 V, respectively.
1 k

1 k

+
vi
-

RL

5v

v0

vin

Fig. 7(a). Cut-in voltage = 0.7 V.

D1

RL

D2

v0
-

Fig. 7(b). Cut-in voltages = 0.7 V,

Vz1 = 9 V and Vz2 = 6 V .
Vo (V)

Vo (V)
5.7

Considering RL

6.7

Vi (V)

1
1

Transfer characteristics of Fig. 7(a).

Vi (V)
-9.7

Transfer characteristics of Fig. 7(b).

Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

10
[email protected]

Problems
Q13. Repeat the same considering RL= 1 k.
1 k A
+
vi
-

+
1 k v0

5v

Fig. 8(a). Cut-in voltage = 0.7 V.

1 k A
+

+
1 k v0

vi
-

VTh as seen by the diode and the DC voltage

source (between A-A):
1k
RL
Vi
=
VTh V i=
V=
.
i
1k + RL
1k + 1k 2

So, the corresponding V i that puts the diode in F.B.,

V i 2 5.7 V i 11.4 V.

For V i 11.4 V:
Vo = VTh Vo = V i 2.

For V i 11.4 V:

Vo =+
5 0.7 =
5.7 V.

Vo (V)

Equivalent circuit when Vi<11.4 V.

5.7

1 k A
+
vi
-

+
1 k v0

5.7 v
A

Equivalent circuit when Vi>11.4 V.

11.4

Vo = V i 2.

Vi (V)

Transfer function of Fig. 8(a).

11

Problems
Solution for the second circuit:
1 k
+

VTh as seen by the diodes (between A-A):

A
D1

vin

1k
Vi
+ =
.
VTh V=
i
1k + 1k 2
1 k v0

D2

Fig. 8(b).

So, the corresponding V i that simultaneously puts

D1 in F.B. and D2 in break down is calculated as
VTh 0.7 + 6 V i 13.4 V.
For V i 13.4 V, Vo =
6.7 V.
For V i 13.4 V, Vo =
V i 2.

Vo (V)
6.7
-19.4
13.4

1
2

Vi (V)

-9.7

Transfer characteristics of the above

circuit.

Similarly, the V i that simultaneously puts D2 in F.B.

and D1 in break down is calculated as
VTh 0.7 9 V i 19.4 V.
For V i 19.4 V, Vo =V i 2.
For V i 19.4 V, Vo = 9.7 V.

Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

12
[email protected]

Biased Clamping Circuits

Q14. Draw the output voltage waveforms for the circuit of Fig. 1 and 2. The
corresponding input voltages are shown in the figures.
C = 4.7 F IL

12 V

0V

+
vin

5V

RL = 10 k v0
-

2 mS

-12 V

Input voltage.

Fig. 1. Positive shunt clamper.

C = 4.7 F IL
+

+
vin
-

-5 V

RL = 10 k v0
-

Fig. 2. Negative shunt clamper.

Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

13
[email protected]

Biased Clamping Circuits

Answer1:

28.3 V

12 V

0V

C = 4.7 F IL
2 mS

+
vin

5V

-12 V

Input voltage.

RL = 10 k v0
-

Positive shunt clamper.

4.3 V

2 mS

Output voltage.

Charging time const. = 0, discharging time const. = 47 mS<< time period = 2 mS.
- 16.3 V +

- 16.3 V +

+
-12 V

0.7 V
5V

v0 = 4.3 V
-

Equivalent circuit when the

diode is in reverse bias.

12 V

0.7 V
5V

v0 = 28.3 V
-

Equivalent circuit when the

diode is in forward bias.

Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

14
[email protected]

Biased Clamping Circuits

Answer2:

2 mS

12 V

0V

C = 4.7 F IL
2 mS

+
vin

-5 V

-12 V

-4.3 V

RL = 10 k v0
-28.3 V

Input voltage.

Output voltage.

Negative shunt clamper.

+ 16.3 V -

+ 16.3 V -

+
12 V

0.7 V
-5 V

v0 = -4.3 V
-

Equivalent circuit when the

diode is in forward bias.

-12 V

-5 V

v0 = -28.3 V
-

Equivalent circuit when the

diode is in reverse bias.

Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

15
[email protected]