ASSIGNMENT NO.

1
AUGUST 3, 2015

USE AND STUDY OF LINUX GUI AND

COMMANDS
COMPILED BY: CHANDAN PRASAD
FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRMMING LANGUAGES-I

F.E

ASSIGNMENT NO: 1
COMPILED BY: - CHANDAN PRASAD
AIM: Use and Study of LINUX GUI and Commands.
OBJECTIVE: To learn how to use Linux GUI and Commands.
THEORY:
LINUX
Linux is one of popular version of UNIX operating System. It is open source as its source code
is freely available. It is free to use. Linux was designed considering UNIX compatibility. Its
functionality list is quite similar to that of UNIX.
COMPONENTS OF LINUX SYSTEM
Linux Operating System has primarily three components:

Kernel - Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major activities of this
operating system. It is consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the
underlying hardware. Kernel provides the required abstraction to hide low level hardware
details to system or application programs.

System Library - System libraries are special functions or programs using which
application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's features. These libraries
implements most of the functionalities of the operating system and do not requires kernel
module's code access rights.

System Utility - System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized, individual

level tasks.

Kernel Mode vs User Mode

Kernel component code executes in a special privileged mode called kernel mode with full access
to all resources of the computer. This code represents a single process, executes in single address

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space and do not require any context switch and hence is very efficient and fast. Kernel runs each
processes and provides system services to processes, provides protected access to hardwares to
processes.
Support code which is not required to run in kernel mode is in System Library. User programs
and other system programs works in User Mode which has no access to system hardwares and
kernel code. User programs/ utilities use System libraries to access Kernel functions to get
system's low level tasks.
BASIC FEATURES
Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System.

Portable - Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardwares

in same way. Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on
any kind of hardware platform.

Open Source - Linux source code is freely available and it is community based
development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the
capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.

Multi-User - Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system
resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.

Multiprogramming - Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple

applications can run at same time.

Hierarchical File System - Linux provides a standard file structure in which system
files/ user files are arranged.

Shell - Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute
commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations,
call application programs etc.

Security - Linux provides user security using authentication features like password
protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.

Architecture

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Compiled By: - Chandan Prasad

Linux System Architecture is consists of following layers:

Hardware layer - Hardware consists of all peripheral devices (RAM/ HDD/ CPU
etc.)

Kernel - Core component of Operating System, interacts directly with hardware,

provides low level services to upper layer components.

Shell - An interface to kernel, hiding complexity of kernel's functions from users.

Takes commands from user and executes kernel's functions.

Utilities - Utility programs giving user most of the functionalities of an operating

systems.

LINUX COMMAND (LAB ASSIGNMENT a1)

cat - A Unix/Linux command that can read, modify or concatenate text files,
most commonly used for displaying contents of files.

cat /etc/motd
This command will display the contents of the motd
cat > newfile
some notes I want to save in newfile.
CTRL-D
This creates a new file (named newfile). You type as much text as you wish, then type ctrl-D to
save the file.
root@SDR:/home/sunil# cat > chandan.c
Hi friends kindly press Ctrl+D to save
root@SDR:/home/sunil# ls -l
total 52
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 6 14:35 chandan
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root

40 Aug 6 14:38 chandan.c

drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Desktop

drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Documents
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Downloads
-rw-r--r--

1 sunil sunil 8980 Aug 5 11:31 examples.desktop

drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Music

drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Public

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drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Templates

drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Videos

cd - The cd command changes the current directory in Linux, and can toggle
between directories conveniently. It is similar to the CD and CHDIR commands
in MS-DOS.

cd [directory]
root@SDR:/home/sunil# cd chandan
root@SDR:/home/sunil/chandan# ls
chandan.c

cd ..- This command allow to roll back to parent directory.

root@SDR:/home/sunil/chandan# cd ..
root@SDR:/home/sunil#

chmod - chmod changes the access mode (permissions) of one or more files.
Only the owner of a file or a privileged user may change the mode.

Instead of using alphabets u, g, o for user, group, and others we can use numbers to specify file
permissions:
rwx

111

=7

rw-

110

=6

r-x

101

=5

r--

100

=4

-wx

011

=3

-w-

010

=2

--x

001

=1

--=
000
Command:

=0

chmod go+rx filename = chmod 755 filename

Lets change some of the permissions:
-rwxr-xr-x

joe acctg archive.sh

-rw-rw-r--

joe acctg orgchart.gif

-rw-rw-r--

joe acctg personnel.txt

-rw-r--r--

joe acctg publicity.html

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drwxrwxr-x

joe acctg sales

-rw-r-----

joe acctg topsecret.inf

-rwxr-xr-x

joe acctg wordmatic

First, lets prevent outsiders from executing archive.sh

Before:

-rwxr-xr-x archive.sh

Command:

chmod 754 archive.sh

After:

-rwxr-xr-- archive.sh

Open up publicity.html for reading and writing by anyone.

Before:

-rw-r--r--

publicity.html

Command:

chmod 666 publicity.html

After:

-rw-rw-rw- publicity.html

cp - The cp command copies files and directories, and copies can be made
simultaneously to another directory if the copy is under a different name.

cp sourcefile targetfile
root@SDR:/home/sunil# cp chandan.c chandan
root@SDR:/home/sunil# cd chandan
root@SDR:/home/sunil/chandan# ls
chandan.c

date - Date sets a system's date and time. Also a useful way to output/print
current information when working in a script file.

root@SDR:/home/sunil# date
Thu Aug 6 14:45:19 IST 2015
Set Date and Time using set option: You can set date and time of your system using -s or
set option as shown below...
root@SDR:/home/sunil# date
Mon August 03 22:02:24 IST 2015
root@SDR:/home/sunil# date -s "Sun August 03 21:00:00 IST 2015"
Sun August 03 21:00:00 PDT 2015
root@SDR:/home/sunil# date
Sun August 03 21:00:00 IST 2015

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exit - The exit command terminates a script, and can return a value to the
parent script.

echo- This command display string or given variable value.

root@SDR:/home/sunil# echo HI FRIENDS

HI FRIENDS

ls - The ls command lists files and directories within the current working
directory, and admins can determine when configuration files were last
edited.

sdr@SDR:~$ ls
1.txt access.c~ bar
chmod.c~ Downloads
file1 lnknewf newdir Pictures stat.c
Templates umask.c~ acc
a.out
chmod Desktop Music newf Public stat.c~
umask
Videos access.c chmod.c Documents examples.desktop
ls l -displays a long listing of the files.
sdr@SDR:~$ ls -l
total 60
-rw-rw-r--

1 sdr sdr

22 Jul 29 12:48 1.txt

-rwxrwxr-x

1 sdr sdr 8716 Jul 30 12:54 acc

-rw-rw-r--

1 sdr sdr 634 Jul 30 12:54 access.c

-rw-rw-r--

1 sdr sdr 628 Jul 30 12:54 access.c~

-rwxrwxr-x

1 sdr sdr 8728 Jul 29 12:41 a.out

-rw-------

1 sdr sdr 4736 Aug 1 2014 apue.h

-rw-r--r--

1 sdr sdr

-rwxr-x---

1 sdr sdr 8727 Aug 4 12:26 chmod

-rw-------

1 sdr sdr 460 Aug 4 12:25 chmod.c

Aug 4 11:49 bar

In this long listing, the first character isd or '-'. It distinguishes between file types. The entries
with a '-' (dash) are regular files, and ones withd are directories. Next 9 characters are
permissions ('rwxr-xr-x' in first listing). The number following the permissions is link count.
Link count follows user and group owner. In above example, the file owner is sdr and group
owner sdr as well. Next is the size of file. And then time stamp before the name of file (or
directory).
sdr@SDR:~$ ls -ls
total 60
4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 sdr sdr
12 -rwxrwxr-x

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22 Jul 29 12:48 1.txt

1 sdr sdr 8716 Jul 30 12:54 acc

ASSIGNMENT NO: 1

Compiled By: - Chandan Prasad

4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 sdr sdr 634 Jul 30 12:54 access.c

4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 sdr sdr 628 Jul 30 12:54 access.c~
12 -rwxrwxr-x

1 sdr sdr 8728 Jul 29 12:41 a.out

8 -rw------- 1 sdr sdr 4736 Aug 1 2014 apue.h

0 -rw-r--r-- 1 sdr sdr

0 Aug 4 11:49 bar

12 -rwxr-x--- 1 sdr sdr 8727 Aug 4 12:26 chmod

4 -rw------- 1 sdr sdr 460 Aug 4 12:25 chmod.c
sdr@SDR:/home/sunil$ ls -lsS
total 44
12 -rw-r--r-- 1 sunil sunil

8980 Aug 5 11:31 examples.desktop

4 drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Desktop

4 drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Documents
4 drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Downloads
4 drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Music
4 drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Pictures
4 drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Public
4 drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Templates
4 drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Videos
The Linux ls command is used to list files and directories. While it has many options, I thought
I'd list the most common ls command uses I'm aware of.
The ls command options I use most of the time are -a ("show all") and -l ("long listing"). Put
together, like this:
sdr@SDR:~$ ls al
This means "show a long listing of all files in the current directory".
sdr@SDR:~$ ls -la
total 84
drwxr-xr-x 20 sdr sdr 4096 Aug 6 14:25 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Aug 5 11:31 ..
-rw-rw-r--

1 sdr sdr

22 Jul 29 12:48 1.txt

-rwxrwxr-x 1 sdr sdr 8716 Jul 30 12:54 acc

-rw-rw-r--

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1 sdr sdr 634 Jul 30 12:54 access.c

ASSIGNMENT NO: 1

Compiled By: - Chandan Prasad

-rw-rw-r--

1 sdr sdr 628 Jul 30 12:54 access.c~

-rwxrwxr-x 1 sdr sdr 8728 Jul 29 12:41 a.out

-rw-------

1 sdr sdr 4736 Aug 1 2014 apue.h

-rw-r--r--

1 sdr sdr

-rw-------

1 sdr sdr 2542 Aug 6 13:31 .bash_history

-rw-r--r--

1 sdr sdr 220 Jul 29 16:24 .bash_logout

-rw-r--r--

1 sdr sdr 3637 Jul 29 16:24 .bashrc

0 Aug 4 11:49 bar

drwx------ 15 sdr sdr 4096 Aug 5 11:27 .cache

-rwxr-x---

1 sdr sdr 8727 Aug 4 12:26 chmod

-rw-------

1 sdr sdr 460 Aug 4 12:25 chmod.c

man - Short for "manual," man allows a user to format and display the user
manual built into Linux distributions, which documents commands and other
aspects of the system.

mkdir - Creates a new directory.

mkdir directoryname
root@SDR:/home/sunil# mkdir chandan
root@SDR:/home/sunil# ls -l
total 48
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 6 14:35 chandan
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Documents
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Downloads
-rw-r--r-- 1 sunil sunil 8980 Aug 5 11:31 examples.desktop
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Music
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Public
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Templates
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Videos

mv - The mv command moves files and directories. Copies sourcefile to

targetfile then deletes the original sourcefile.

mv sourcefile targetfile
root@SDR:/home/sunil# mkdir Tempdir // this is an example of Make Directory

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Compiled By: - Chandan Prasad

root@SDR:/home/sunil# ls -l
total 56
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 6 14:40 chandan
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root

40 Aug 6 14:38 chandan.c

drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Desktop

drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Documents
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Downloads
-rw-r--r-- 1 sunil sunil 8980 Aug 5 11:31 examples.desktop
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Music
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Public
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 6 14:42 Tempdir
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Templates
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Videos
root@SDR:/home/sunil# mv chandan.c Tempdir // Move Directory
root@SDR:/home/sunil# ls Tempdir
chandan.c

passwd - Passwd updates a user's authentication tokens (changes the current

password).

pwd - The pwd (print working directory) command displays the name of the
current working directory. A basic Linux command.

root@SDR:/home/sunil# pwd
/home/sunil

ps Display the running processes

root@SDR:/home/sunil# ps
PID TTY

TIME CMD

2543 pts/0

00:00:00 su

2546 pts/0

00:00:00 bash

2629 pts/0

00:00:00 ps

rmdir -Deletes the specified directory, provided it is already empty.

rmdir directoryname
root@SDR:/home/sunil# rmdir chandan

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rmdir: failed to remove chandan: Directory not empty

root@SDR:/home/sunil# cd chandan/
root@SDR:/home/sunil/chandan# ls
chandan.c
root@SDR:/home/sunil/chandan# rm chandan.c // Remove File
root@SDR:/home/sunil/chandan# ls
root@SDR:/home/sunil/chandan# cd ..
root@SDR:/home/sunil# rmdir chandan
root@SDR:/home/sunil# ls
Desktop Documents Downloads examples.desktop Music Pictures Public Tempdir
Templates Videos

RPM - Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) is a command-line driven program

capable of installing, uninstalling and managing software packages in Linux.

To install apache using rpm.

root@SDR:/home/sunil# rpm -ivh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm
To upgrade apache using rpm.
root@SDR:/home/sunil# rpm -uvh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm
To uninstall/remove apache using rpm.
root@SDR:/home/sunil# rpm -ev httpd

shutdown - Shutdown is a command that turns off the computer and can be
combined with variables such as -h for halt after shutdown or -r for reboot after
shutdown.

su - The su command makes it possible to log in under a different user name

from a running session. When using the command without specifying a user
name, you will be prompted for the root password. Specify a user name and the
corresponding password to use the environment of the respective user. The
password is not required from root, as root is authorized to assume the identity of
any user.

su [username]
sdr@SDR:/home/sunil$ su //SuperUser Login
Password:
root@SDR:/home/sunil# ls -l
total 44
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Desktop

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drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Documents

drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Downloads
-rw-r--r-- 1 sunil sunil 8980 Aug 5 11:31 examples.desktop
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Music
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Public
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Templates
drwxr-xr-x 2 sunil sunil 4096 Aug 5 11:33 Videos

sudo - Sudo allows a system admin to give certain users the ability to run some
(or all) commands at the root level, and logs all commands and arguments.

tty Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.

root@SDR:/home/sunil# tty
/dev/pts/0

whoami - whoami prints or writes the user/login name associated with the
current user ID to the standard output.

root@SDR:/home/sunil# who
sdr

:0

2015-08-06 14:25 (:0)

sdr

pts/0

2015-08-06 14:27 (:0)

root@SDR:/home/sunil# whoami
root
root@SDR:/home/sunil# who am i
sdr

pts/0

2015-08-06 14:27 (:0)

wc-(word count) This command counts lines, words and letters of the input given
to it.

root@SDR:/home/sunil# wc /etc/passwd
35 57 1698 /etc/passwd
The /etc/passwd file has 35 lines, 57 words, and 1698 letters present in it.

yum- To install apache using yum.

root@SDR:/home/sunil# yum install httpd

To upgrade apache using yum.
root@SDR:/home/sunil# yum update httpd

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To uninstall/remove apache using yum.

root@SDR:/home/sunil# yum remove httpd

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