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Lossy Calculations

This document describes research into developing lossy external cloaks using different coordinate transformation functions. Simulation results showed that cloaks transformed with exponential and linear functions had better performance than square functions when accounting for loss in the inner core or outer shell. Specifically, exponential cloaks had the lowest loss and were most effective even when the loss parameter was increased, indicating exponential transformation functions may be best for developing practical lossy external cloaks.

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43 views4 pages

Lossy Calculations

This document describes research into developing lossy external cloaks using different coordinate transformation functions. Simulation results showed that cloaks transformed with exponential and linear functions had better performance than square functions when accounting for loss in the inner core or outer shell. Specifically, exponential cloaks had the lowest loss and were most effective even when the loss parameter was increased, indicating exponential transformation functions may be best for developing practical lossy external cloaks.

Uploaded by

Giri Reddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ADVANCED ELECTROMAGNETICS, Vol. 2, No.

2, August 2013

General Lossy External Cloak with New Structures


Ensieh Ghasemi Mizuji1, Fatemeh Aghamohammadi1, Ali Abdolali1
1

School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
*corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
In this article we consider loss for all parts of external
cloaks that are achieved by the different transformation
functions. Each cloak has a different threshold for loss. We
compare the simulation results with each other to find the
best function for external cloaking.

1. Introduction
Controlling the electromagnetic waves for cloaking an
object is an interesting field, which has recently received
much attention[1-5]. Firstly, Pendry was capable to achieve
a new method for controlling the electromagnetic waves
with coordinate transformation [6-7]. All functions that
satisfy transform conditions may be used [8]. One method to
achieve the invisibility cloak is using the coordinate
transformation. A new kind of cloaking based on this
method is external cloak which make invisible an object in
special distance out of the cloak [9-12]. The main idea for
this design is a concept of complementary media [9, 13-16].
Complementary media is a material with negative refraction
index which cancels the optical effects of any external object
placed in a specific distance [17-20].
In this article, we consider several new coordinate
transformation functions in linear, exponential and square
forms for designing external cloak. Most of the works in this
field especially in external cloak consider lossless media for
cloak, but all the materials naturally are lossy, thus lossy
environments were considered for inner core and outer shell
of the cloaks and the simulation results were compared.
The results indicate that the acceptable loss of that inner
core or outer shell of cloak to be capable to cloak the
external region depends on the function of coordinate
transformation that was used.

2. Formulation and the structures


The purpose of external cloak is cloaking the effects of an
object that lies out of the cloak[7]. In this section we
propose new functions for transformation. The simulation
results are shown in figure 2.
According to the theory of coordinate transformation when
we map one space to another one, the permittivity ( ) and
permeability ( ) of the transformed space ( r ) are obtained
from the following formulas:

' = A AT / det( A)

(1)

' = A AT / det( A)

(2)

Where, and are the permittivity and permeability of


old space (r) respectively. A is the Jacobian of
transformation matrix and the components are obtained by
Aij = xi' / x j [16, 21]. Complementary medium is the
material with negative permittivity and permeability of the
outer space which have the special property that if an object
is placed between 0 to L it cancels the optical effect as there
is nothing[15]. (Figure 1)
The main idea to achieve material parameters is combining
the theory of complementary media and coordinate
transformation. The first step is transformation of the region
a<r<b on to the region b<r'<c, this transformation result
a<r<b with negative refractive index so the region a<r"<c is
optically void[7-9]. Any transformation function that
satisfies these transformation conditions is acceptable[6].

Figure 1. (a) a slab of complementary medium which makes


the external object invisible by canceling the optical effects
of it. (b) a cylindrical form complementary medium which
has the same effect as (a).
Hence we use three functions in order to transform a<r<b
to b<r'<c as:

f r ' = [(r ' b)(c b) / (a b)] +b

(3)

( )

'

f r ' = (e r / ea )[(r ' b)(c b) / (a b)] b

( )

(4)

( ) (( r b ) / (a b ))

f r' =

'

(c b) +b

r = 2 and r = 1 in figure 2-d has been shown. The object


is hidden by the cloaks that are transformed with functions
which are derived from equations 3-5.

(5)

Therefore the permittivity ( ) and permeability ( ) are


obtained by:

= = ( f (r ) / r )(1/ f (r ))

(6)

' = ' = (r ' / f ( r ' )) f ' (r ' )

(7)

z' = z' = ( f ( r ' ) / r ' ) f ' (r ' )

(8)

'
r

'
r

'

'

'

'

3. Investigation of lossy structures


Lossy environments are considered for the structures which
their permeabilities and permittivities are obtained from
transformation functions 3 and 4 and 5 by substituting in
equations 6 and 7 and 8. First we loss for inner core is
cosidered. Simulation results are shown in figures 3-6.
Figure 3 shows the simulation result for = .01 . The object
is still cloak therefore it is realized that none of the
structures is sensitive to low amount of loss. In figure 4 we
increase to .04. By comparing the images we find out that
the only cloak structure is transformed with square function.
So the results show that the square transformation function
has slightly better performance than others and linear is
better than exponential.
Then we consider loss for outer shell. We expect the cloak
performance to be different. Figures 5 and 6 show the
simulation results.
Since outer shell is more sensitive than inner core, it has
lower threshold of loss amplitude to be cloak. Figure 5
shows the simulation result for =.0008 in different
structures it cloud be observe that all the structures are
cloak. By increasing the amount of loss to =.001 it shows
the cloak that is transformed with exponential function is
still cloak but other structures are not cloak. Therefore linear
and exponential transformation function has better
performance but exponential function is slightly better than
linear. To confirm our conclusion we draw tan( ) as the
function of r (figures 7-9).
Figure 7 shows that the exponential function has the smallest
tan( ) and linear function has smaller tan( ) than the
square function.so results verified our conclusion.

Figure 2. simulation results for a)linear function


.b)exponential function. c)square function. d)without cloak
And the transformation function ( r = r ( a / c ) ) transforms 0
< r < a to 0 < r" < c. The and are obtained same as
and . Figure 2 shows the simulation results. Geometry
parameters used in the simulations are chosen as a = 0.1 m,
b = 0.2 m and c = 0.3 m. scattering pattern of the object with

Figure 3. simulation result with =.01 for inner core a) linear function b)exponential function c)square function.

Figure 4. simulation result with =.04 for inner core a) linear function b)exponential function c)square function.

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Figure 5: simulation result with =.0008 for outer shell a) linear function b)exponential function c)square function.

Figure 6: simulation result with =.001 for outer shell a) linear function b)exponential function c)square function.

Figure 7: r component of tan( ), linear transformation, exponential transformation and square transformation are drown.
[3] X.Chen, Implicit Boundary Conditions in TransformationOptics
Cloaking
for
ElectromagneticwavesProgress
In
Electromagnetic Research,521-534,(2011).

4. Conclusions
Different external cloaks are designed with different
transformation functions which satisfy the boundary
condition purposes and considered loss for all parts. Results
show that it is possible to improve the cloak efficiency with
varying the coordinate transformation function. In this paper
cloaks with linear, exponential and square forms are
simulated. With comparing simulation results it is found out
linear and exponential forms are better than square function
due to have lower loss tangent. The exponential form is the
best and has better efficiency than others.

[4] K.Agarwal, X. Chen, L. Hu, H. Liu, and G. Uhlmann,


Polarization-Invariant Directional Cloaking by Transformation
Optics,Progress In Electromagnetic Research, 415-423,(2011).

[5] S.Y.Lai, H.Chen, Zhao-Qing Zhang, and C. T. Chan,


"Complementary Media Invisibility Cloak that Cloaks Objects at a
Distance Outside the Cloaking" physical review letters,102,
093901 (2009).

[6] J.B.Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, "Controlling


Electromagnetic Fields," Science 312, 1780-1782 (2006).
[7] U.Leonhardt, "Optical Conformal Mapping," Science 312,
1777-1780 (2006).

References

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20

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