Tavficcao
Tavficcao
Tavficcao
When approaching neuroses, having the hysteria as his first conception, what
instigated Freud's interest, more than merely the treatment, was to know of its
origins. In his first theory on the etiology of the neuroses there was already
something revolutionary and extremely controversial: The origin of the harm was
certainly of sexual character; by that he was convinced. In 1896 appears his writing
Zur Ätiologie der Hysterie to be read before the Verein für Psychiatrie und
Neurologie; a text containing his first theory on the causation of hysteria: the theory of
the seduction or of the trauma.
According to that theory the patients would suffer of reminiscences, they would
have had in their childhood some sort of sexual experience inflicted by stranger
adults, nannies or even other children (FREUD, 1896/1999). These experiences
themselves would not have a traumatic character immediately. That would happen, in
a posthumous association with another experience that in some way would recall the
first one.
“We got to know, that no hysterical symptom can occur out of an only real
experience, but that, in all the cases, the memory of older experiences awakened in
association with it acts in an combined way in the causation of the symptoms "
(FREUD, 1896/1999, p.432).
The presentation of these conclusions would have fateful consequences for its
author. In the first place there are the criticisms made by the medical colleges that
become emblematic by the comment of the eminent specialist on the sexuality,
Richard von Krafft-Ebing, author of Psychopathia Sexualis, published ten years
before (ROUDINESCO & PLON, 1999, p.441). Krafft-Ebing, president of the section,
would have said, that theory sounded like a "scientific fairy-tale".
Another consequence was the emptying of his clinic, placing him, still a young
doctor and family father, in financial difficulties. Not to mention that he didn't have
means of proving his theories, since the attributed first existences being repelled to
the unconscious, he would not have how to guarantee those occurrences. But
perhaps the greatest difficulty was of psychic order to Freud, because, in spite of the
text mentioning strangers, nannies and other children, he observes at the clinic and
in his family life that the most frequent and powerful "seducers" would have been the
children's parents. Such hypothesis would implicate in denouncing a good part of the
Viennese family parents (including his own father) as sexual molester of youngsters,
or still worse, of their own children.
However, it seems that the above-mentioned critique of Krafft-Ebing already
brought certain indications of the direction Freud's thought had taken. In his
correspondence with Wilhelm Fliess, he refers on April 6th to the importance of the
hysterical fantasies, although suggesting that these were erected on facts that really
took place. "The fantasies come from things that were heard, but only later
understood, and their whole material is, of course, true " (FREUD, 1896/1999,, p.117)
The materialization of a change will only appear on September 21st , in a new
letter in which is the famous confidence: " ...now I want to entrust you immediately,
the great secret that was blunted in me on these last months. I don't believe in my
Neurotica anymore ". (FREUD, 1896/1999,, p.119)
This fact will provoke serious changes in the Freudian clinic, specially in what
concerns the idea of “reality”. Freud continues in the search of the true fact, however
this truth won't be more looked for in a “Wirklichkeit” but in a “Realität”, in other
words, the search isn’t for the empiric, the event in its essence, but for the “force of
truth” that, starting from the events, grows up in the subject. That is so because this
Subject is over-determined by their unconscious that is not capable to distinguishing
truth and fiction. By the way, it is in this intersection between truth and fiction that
begins to be settled the Freudian Subject. " By the work of the analysis the Subject
start to make part of the fantasy that constitutes they self. This construction is a
fiction of this analysis, however it is where the fiction has a causation weight, the
causation of the Subject " (MASCARELLO, p.88)
As Laplanche and Pontalis (1985, p.41) mark in their text on Fantasy or
“fantasme”, as they prefer to call after Lacan, starting from the revision on the theory
of the seduction, the own question of the reality needs to be reviewed. " Once the
Real, in one of its modalities, lacks and reveals to be nothing but ' fiction ` it is
necessary to look elsewhere for a Real that founds this fiction ".
Making reference to these same French authors, Renato Mezan (1989) marks
the problematic of the “theory" and of the “fiction " in the entry of the well-known
“Vocabulaire de la Psychanalyse” destined to the explanation of the concept
Metapsychology:
“I don't consider neither useful nor loyal to the spirit of the Psychoanalysis, to
oppose the fictional to the theoretical, as if the first were the purely imaginative, and
the second scientifically rigorous; nor, as it became frequent in certain milieus, to
invert the values and to declare that the ‘theoretical’ is pernicious, because it denotes
intellectualization and favors the resistances towards Psychoanalysis, while the
“fictional’ would be close of the affective, being, therefore, ‘not saturated’ and
ultimately, truer” (MEZAN, 1989 p.93).
This opposite-pair (fiction and theory) was along the history of Psychoanalysis
a controversial issue, because they succeed the debate on the scientific character of
the psychoanalysis. Its Metapsychology, referring to concepts as the unconscious,
the drives, the repression, the Ego, the Id, the narcissism, is not a scientific fairy-tale?
Aren’t they like castles built in the air? Wouldn’t it be like a revaluation of occultism?
The Freudian method of investigation, speculation and construction, following
the reasoning of Roudinesco (1999), are actually placed in rupture with the official
knowledge of the time in the sense of giving a rational statute to phenomena formerly
marginalized by the official science. If the dreams, the defective acts, the deliriums
were excluded of the official knowledge by the science because of their seemingly
irrational character, Freud looks for a theoretical approach of these, far away from
any occultism, but by the road of the reason. The same happens in the field of the
fantasy, term that doesn't have only a single statute along the theory construction
and the treatment. According to Mascarello (2002), an approach in three levels is
necessary:
1 - in the average sense, they are " the scenes, episodes, fiction-romances,
that one builds and tells himself in vigil state”.
2 – following to the expression "unconscious fantasies" that " is to designate
[as well] a preconscious daydream that the Subject constructs and of which will be
able to or not to take conscience of, [as] a previous element, of the hysterical
symptoms in connection with the daydreams ".
3 - " in a direct and exclusive relation with the unconscious, linked to the
desire, as starting point for the formation of the dream and other formations of the
unconscious (symptom, defective-acts and wits)."
In the sixth chapter of the Traumdeutung (The Interpretation of the Dream), in
the sub-chapter the Secondary Elaboration, Freud intends to an explanation on the
problem of the daydreams. When using this that would be a neologism in German -
Tagtraum -, he points to a footnote that, without larger explanations, marks in French
and English respectively the following: " rêve, petit roman - day-dream, story " (1900
p.495). A possible elucidation would be the analogy that is made between the
daydreaming and the fantasies, that are in the genesis of the hysterical symptoms
(FREUD, 1908) as well as in the formation of the literary creations. (FREUD, 1907). If
in the placements of Traumdeutung fantasies and daydreams seem, some times
treated like synonyms, other times as an analogy, in the article Der Dichter und of
Phantasieren (The imaginative writer and fantasizing) (1907b), such analogy would
be the following: The daydreams would form the plot to the argument of the fantasy.
"The imaginative writer (Dichter) softens the character of the egoistic daydreams
through alterations and disguises, and bribes us with the purely formal or aesthetic
pleasure, that offers us in the presentation of his fantasies ". (same, p.223)
It is therefore interesting to notice this approach Freud has with the fictionists.
He turns to his own theory to explain what motivates the poetries, romances, dramas
and tragedies of these writers, and will look for in their metaphors for his
metapsychological constructions and even his model of subjectivity. Reminding the
recently-presented citation of Laplanche and Pontalis, Freud needs to look for " a
Real that founds the fiction ". This Real will be expressed in the model of Oedipus, on
one side and of Hamlet on the other. That is what makes Roudinesco (1999)
denominate the man, in the Freudian notion as a "tragic" one, in opposition to the
"behaviorist man", of the experimental psychology and of the psychiatry.
“That tragic man, we found his structure in Oedipus and in Hamlet. Just like
the tyrant of Sofocle he suffers his fate as a scourge that turns him an other of
himself, and the Shakespeare's prince he internalizes as a repetitive image of the
same. Tragedy of the unveiling on a side, drama of the repression, on the other.
(p.153)
Here is time to refer to what Garcia-Roza presents as the enigma
Psychoanalysis places in its search for the truth, the truth of the desire. " The enigma
consists in the fact that we are two subjects, one of the which is entirely ignored"
(1990, Introduction.) In psychoanalysis, therefore, the truth revealed to Oedipus and
the mistake performed by Hamlet, they don’t exclude oneanother, they are
complementary. The truth of this subject of the unconscious, in the psychoanalytical
clinic, comes, not in the statements of the speech but in the mistakes and stumbles.
When the subject "makes a mistake", starting from the defective acts, he is actually
revealing or un-veiling himself. The defective acts of the conscious are, therefore, as
affirms Lacan (1954 p.302), successful acts," (...) our words that trip, are words that
admit, they, reveal a truth behind them "
The fantasy as what gives body to the myth or drama of each subject is,
according to this understanding, what there are of most true in the subject in the
Freudian conception; it is the road of the accomplishment of the desire.
References:
Versão em Português:
em uma nova carta onde se encontra a célebre confidência: “...agora quero confiar-
lhe, de imediato, o grande segredo que foi despontado em mim nestes últimos
entanto esta verdade não será mais buscada numa Wirklichkeit e sim numa Realität,
ou seja, não se trata de buscar o empírico, o evento em sua essência e sim a força
de verdade que, a partir dos eventos, se cria no sujeito. Isto, posto que este sujeito é
parte da fantasia que o constitui. Esta construção é uma ficção desta análise, porém
ficcionistas. Ele recorre a sua própria teoria para dar conta do que motiva as
precisa buscar “um real que funde a ficção”. Este real estará expresso no modelo do
Édipo, por um lado e de Hamlet por outro. Isto é o que faz Roudinesco (1999)
enigma se apresenta no fato de que somos dois sujeitos, um dos quais nos é
desvelada a Édipo e o engano manifesto por Hamlet, não são excludentes, são
apresenta, não nos enunciados do discurso e sim em seus erros e tropeços. Quando
o sujeito “se engana”, a partir dos atos falhos, está na verdade se revelando ou des-
velando. Os atos falhos do consciente são, portanto, como afirma Lacan (1954
p.302), atos bem sucedidos, “(...) nossas palavras que tropeçam, são palavras que
Referências bibliográficas
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