Pertemuan 2
Pertemuan 2
Pertemuan 2
Some applications of
integration
38.1
Introduction
38.2
When y = 0, x = 0 or (x + 2) = 0 or (x 4) = 0, i.e.
when y = 0, x = 0 or 2 or 4, which means that the
curve crosses the x-axis at 0, 2, and 4. Since the curve
is a continuous function, only one other co-ordinate
value needs to be calculated before a sketch of the
curve can be produced. When x = 1, y = 9, showing that the part of the curve between x = 0 and x = 4
is negative. A sketch of y = x 3 2x 2 8x is shown in
Fig. 38.2. (Another method of sketching Fig. 38.2 would
have been to draw up a table of values.)
y
In Fig. 38.1,
!
total shaded area =
10
f (x)dx
f (x)dx
!
+
22
21
y 5 x 3 2 2x 2 2 8x
f (x)dx
210
y
220
y 5 f (x)
G
Figure 38.2
E
0
Figure 38.1
Shaded area
! 0
! 4
=
(x 3 2x 2 8x)dx (x 3 2x 2 8x)dx
2
x4
2x 3
0
8x 2
x 4 2x 3 8x 2
=
4
3
2 2
4
3
2
2
2
1
= 6
42
= 49 square units
3
3
3
4
0
from which,
3 2 1 0 1 2
y = x2 + 1
10
2 1 2
0 2
y = 7x
10
21
2
3
!
=
2
3
!
=
2
3
y542x
y 5 3x
3y 5 x (or y 5 x3 )
Figure 38.4
Shaded area
! 1
! 3
x
x
=
dx +
3x
(4 x) dx
3
3
0
1
y 5 x 2 11
1
3
3x 2 x 2
x2 x2
+ 4x
2
6 0
2
6 1
3 1
9 9
(0) + 12
=
2 6
2 6
1 1
4
2 6
1
1
+ 63
= 4 square units
= 1
3
3
y572x
Figure 38.3
Shaded area =
22
23
10
5
= 20 square units
6
!
(7 x)dx
2
3
(x 2 + 1)dx
[(7 x) (x 2 + 1)]dx
Now try the following exercise
(6 x x 2 )dx
x2 x3
= 6x
2
3
2
3
9
8
18 + 9
= 12 2
3
2
[1 13 square units]
and x =
6
377
38.3
2
maximum value
mean value=
=
1
0
!
2
100 = 63.66 V]
v 2 d(t )
(100 sin t )2 d(t )
10000
sin2 t d(t ) ,
y 5 f(x)
Hence
0
x5a
x5b
Figure 38.5
100
=
[(cos ) (cos 0)]
200
100
[(+1) (1)] =
=
= 63.66 volts
=
=
1
sin2 A = (1 cos 2 A)
2
10000
10000
sin2 t d(t )
1
(1 cos 2t ) d(t )
2
10000 1
sin 2t
t
2
2
0
7
8
10000 1
sin 2
8
8
2
2
=8
sin 0
9
2
=
=
10000 1
[]
2
100
10000
= = 70.71 volts
2
2
In this case,
y 5 f (x)
1
r.m.s. value = 100 = 70.71 V]
2
A
1
4
(x 4 + 8x 2 + 16) dx
x 5 8x 3
=
+
+ 16x
5
3
v = E 1 sin t + E 3 sin 3t
4
1
interval 0 t .
E 12 + E 32
20
10
5 D
4
0
Figure 38.6
38.4
x5b
Figure 38.7
y 5 x21 4
i.e. volume =
x 4 8x = 0
Shaded area
!
1
8 x 2 x 2 dx
!
8x x 2 dx =
2
0
2 5
6
x 32
3
8 8 8
x
{0}
= 8 3 =
3
3
3
2
2
0
16 8 8
2
= = 2 square units
3
3 3
3
y5x2
y 2 5 8x
(or y 5(8x)
8x 2 x 5
= (8x x )dx =
2
5
0
x(x 3 8) = 0
and
(x 4 )dx
32
(0)
= 16
5
x 4 = 8x
from which,
(8x)dx
Figure 38.8
379
Centroids
1
2
xy dx
x = !a
y2 dx
y dx
0
! 2
1
2
y 2 dx
(3x 2 )2 dx
y dx
0
1
2
9x 4 dx
=
32
5
8
9
2
2
9 x5
2 5
0
=
18
= 3.6
5
and y = ! ab
y=
1
2
y dx
y
y 5 f(x)
Area A
C
x
x5b
x= !
= !
x(5x x 2 ) dx
y dx
Figure 38.9
x y dx
x = !0
x(3x 2 ) dx
y dx
2
3x dx
0
= !0 5
=
(5x x ) dx
2
12
= 1.5
8
5x 3
3
5x 2
2
5
x4
4 0
5
x3
3 0
y 5 5x 2 x 2
6
4
(5x 2 x 3 ) dx
2
3x 4
3x dx
4 0
=
= !0 2
[x 3 ]20
3x 2 dx
!
(5x x 2 ) dx
x y dx
x5a
x
2
y
0
Figure 38.10
= 3
125
2
=
y=
1
2
625
12
!
625
625
4 = 12
125
125
3
6
6
125
y dx
=
0
! 5
0
! 5
y dx
0
1
2
5
= = 2.5
2
1
2
(5x x 2 )2 dx
(5x x 2 ) dx
(25x 10x + x ) dx
3
Theorem of Pappus
125
6
5
1 25x 3 10x 4 x 5
+
2
3
4
5
0
125
6
1
2
38.6
381
25(125) 6250
+ 625
3
4
125
6
V
2 A
= 2.5
y 5 f(x)
Area A
y
x5a
x5b x
Figure 38.11
y = 3x + 2 x = 0, x = 4
2.
y=
5x 2
x = 1, x = 4
[(2.5, 4.75)]
[(3.036, 24.36)]
=
3
2x 3
3
= 18 square units
y 5 2x 2
y=
18
1
2
y dx
=
0
! 3
1
2
18
y
0
Figure 38.12
1
2
4x 4 dx
=
18
(2x 2 )2 dx
y dx
12
(b)
3
1 4x 5
2 5
0
18
= 5.4
y 2 dx =
(2x 2 )2 dx
3
x5
4 x dx = 4
=
5
0
0
243
= 194.4cubic units
= 4
5
!
i.e.
from which,
x=
i.e.
y=
from which,
(ii) When the shaded area of Fig. 38.12 is
revolved 360 about the y-axis, the volume
generated
= (volume generated by x = 3)
(volume generated by y = 2x 2 )
! 18
! 18
y
2
=
(3) dy
dy
2
0
0
18
! 18
y2
y
=
dy = 9y
9
2
4 0
0
= 81 cubic units
(c) If the co-ordinates of the centroid of the shaded
area in Fig. 38.12 are (x, y) then:
(i) by integration,
!
x y dx
x = !0
=
=
3
0
18
81
= 2.25
36
x(2x 2 ) dx
18
2x 3 dx
194.4
= 5.4
36
y dx
!
81
= 2.25
36
5.0 cm
S
3
2x 4
4
18
Figure 38.13
R
X
r 2
=
= cm2
Area of semicircle =
2
2
2
By the theorem of Pappus,
volume generated
= area distance moved by
(2)(4.576).
centroid =
2
i.e. volume of metal removed = 45.16 cm3
Mass of metal removed = density volume
45.16 3
m
106
= 0.3613 kg or 361.3 g
= 8000 kg m3
111.9 3
m
106
= 0.8952 kg or 895.2 g
383
i.e. at co-ordinates
(1.70, 1.70)
3.
limit
Radius of gyration
x0
I
A
x=l
<
x b x =
2
x 2 b dx
x=0
G
l
d
Area A
C
x
P
Figure 38.14
G
D
Figure 38.15
G
l
2
l
2
l 5 12.0 cm
x
G
C
b 5 4.0 cm
Figure 38.16
B
B
A
Figure 38.18
bl 3
bl 3
= IGG +
3
4
i.e.
IAA =
bl 3 bl 3
bl 3
=
3
4
12
bl 3
(4.0)(12.0)3
=
= 2304 cm4
3
3
12.0
l
Radius of gyration,kAA = = = 6.93 cm
3
3
In Fig. 38.17, axes OX , OY and OZ are mutually perpendicular. If OX and OY lie in the plane of area A then
the perpendicular axis theorem states:
Similarly, IBB =
and
Z
lb3 (12.0)(4.0)3
=
= 256 cm4
3
3
4.0
b
kBB = = = 2.31 cm
3
3
lb3 (12.0)(4.0)3
=
= 64 cm4
12
12
Area A
X
Figure 38.17
385
and
4.0
b
kCC = = = 1.15 cm
12
12
Position of axis
Rectangle
Second moment
Radius of
of area, I
gyration, k
bl 3
3
lb3
3
bl 3
12
12
lb3
12
12
bh 3
12
bh 3
36
18
bh 3
4
r 4
2
r 4
4
5r 4
4
r
2
5
r
2
r 4
8
r
2
length l, breadth b
Triangle
Perpendicular height h,
base b
Circle
radius r
Semicircle
radius r
G
15.0 mm
25.0 mm
P
Figure 38.19
IGG =
lb3
where 1 = 40.0 mm and b = 15.0 mm
12
Hence IGG =
(40.0)(15.0)3
= 11250 mm4
12
kPP =
IPP
=
area
387
645000
= 32.79 mm
600
r 5 2.0 cm
G
B
3.0 cm
12.0 cm
Y
C
8.0 cm
Figure 38.21
D
6.0 cm
Figure 38.20
bh 3
(8.0)(12.0)3
i.e.
=
= 384 cm4 ,
36
36
A is the area of the triangle,
Hence
= 12 bh = 12 (8.0)(12.0) = 48 cm2
and d is the distance between axes GG and QQ,
= 6.0 + 13 (12.0) = 10 cm.
r 4
= (2.0)4 = 4 cm4 .
4
4
IY Y
=
area
104
(2.0)2
=
26 = 5.10 cm
Radius of gyration,
kQQ =
IQ Q
=
area
10.0 mm
G
B
15.0 mm
5184
= 10.4 cm
48
Figure 38.22
where
r 4
(from Table 38.1)
8
(10.0)4
= 3927 mm4,
8
(10.0)2
r 2
=
= 157.1 mm2
2
2
4r
4(10.0)
d=
=
= 4.244 mm
3
3
r 4
The polar second moment of area of a circle=
2
The polar second moment of area of the shaded area is
given by the polar second moment of area of the 7.0 cm
diameter circle minus the polar second moment of area
of the 6.0 cm diameter circle.
Hence the polar second moment of area of the crosssection shown
7.0 4 6.0 4
=
2
2
2
2
= 235.7 127.2 = 108.5 cm4
A=
and
Hence
i.e.
Y
Z
1097 + (157.1)(19.244)2
0m
l54
b 5 15 mm
X
= 1097 + 58 179
= 59276 mm4 or 59280 mm4 ,
correct to 4 signicant gures.
Radius of gyration, kXX =
I XX
=
area
59 276
157.1
= 19.42 mm
X
Z
Figure 38.24
7.0 cm
6.0 cm
I XX =
lb 3
(40)(15)3
=
= 45000 mm4
3
3
and
IYY =
bl 3
(15)(40)3
=
= 320000 mm4
3
3
Hence
Radius of gyration,
kZZ =
Figure 38.23
IZ Z
=
area
365 000
(40)(15)
= 24.7 mm or 2.47 cm
389
m
0c
4.
X
1.0 cm
3.0 cm
CE
7.0 cm
X
1.0 cm
3.0 cm
8.0 cm
2.0 cm
CD
2.0 cm
C
C
y
CT
T
T
6.0 cm
CF
4.0 cm
15.0 cm
Figure 38.26
Figure 38.25
r 4
(4.0)4
=
= 100.5 cm4
8
8
bl 3
3
(6.0)(8.0)3
3
= 1024 cm4
bh 3
(10)(6.0)3
=
= 60 cm4
36
36
For rectangle D:
The second moment of area about C D (an axis through
CD parallel to XX )
=
bl 3
(8.0)(3.0)3
=
= 18 cm4
12
12
bl 3
(3.0)(7.0)3
=
= 85.75 cm4
12
12
bl 3 (15.0)(4.0)3
=
=
= 320 cm4
3
3
9.0 cm
12.0 cm
Figure 38.28
= 105 cm2 .
Radius of gyration,
5355
I XX
k XX =
=
= 7.14 cm
area
105
(a) 201 cm4 , 2.0 cm
(b) 1005 cm4, 4.47 cm
H
0c
r5
4.
Figure 38.29
8.0 cm
m
m
r5
10
.0
3.0 cm
J
B
Figure 38.30
Figure 38.27
5. For each of the areas shown in Fig. 38.31 determine the second moment of area and radius of
gyration about axis LL, by using the parallel
axis theorem.
3.0 cm
15 cm
.0 c
15 cm
4
ia 5
5.0 cm
2.0 cm
18 cm 10 cm
5.0 cm
L
(a)
(b)
(c)
391
I AA = 4224 cm4 ,
I BB = 6718 cm4 ,
ICC = 37300 cm4
Figure 38.31
3.0 cm
6. Calculate the radius of gyration of a rectangular door 2.0 m high by 1.5 m wide about a
vertical axis through its hinge.
[0.866 m]
4.5 cm
9.0 cm
16.0 cm
.0 c
7
ia 5
XX .
(a) 12190 mm4 , 10.9 mm
4.0 cm
15.0 cm
A
9.0 cm
(a)
A
C
B
Figure 38.33
6.0 cm
2.0 cm
8.0 cm
2.0 cm
12.0 mm
X
1.0 cm
6.0 cm
3.0 mm
2.5 cm
4.0 mm
3.0 cm
2.0 cm
2.0 cm
X
(a)
Figure 38.32
10.0 cm
(b)
X
(b)
Figure 38.34
10.0 cm