Chapter 1

P1.
21 In 1908, Prandtls student Heinrich Blasius proposed the following formula for the wall shear
stress w at a position x in viscous flow at velocity V past a flat surface:
w 0.332 1/ 2 1/ 2 V 3 / 2 x 1/ 2
Determine the dimensions of the constant 0.332.
Solution: From Table 1.2 we find the dimensions of each term in the equation:
{ w } {ML1T 2 } ; { } {ML3 } ; {} {ML1T 1} ; {V } {LT 1} ; {x} {L}

Use these dimensions in the equation to determine {0.332}:
M
LT
M 1/ 2 L 3 / 2
} { } {L}1/ 2
LT
T
L
M
M
{0.332}
{ 2 } {0.332} { 2 } , or :
LT
LT
} {0.332} {
Clean up :
}1/ 2 {
{1}
Ans.
The constant 0.332 is dimensionless. Blasius was one of the first workers to deduce dimensionally
consistent viscous-flow formulas without empirical constants.
1.32 A blimp is approximated by a prolate spheroid 90 m long and 30 m in diameter. Estimate

the weight of 20C gas within the blimp for (a) helium at 1.1 atm; and (b) air at 1.0 atm. What
might the difference between these two values represent (Chap. 2)?
Solution: Find a handbook. The volume of a prolate spheroid is, for our data,
2
3
2
3
LR 2 (90 m)(15 m)2 42412 m 3

Estimate, from the ideal-gas law, the respective densities of helium and air:
pHe
1.1(101350)
kg
0.1832 3 ;
R He T 2077(293)
m
pair
101350
kg
(b) air
1.205 3 .
Rair T 287(293)
m
(a) helium
Then the respective gas weights are
kg
m
WHe He g 0.1832 3 9.81 2 (42412 m3 ) 76000 N
m
s
Wair air g (1.205)(9.81)(42412) 501000 N Ans. (b)
Ans. (a)
The difference between these two, 425000 N, is the buoyancy, or lifting ability, of the blimp.
[See Section 2.8 for the principles of buoyancy.]
P1.51
An approximation for the boundary-layer
shape in Figs. 1.6b and P1.51 is the formula

u ( y ) U sin(
y
), 0y
2
y=
where U is the stream velocity far from the wall

and is the boundary layer thickness, as in Fig. P.151.
If the fluid is helium at 20C and 1 atm, and if U =
u(y)
10.8 m/s and = 3 mm, use the formula to (a) estimate

the wall shear stress w in Pa; and (b) find the position
in the boundary layer where is one-half of w.
0
Fig.P1.51
Solution: From Table A.4, for helium, take R = 2077 m2/(s2-K) and = 1.97E-5 kg/m-s.
(a) Then the wall shear stress is calculated as
y
U
| y 0 (U
cos
) y 0
2
2
2
y
Numerical values: w
(1.97 E 5 kg / m s)(10.8 m / s )
0.011 Pa
Ans.(a )
2(0.03 m)
A very small shear stress, but it has a profound effect on the flow pattern.
(b) The variation of shear stress across the boundary layer is a cosine wave, = (du/dy):
( y)
U
y
y
y
2
cos( ) w cos( ) w when
, or : y
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
Ans.(b)
_______________________________________________________________________
1.67 A vertical concentric annulus, with outer radius ro and inner radius ri, is lowered into
fluid of surface tension Y and contact angle 90. Derive an expression for the capillary rise h
in the annular gap, if the gap is very narrow.
Solution: For the figure above, the force balance on the annular fluid is
h 2Y cos /{ g(ro ri )}
Ans.
Y cos (2 ro 2 ri ) g ro2 ri2 h

Cancel where possible and the result is
1.73 A small submersible moves at velocity V in 20C water at 2-m depth, where ambient
pressure is 131 kPa. Its critical cavitation number is Ca 0.25. At what velocity will cavitation
bubbles form? Will the body cavitate if V 30 m/s and the water is cold (5C)?
Solution: From Table A-5 at 20C read pv 2.337 kPa. By definition,
Ca crit 0.25
2(pa pv ) 2(131000 2337)
, solve Vcrit 32.1 m/s

V2
(998 kg/m3 )V2
Ans a
If we decrease water temperature to 5C, the vapor pressure reduces to 863 Pa, and the density
changes slightly, to 1000 kg/m3. For this condition, if V 30 m/s, we compute:
Ca
2(131000 863)
0.289
(1000)(30)2
This is greater than 0.25, therefore the body will not cavitate for these conditions. Ans. (b)
P1.79 From Table A.3, the density of glycerin at standard conditions is about 1260 kg/m3. At
a very high pressure of 8000 lb/in2, its density increases to approximately 1275 kg/m3. Use this
data to estimate the speed of sound of glycerin, in ft/s.
Solution: For a liquid, we simplify Eq. (1.38) to a pressure-density ratio, without knowing if the
process is isentropic or not. This should give satisfactory accuracy:
a 2 |glycerin
(8000 15 lb / in 2 )(6895 Pa / psi)

p
m2
3.67
E
6
(1275 1260) kg / m3
s2
Hence a
3.67 E 6 1920 m / s 6300 ft / s
Ans.
The accepted value, in Table 9.1, is 6100 ft/s. This accuracy (3%) is very good, considering the
small change in density (1.2%).
C1.3 Two thin flat plates are tilted at an angle and placed in a tank of known surface tension
Y and contact angle , as shown. At the free surface of the liquid in the tank, the two plates are a
distance L apart, and of width b into the paper. (a) What is the total
z-directed force, due to surface tension, acting on the liquid column between plates? (b) If the
liquid density is , find an expression for Y in terms of the other variables.
Solution: (a) Considering the right side of the liquid column, the surface tension acts tangent to
the local surface, that is, along the dashed line at right. This force has magnitude F Yb, as shown.
Its vertical component is F cos( ), as shown. There are two plates. Therefore, the total z-directed
force on the liquid column is
Fvertical 2Yb cos( ) Ans. (a)
(b) The vertical force in (a) above holds up the entire weight of the liquid column between plates,
which is W g{bh(L h tan)}. Set W equal to F and solve for
[gh(L h tan)]/[2 cos( )]
Ans. (b)

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P1.

{ w } {ML1T 2 } ; { } {ML3 } ; {} {ML1T 1} ; {V } {LT 1} ; {x} {L}

1.32 A blimp is approximated by a prolate spheroid 90 m long and 30 m in diameter. Estimate

LR 2 (90 m)(15 m)2 42412 m 3

Then the respective gas weights are

WHe He g 0.1832 3 9.81 2 (42412 m3 ) 76000 N

An approximation for the boundary-layer

shape in Figs. 1.6b and P1.51 is the formula

where U is the stream velocity far from the wall

10.8 m/s and = 3 mm, use the formula to (a) estimate

Y cos (2 ro 2 ri ) g ro2 ri2 h

2(pa pv ) 2(131000 2337)

, solve Vcrit 32.1 m/s

(8000 15 lb / in 2 )(6895 Pa / psi)

3.67 E 6 1920 m / s 6300 ft / s

Fvertical 2Yb cos( ) Ans. (a)

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