Assignment 12
Assignment 12
at a temperature
at a cooler temperature
Take
and to be the magnitudes of the heat absorbed and emitted, respectively; therefore
both quantities are positive.
Part A
A heat engine is designed to do work. This is possible only if certain relationships between the
heats and temperatures at the input and output hold true. Which of the following sets of
statements must apply for the heat engine to do work?
ANSWER:
and
and
and
and
Part B
Find the work
Express in terms of
ANSWER:
=
and
Part C
The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is defined as follows:
Express the efficiency in terms of
ANSWER:
=
and
,
where
system. The heat is positive if thermal energy is absorbed by the system from its surroundings,
and is negative if thermal energy is transferred from the system to its surroundings.
Using the idea of entropy, the second law can be stated as follows:
The entropy of an isolated system may not decrease. It either increases as the system approaches
equilibrium, or stays constant if the system is already in equilibrium.
Any process that would tend to decrease the entropy of an isolated system could never occur
spontaneously in nature. For a system that is not isolated, however, the entropy can increase, stay
the same, or decrease.
Part A
What happens to the entropy of a bucket of water as it is cooled down (but not frozen)?
ANSWER:
It increases.
It decreases.
It stays the same.
Presumably, the bucket is not isolated: Heat must be transferred to another object, which is most
likely at a lower temperature than that of the bucket.
Part B
What happens to the entropy of a cube of ice as it is melted?
ANSWER:
It increases.
It decreases.
It stays the same.
Part C
What happens to the entropy of a piece of wood as it is burned?
ANSWER:
It increases.
It decreases.
It stays the same.
When a solid object is turned into a gas, the degree of disorder increases, so the entropy
increases.
Let us try some calculations now.
Part D
An object at 20 absorbs 25.0 of heat. What is the change in entropy
Express your answer numerically in joules per kelvin.
ANSWER:
=
of the object?
8.53102
Part E
An object at 500
dissipates 25.0
of the object? Assume that the temperature of the object does not change appreciably in the
process.
Express your answer numerically in joules per kelvin.
ANSWER:
=
-50
Part F
An object at 400 absorbs 25.0 of heat from the surroundings. What is the change in entropy
of the object? Assume that the temperature of the object does not change appreciably in the
process.
Express your answer numerically in joules per kelvin.
ANSWER:
=
62.5
Part G
Two objects form a closed system. One object, which is at 400 , absorbs 25.0 of heat from
the other object,which is at 500 . What is the net change in entropy
of the system?
Assume that the temperatures of the objects do not change appreciably in the process.
Express your answer numerically in joules per kelvin.
ANSWER:
=
12.5
Note that the net entropy change is positive as the heat is transferred from the hotter object to the
colder one. If heat were transferred in the other direction, the change in entropy would have been
negative; that is, the entropy of the system would have decreased. This observation, not
surprisingly, is in full accord with the second law of thermodynamics.
at 300
The bar eventually reaches thermal equilibrium with the lake. What is the entropy change
of the lake? Assume that the lake is so large that its temperature remains virtually constant.
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
You can calculate the entropy change of the lake using the formula for the entropy change in an
isothermal process. Note that the amount of heat transferred to the water in the lake is equal to
the amount of heat lost by the bar.
Hint A.2 Find the heat absorbed by the lake
Find
, the amount of heat absorbed by the lake.
Hint A.2.1 Find the temperature of thermal equilibrium
What is the temperature of thermal equilibrium
Express your answer numerically in kelvins.
ANSWER:
=
288
Hint A.2.2 Find the energy change for the aluminum bar
What is the change of heat energy
for the metal bar?
Hint A.2.2.1 Heat and the temperature change
The heat
is the final
ANSWER:
=
5.13105
Hint A.3 Entropy change in an isothermal process
When there is a heat transfer of
to a substance at constant temperature
change
of the substance is given by
, the entropy
,
where is absolute temperature.
Express your answer numerically in joules per kelvin
ANSWER:
=
1780
Part B
Has the entropy of the aluminum bar decreased or increased?
Hint B.1
How to approach the question
Since the temperature of the aluminum bar changes during the cooling process, the exact
entropy change of the bar cannot be easily calculated. However, you can use the interpretation
of entropy as a measure of randomness to determine whether its change is positive or negative.
ANSWER:
Since the entropy change of a system is always positive, we can deduce that
the entropy of the aluminum bar has increased.
Since the final lower temperature of the bar means lower average speed of
molecular motion, we can deduce that the entropy of the bar has decreased.
We don't have enough information to determine whether the entropy of the
aluminum bar has decreased or increased.
Part C
Since the aluminum bar is not an isolated system, the second law of thermodynamics cannot be
applied to the bar alone. Rather, it should be applied to the bar in combination with its
surroundings (the lake).
Assume that the entropy change of the bar is -73.5
?
Hint C.1 Total change of entropy
The change in total entropy is defined as the sum of the entropy changes of the system and the
surroundings.
Express your answer numerically in joules per Kelvin
ANSWER:
=
1710
Even though the aluminum bar lowers its entropy, the total entropy change of the bar and its
surroundings (the water in the lake) is positive, and the total entropy increases.
Part D
The second law of thermodynamics states that spontaneous processes tend to be accompanied by
entropy increase. Consider, however, the following spontaneous processes:
In all these cases, systems evolve to a state of less disorder and lower entropy, apparently
violating the second law of thermodynamics. Could we, then, consider them as processes
occurring in systems that are not isolated?
ANSWER:
True
False
All the processes listed above require energy input to occur just as a refrigerator requires
electrical energy to run. Systems can become more ordered and lower their entropy as time
passes. However, this can happen only as the entropy of the environment increases, just as we
found out in the case of the hot aluminum bar cooling down in the lake.
increases
decreases
remains constant
cannot be determined
Part B
Is the internal energy of the gas the same before and after
Hint B.1
Find the formula for internal energy
is added?
The internal energy of an ideal gas is equal to the total kinetic energy of its constituent atoms.
Determine an expression for the internal energy of the gas
of the gas.
=
ANSWER:
yes
no
Part C
Does the second law of thermodynamics forbid converting all of the absorbed heat
done by the piston?
Hint C.1
Second law of thermodynamics
into work
yes
no
Part D
The (Kelvin-Planck statement of the) second law of thermodynamics reads as follows:
It is impossible for an engine working in a cycle to produce no other effect than that of extracting
heat from a reservoir and performing an equivalent amount of work.
The phrase "in a cycle" does not apply in this situation, so the second law does not forbid heat
being converted entirely into work. For this particular problem, is all of the heat energy absorbed
by the gas in fact turned into work done on the piston?
Hint D.1
Relate , , and
Using the first law of thermodynamics, find
and the net work done by the gas .
ANSWER:
=
ANSWER:
yes
no
Part E
Does the magnitude of the force that the gas exerts on the piston depend on the piston's area?
Hint E.1
Find a formula for the force exerted on the piston
Type an expression for , the force exerted on the piston.
Express your answer in terms of the gas's pressure and the area of the cylinder
ANSWER:
=
ANSWER:
yes
no
Part F
Is the total work done by the gas independent of the area of the piston?
Hint F.1
Find a formula for the work done on the piston
Find an expression for an infinitesimal amount of work
done by the gas on the piston.
Express your answer in terms of the gas's pressure and an infinitesimal change in volume
ANSWER:
=
Does this expression explicitly depend on the piston's area? Alternatively, consider the
statement of the first law of thermodynamics:
are fixed, does depend on the area of the piston?
ANSWER:
. If
yes
no
Given the same initial pressure of the gas, the greater the area of the piston, the larger the force
on it. However, the work done on the piston when heat energy
is added is independent of
and
and
respectively.
Part A
How much heat
is added to the gas as it proceeds from state A to state B?
Hint A.1 Type of thermodynamic process
The process from state A to state B is adiabatic. What does adiabatic mean?
Express your answer in terms of any needed variables from the problem introduction.
ANSWER:
=
0
Part B
How much heat
20.6.
IDENTIFY: Apply e 1
1
1
e 1
|QC |
|QH |
r
SET UP: In part (b), QH 10,000 J The heat discarded is |QC |.
EXECUTE: (a) e 1
0594 594%
950040
(b) |QC| |QH |(1 e) (10,000 J)(1 0594) 4060 J.
EVALUATE: The work output of the engine is W |QH | |QC| 10,000 J 4060 J 5940 J.
Part A
During this time, how much work is performed by the engine?
Hint A.1
How to approach the problem
Determine the temperature of each reservoir in kelvins and the heat rejected to the cold
reservoir. Use these values to calculate the heat absorbed from the hot reservoir, and then
calculate the work done by the engine.
Hint A.2 Temperature conversion
To convert a temperature from degrees Celsius into kelvins, use
2.0010
, where
ANSWER:
=
-6680
Hint A.4 Calculate the heat absorbed
Calculate
, the heat absorbed from the hot reservoir by the Carnot engine.
Hint A.4.1
How to approach the problem
Use the relationship between the temperatures of the reservoirs and the heats absorbed from or
rejected to those reservoirs to calculate the heat absorbed from the hot reservoir.
Hint A.4.2 Equation for heat transfer in a Carnot engine
The equation relating the heats and temperatures in a Carnot engine is given by
.
Note the sign used in the equation, and recall that all temperatures should be expressed in
kelvins.
ANSWER:
=
9130
Hint A.5 Using the first law of thermodynamics
The work done by the engine is the sum of the heat absorbed by the engine from the hot
reservoir and the heat rejected by the engine into the cold reservoir. Be very careful about your
signs.
ANSWER:
=
2450
As you can see from this problem, it is very important to keep in mind the signs of the heats
exchanged in an engine. When the Carnot engine absorbs heat from a reservoir, the heat will be a
positive quantity since the heat is being added to the engine, before it does any work. Similarly,
when the Carnot engine rejects heat to a reservoir, the heat will be a negative quantity since the
heat is lost from the engine. The work done by the engine, by the first law of thermodynamics, is
therefore the sum of all heat changes in the engine.
where
and for
we find
we find
where is the Boltzmann constant. If the number of possible microscopic states is doubled to
, the ratio of the final entropy
is
This is greater than 1, so the entropy increases. We are told that the initial number of possible
microscopic states is a large number. Therefore is much greater than 2, ln is much greater
than ln 2, and the ratio (ln 2)/(ln ) is a small positive number. This tells us that
1 plus a small positive number, so the ratio of entropies is between 1 and 2.
is equal to
A Carnot Refrigerator
Description: Includes Math Remediation. A mix of conceptual and quantitative questions
about ideal refrigerators.
The ideal Carnot engine operates cyclically, just like any real engine.The Carnot cycle includes
four reversible steps: two isothermal processes and two adiabatic ones. If the Carnot cycle is
reversed, a Carnot refrigerator is created. This theoretical device has the highest coefficient of
performance among all refrigerators operating between given inside and outside temperatures.
Throughout this problem, we will use the following symbols:
: the (positive) amount of heat delivered to the "outside" during one cycle or during
some time specified in the problem;
: the (positive) amount of heat absorbed from the "inside" during one cycle or during
some time specified in the problem;
: the amount of external work input during one cycle or during some time specified in
the problem;
In general terms, the performance of a system can be thought of as the output per unit input. The
coefficient of performance
.
Part A
What is the coefficient of performance
Hint A.1
Some useful equations
,
where we have taken all heat exchanged to be positive. Substitute for
expression for the efficiency. Also recall that
.
ANSWER:
and
in the earlier
Part B
Imagine an ideal (Carnot) refrigerator that keeps helium in its liquid state, at a temperature of
about 4.00
. The refrigerator, with the helium container inside, is in a laboratory where the
and calculate
=
1.38102
Hint B.3 What is the value of
is
The refrigerator, i.e., the helium in it, absorbs 2.00 of heat every hour. For the helium to be
maintained at the same temperature, the same amount of heat must be removed from it also.
Therefore
.
Express your answer in joules to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
=
145
When the temperature difference is great, and is very low, the coefficient of performance is
also very low, and the refrigerator requires a great deal of energy input to do the job. This
partially explains why it is so expensive to produce and maintain liquid helium. In this example,
145 of energy is required to extract only 2 from the refrigerator. However, when the
temperature difference is not so great, the refrigerators become much more efficient, as
illustrated by the next problem.
Part C
Imagine an ideal (Carnot) refrigerator that keeps soda bottles chilled to a temperature of about
280
. Because of
the imperfect insulation, 5.00 of heat is absorbed by the refrigerator each hour. How much
electrical energy must be used by the refrigerator to maintain the temperature of 280
for one hour?
Hint C.1 Find the value of
Use the formula you found in Part A to determine
Express your answer numerically.
ANSWER:
inside
=
14.0
Express your answer in joules to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
=
0.357
When the temperature difference is small, and
little energy input: In our example, it uses less than 0.4 to exhaust 5 from the refrigerator.