Bab 3
Bab 3
Bab 3
3- 1
3- 2
heat convection
3- 3
radiation resistance
3- 4
3- 5
total resistance
3- 6
3- 7
T1
b
k
T1
T2
R=L/(Ak)
T2
Q
Q=(T1-T2)/R
Input Data
height
a := 3 m
width
b := 5 m
thickness
conductivity
L := 0.3 m
W
k := 0.9
m K
T1 := 16 C
T2 := 2 C
Solution
cross sectional area
Ac := a b
thermal resistance
R :=
Q :=
L
Ac k
T1 T2
R
Ac = 15.0000m
R = 0.0222
K
W
Q = 630.0000W
3- 8
Q
T1
Ri
T2
Rw
To
Ro
R i=1/Ahi
R w=L/Ak
R o=1/Aho
Input Data
height
a := 0.8 m
width
b := 1.5 m
thickness
L := 8 mm
conductivity
k := 0.780
indoor temperature
Ti := 20 C
outdoor temperature
inner heat transfer coefficient
To := 10 C
W
hi := 10
2
m K
ho := 40
W
m K
W
2
m K
3- 9
Solution
cross sectional area
Ac := a b
inner resistance
Ri :=
glass resistance
outer resistance
total resistance
heat transfer rate
1
Ac hi
Rw :=
Ro :=
L
Ac k
1
Ac ho
Rtot := Ri + Rw + Ro
Q :=
Ti To
Rtot
Ac = 1.2000m
Ri = 0.0833
K
W
3 K
Rw = 8.5470 10
Ro = 0.0208
K
W
Rtot = 0.1127
K
W
Q = 266.1611W
T1 := Ti Q Ri
T1 = 2.1801C
T2 := T1 Q Rw
T2 = 4.4550C
3 - 10
a := 0.8 m
width
b := 1.5 m
thickness of glass
L1 := 4 mm
conductivity of glass
k1 := 0.780
L2 := 10 mm
W
k2 := 0.026
m K
Ti := 20 C
To := 10 C
W
hi := 10
2
m K
ho := 40
Solution
W
m K
W
2
m K
3 - 11
Ac := a b
inner resistance
Ri :=
outer resistance
glass resistance
air resistance
total resistance
heat transfer rate
1
Ac hi
Ro :=
Rg :=
Ra :=
1
Ac ho
L1
Ac k1
L2
Ac k2
Rtot := Ri + Rg + Ra + Rg + Ro
Q :=
Ti To
Rtot
Ac = 1.2000m
Ri = 0.0833
K
W
Ro = 0.0208
K
W
3 K
Rg = 4.2735 10
Ra = 0.3205
K
W
Rtot = 0.4332
K
W
Q = 69.2478W
T1 := Ti Q Ri
T1 = 14.2293C
T2 := To + Q Ro
T2 = 8.5573C
3 - 12
3 - 13
3 - 14
aluminium
plate thickness
L := 1 cm
hc := 11000
contact
resistance
equivalent length
W
2
m K
thermal conductance
k := 237
Solution
thermal contact resistance
equivalent length
Rc :=
W
m K
hc
Leq := k Rc
2
5 m K
Rc = 9.0909 10
Leq = 2.1545cm
3 - 15
P := 6 MPa
Ac := 8 cm
interface roughness
e := 1.5 m
h := 25
Input Data
length of plate
a := 10 cm
thickness of plate
L := 1 cm
thermal conductivity
k := 386
room temperature
Ta := 20 C
W
m K
W
2
m K
transistor temperature
Tt := 70 C
3 - 16
Solution
thermal contact conductance
hc := 42000
area of plate
A := a a
Ri :=
plate resistance
convection resistance
total resistance
maximum transistor power
temperature jump at interface
Rc :=
Ra :=
W
2
m K
1
hc Ac
A = 100.0000cm
Ri = 0.0298
K
W
3 K
Rc = 2.5907 10
k A
1
Ra = 4.0000
h A
Rtot := Ri + Rc + Ra
Emax:=
Tt Ta
Rtot
T := EmaxRi
K
W
Rtot = 4.0324
K
W
Emax = 12.3997W
T = 0.3690C
3 - 17
parallel layer
3 - 18
Foam Plaster
h2, Ta2
d/2
h1, Ta1
Brick
d/2
a b
b a
conductivity of brick
kb := 0.720
conductivity of plaster
kp := 0.220
conductivity of foam
kf := 0.026
T1 := 20 C
T2 := 10 C
W
h1 := 10
2
m K
h2 := 25
m K
W
Input Data
height of wall
He := 3 m
width of wall
Wi := 5 m
thickness of foam
a := 3 cm
b := 2 cm
thickness of brick
c := 16 cm
d := 3 cm
height of brick
e := 22 cm
m K
W
m K
W
2
m K
3 - 19
f := d + e
Ri :=
resistance of foam
resistance of inner plaster
resistance of middle
total resistance
heat transfer per one brick
f = 25.0000cm
Ri = 0.4000
f hi
a
R1 :=
R1 = 4.6154
f kf
b
R2 :=
R2 = 0.3636
f kp
c
R3 :=
R4 = 1.0101
e kb
c
R5 :=
R6 = 0.3636
f kp
Ro :=
1
R3
1
R4
T1 T2
Rtot
K m
W
K m
W
K m
W
K m
W
K m
W
R5
Rtot := Ri + R1 + R2 + Rmid + R6 + Ro
Qb :=
Ro = 0.1600
f h2
Rmid :=
W
K m
R5 = 48.4848
0.5 d kp
R6 :=
W
K m
R3 = 48.4848
0.5 d kp
R4 :=
K m
Rmid = 0.9697
Rtot = 6.8724
Qb = 4.3653
K m
W
K m
W
W
m
Hb := d + e
Hb = 0.2500m
total area
Atot := Wi He
Atot = 15.0000m
Q :=
Atot
Hb
Qb
Q = 261.9190W
3 - 20
3 - 21
3 - 22
cylinder
sphere
3 - 23
hi := 80
Input Data
m K
Di := 3 m
thickness of tank
conductivity of tank
t := 2 cm
W
k := 15
m K
ti := 0 C
:= 1
time interval
t := 24 hr
ho := 10
m K
hif := 333.7
kJ
kg
3 - 24
Ti := ti + 273.15K
To := to + 273.15K
outer diameter
Do := Di + 2 t
Do = 3.0400 m
Ai := Di
Ao := Do
1
Ri :=
Ai hi
t
R1 :=
Di Do k
inner resistance
wall resistance
F1( T2) :=
Ai = 28.2743m
Ao = 29.0333m
4 K
Ri = 4.4210 10
5 K
R1 = 4.6537 10
hrad T2 + To ( T2 + To )
hcom ho + hrad
Rcom
1
Ao hcom
Rtot Ri + R1 + Rcom
Q
To Ti
To T2
R1
Rcom
T2
To Q Rcom
err
K
T2 T1
Ri
Rtot
err To Q Rcom T2
T1 Ti
T2 = 277.0772K
t2 := T2 273.15 K
t2 = 3.9272C
heat transfer
Q := F1( T2) W
Q = 8.0372kW
m :=
Q t
hif
m = 2.2939ton
3 - 25
Input Data
length
L := 1 m
thickness of insulation
t := 3 cm
inner diameter
D1 := 5 cm
steam temperature
Ti := 320 C
outer diameter
D2 := 5.5 cm
W
k1 := 80
m K
outer temperature
To := 5 C
conductivity of pipe
conductivity of insulation
k2 := 0.05
W
m K
m K
outer heat transfer coeff ho := 18
W
2
m K
3 - 26
D3 := D2 + 2 t
D3 = 11.5000cm
inner surface
A1 := D1 L
A1 = 0.1571m
middle surface
A2 := D2 L
A2 = 0.1728m
outer surface
A3 := D3 L
A3 = 0.3613m
inner resistance
Ri :=
1
A1 hi
ln
pipe resistance
2 k1 L
ln
insulation resistance
outer resistance
total resistance
heat transfer rate
Ro :=
2 k2 L
1
A3 ho
Rtot := Ri + R1 + R2 + Ro
Q :=
Ri = 0.1061
K
W
4 K
R1 = 1.8961 10
Ti To
Rtot
R2 = 2.3479
Ro = 0.1538
K
W
K
W
Rtot = 2.6079
K
W
Q = 120.7861W
T1 := Ti Q Ri
T1 = 307.1842C
T2 := T1 Q R1
T2 = 307.1613C
T3 := T2 Q R2
T3 = 23.5736C
Tp := T1 T2
Tp = 0.0229C
Ti := T2 T3
Ti = 283.5877C
D3
D2
R2 :=
D2
D1
R1 :=
3 - 27
3 - 28
3 - 29
3 - 30
Input Data
length
L := 5 m
diameter of wire
D := 3 mm
k := 0.150
electric current
m K
I := 10 amp
voltage drop
E := 8 volt
outer temperature
To := 30 C
W
ho := 12
2
m K
3 - 31
t t mm
t := 0.1, 0.2.. 20
Q E I
A2 D2 L
ln
Rplastic
Rconv
D2
2 k L
1
A2 ho
D2 D + 2 t
1.5
0.5
T1 To + Q Rtot
rcr :=
T2 := F2( 4)
rcr = 12.5000mm
ho
T1 := F2( 2)
3
3
T1 = 105.0146
10
15
20
thickness, mm
140
wire temperature, C
Rplastic W
Rconv W
Rtot W
K
T1
Rplastic
Rconv
Rtot
120
100
80
10
15
20
thickness, mm
T2 = 90.6403
3 - 32
3 - 33
3 - 34
3 - 35
3 - 36
3 - 37
overall effectiveness
3 - 38
Input Data
case temperature
Qmax:= 10 W
K
Rc_a := 20
W
Tc := 85 C
ambient temperature
Ta := 25 C
Solution
heat transfer
Q :=
Tc Ta
Rc_a
Q = 3.0000W
3 - 39
fins := 1
Input Data
outer diameter of tube
D1 := 3 cm
D2 := 6 cm
fin space
s := 3 mm
fin thickness
t := 2 mm
base temperature
Tb := 120 C
ambient temperature
Ta := 25 C
h := 60
W
2
m K
conductivity of fin
k := 180
W
m K
3 - 40
L := 1 m
number of fins
Nfin :=
no-fin area
Anofin := D1 L
Anofin = 942.4778cm
Qnofin = 537.2123W
fin length
Lfin :=
parameter 1
C1 :=
Nfin = 200.0000fins
s+t
D2 D1
Lfin = 15.0000mm
D2 + t
C1 = 2.0667
D1
h
parameter 2
C2 := ( Lfin + 0.5 t)
fin efficiency
fin := 0.950
Afin := 0.5 D2 D1
Qfin = 25.0072W
unfinned surface
Aunfin := D1 s
Aunfin = 2.8274cm
Qunfin = 1.6116W
Qtot = 5.3238kW
Qincrease = 4.7866kW
effectiveness
C2 = 0.2066
k t
) + D2t
Afin = 46.1814cm
= 9.9100
3 - 41
fins := 1
Input Data
outer diameter of tube
D1 := 3 cm
D2 := 6 cm
fin space
s := 3 mm
fin thickness
t := 2 mm
base temperature
Tb := 120 C
ambient temperature
Ta := 25 C
h := 60
W
2
m K
conductivity of fin
k := 180
W
m K
3 - 42
3 - 43