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Fundamental Homomorphism Theorem

The document discusses the Fundamental Homomorphism Theorem. It states that if θ is a homomorphism from group G onto group H, with kernel K, then H is isomorphic to the factor group G/K. It provides examples of applying the theorem to mappings between groups of matrices, integers, and real numbers. The kernel is defined as the elements of G that map to the identity in H. The factor group G/K is constructed by taking the cosets of K in G.

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tbrackman99
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128 views4 pages

Fundamental Homomorphism Theorem

The document discusses the Fundamental Homomorphism Theorem. It states that if θ is a homomorphism from group G onto group H, with kernel K, then H is isomorphic to the factor group G/K. It provides examples of applying the theorem to mappings between groups of matrices, integers, and real numbers. The kernel is defined as the elements of G that map to the identity in H. The factor group G/K is constructed by taking the cosets of K in G.

Uploaded by

tbrackman99
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamental Homomorphism

Theorem
Chapter 13

Fundamental Homomorphism Theorem


Theorem: Let be a homomorphism from group G onto group H.
: GH
Let K be the kernel of mapping which means
K = { gG, (g)=eH }
Then H is isomorphic to Factor Group G/K , write as
H ~ G/K
Proof: From Theorem 5 of lecture note 11, that K is a normal
group of G, so Factor group G/K exists. Recall that G/K is set of
all cosets of K.
Now we need to define an 11 mapping from H onto G/K.
:
H G/K
2

Let hH. Because mapping : G H is onto, then there must


exist element xG such that (x)=h. So set
1(h) ={x G : (x)=h}
is not empty. Actually it is a coset of K.
Pick any element g 1(h) , we want to prove that 1(h) = gK
Let x 1(h) , then (g)=h and (x)=h
So
(g1 x) = (g)1 (x) = h1h= eH
Therefore for some kK
g1 x = k
And
x = gk gK
Thus
1(h) gK
Conversely if
x gK
Then for some k K, x = gk.
Thus
(x)= (g)(k)= heH =h
Therefore
x 1(h)
So
1(h) = gK, here g is any element of G such that (g)=h.
3

Now we can define mapping from H to G/K as following


(h)=gK and (g)=h.
From above we know this definition is justified because this
coset is determined by h uniquely.
If we have h1, h2 H such that (h1)=(h2)= gK
Then from definition of , (g)=h1 and (g)=h2 .
Therefore h1 = h2 , so is 11.
If xK is any coset of K , let h =(x). From definition (h)=xK
So is onto.
Let h1, h2 H and let (h1)=g1K , (h2)=g2K .
Then (g1)=h1 and (g2)=h2 . So (g1g2)= (g1)(g2)= h1h2
(h1 h2)= (g1g2)K = (g1 K)( g2K) (K is a normal subgroup of G)
= (h1)(h2)
So keeps operation form H to G/K . is an isomorphism.
4

Example 1: Let M ={ all 22 non-singular matrices}, then {M , * }


is a group. Let H=R+R be set of all non-zero real numbers, then
{H , } is a group too.
Define homomorphism from M to H as following:
mM , (m) = det(m)
First of all, that mapping is onto, because that for any number
r H
r 0

det

0 1

=r

Secondly, if m1, m2M then det(m1* m2) = det(m1) det(m2)


Therefore
(m1* m2) = (m1)(m2)
so is a homomorphism.
We know that the identity element of H is 1.
Let K be the kernel of mapping , then K is the set of all matrices
whose determinant are 1.
From the fundamental homomorphism theorem H ~ M/K
5

Example 2: Let Z be set all integers. We know {Z , +} is a group.


Let Z3={0, 1, 2} be modulo group. Define homomorphism from
Z to Z3 as following:
nZ , (n) = n(mod 3)
First of all, that mapping is onto, because
(3)= 3(mod 3) =0, (4)= 4(mod 3) =1,
(5)= 5(mod 3) =2.
Secondly, if m , n Z then from
(m + n)(mod 3) = [m (mod 3) + n(mod 3)](mod 3)
We have
(m+ n) = (m)+(n)
so is a homomorphism.
We know that the identity element of Z3 is 0.
Let K be the kernel of mapping , then K is the set of all integers
which are multiple of 3.
From the fundamental homomorphism theorem Z3 ~ Z/K
6

Example 3: Let G =R+R be set of all non-zero real numbers,


then {G , } is a group. Let H =R+ be set of all positive real
numbers, then {H , } is a group too.
Define homomorphism from G to H as following:
xG , (x) = x2
First of all, that mapping is onto, because if x H then x>0

( x) =( x)

=x

Secondly, if x , y H then from


(xy) = (xy)2 = x2y2 = (x) (y)
so is a homomorphism.
We know that the identity element of H is 1
Let K be the kernel of mapping , then
K = { 1, 1 }.
From the fundamental homomorphism theorem H~ G/K
7

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