RUSSIA IN

REVOLUTION:
1905-1924

Name...............................................

Question:
What does Source A
show you about? (2)

Level:

QUESTION 1:
How to Answer:

Mark:

Select one piece of information from the source

Select two pieces of information from the source

1
2

Use Source B and

your own
knowledge to
explain why (4)

Select one piece of information from the source

Select two pieces of information from the source

1
2

How far does

Source C support
the view? (5)

Select two pieces of information from the source and add one piece of information from your own knowledge
Select two pieces of information from the source and add two pieces of information from your own knowledge
Select one piece of information from the source
Select two pieces of information from the source
Use the content of the source to explain whether the source does or does not support the view
Use the content of the source to explain in detail whether the source does or does not support the view
Use the content of the source and its author to explain how far the source supports the view

3
4
1
2
3
4
5

Explain why the source is useful based on its CONTENT

1-2

Explain why the source is useful based on CONTENT and ORIGIN

3-4

Explain why the source is useful based on its CONTENT and ORIGIN and why this usefulness is reduced by PURPOSE

5-6

How useful is
Source D?

Why do sources E
and F have different
views?

1-2

1
2

Explain why the sources have different views based on CONTENT

3-4

Explain why the sources have different views based on CONTENT and ORIGIN

5-6

Explain why the sources have different views based on CONTENT, ORIGIN and PURPOSE

7-8

QUESTION 2:
Describe (4)
Explain (5)

How successful? / How

Important? (6)

1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3

Generalised answer which makes weak points

1-2

Detailed and accurate description

3-4

Description or one reason not explained

List of unexplained reasons
Detailed explanation which covers more than one reason

1
2
3-4

A full explanation of a range of factors

Generalised answer based on weak knowledge

1-2

Some detailed analysis which attempts an evaluation

3-4

Detailed analysis with a reasoned evaluation

5-6

QUESTION 3:
Essay question (10+3)

1
2

One sided answer - little evidence

1-2

One sided answer - some evidence OR weak two sided answer - little evidence
One sided answer - good evidence OR weak two sided answer - some evidence

3
4-5

One sided answer - detailed evidence OR unbalanced two sided answer - good evidence
Unbalanced two sided answer - detailed evidence - may be a lack of detail in places starts to make links between
factors
Reasoned and balanced two sided answer - detailed evidence may be a few inaccuracies - reaches a conclusion
good links between factors
Reasoned and balanced two sided answer - detailed evidence fully accurate - detailed conclusion good links
between factors

6-7
8

9
10

UNIT 1: 1905-1917
Describe what Russia was like in 1905:
Difficult to govern

Tsar was an autocrat

No opposition to the Tsar

The Nobles and Middle Class

Peasants

Industrial Workers

Russian Empire covered 1/6th of the worlds land surface

Population of 125 million
Many different nationalities
He could make laws and govern as he wished
No parliament and political parties were banned
He took advice from a Committee of Ministers which he
chose from the rich nobles
Newspapers and books were censored
The Okhrana (secret police) removed all opposition
groups
Opposition groups were sent to prison camps in Siberia
The nobles formed 0.1% of the population but owned
over 25% of the land
A middle class (bourgeoisie) began to emerge following
industrialisation
They demanded a say in how the country was run
80% of the population were peasants
Primitive farming methods and poor crops meant that
food shortages were common
Living conditions were terrible many families lived in a
single room
Conditions for industrial workers were poor
Many houses had no running water or sewage system
Workers were employed for long hours and wages were
low
Trade unions were banned and strikes were illegal

Explain why the rule of Tsar Nicholas II faced problems

Problems with autocracy

Son suffered from haemophilia

Religion

The autocratic system needed a forceful and charismatic

leader but Nicholas was weak
He was a family man and preferred to spend time with his
wife, the Tsarina, and their five children
He knew little about the people he governed
Alexis suffered from a blood disorder
He was not expected to reach adulthood
Nicholas believed that he had been chosen by God to rule
Therefore he thought that no one had the right to
challenge him
He rejected all reform

Describe the opposition to the Tsar:

1. Liberals Made up of Middle class people wanted a parliament (Duma)
2. Social Revolutionaries Wanted to seize power by revolution. Wanted the land to be taken from
the nobility and given to the peasants
3. Social Democrats Followed the teachings of Karl Marx. Wanted a revolution to bring about a
communist government. The Mensheviks wanted a big party so that power was spread amongst
many. The Bolsheviks (led by Lenin) believed that power should lay with a core elite

Explain why the 1905 revolution broke out

1. PEASANTS - Growing discontent due to living conditions and were now also badly hit by poor
harvests
2. INDUSTRIAL WORKERS Growing discontent due to working and living conditions. Industrial
slump caused workers to be laid off. This led to strikes and demonstrations
3. MIDDELE CLASS Wanted a say in how the country was run (democracy)
4. Russo-Japanese war
5. Bloody Sunday

Describe the events of the Russo-Japanese War

1. Russia wanted a quick victory in war to raise morale
2. Both sides fought for control of a place called Manchuria
3. The Russian army was destroyed
4. Defeat was humiliating and Russia lost lots of land
5. The war made conditions worse in Russia. It disrupted food supplies which caused prices to rise

Describe the events of Bloody Sunday

1. Father Gapon led a crowd of 200,000 workers through the streets of St Petersburg to the Tsars
Winter Palace
2. They intended to deliver a petition listing their grievances
3. The Tsar was not in his palace
4. The troops panicked and opened fire on the crowd
5. Close to 1000 people died

Describe the events of the 1905 Revolution

1. Bloody Sunday led to a wave of protests across Russia. 400,000 workers were on strike by the end
of January
2. In some cities workers elected Soviets (Councils) to take over control
3. During June and July peasant uprisings became widespread; they seized land and murdered
landlords
4. In October a general strike paralysed the city. On the 26 October the St Petersburg Soviet was
formed to co-ordinate the strikes. It soon established itself as the real source of power and was led
by Leon Trotsky

How successful was the 1905 revolution

1

Successful

Not Successful

Sergei White convinced the Tsar that the only

way to end the crisis was to grant concessions to
the Liberals in order to win back their support
On 30 October Nicholas issued the October
Manifesto which set up an elected parliament
(Duma). This action regained the support of the
middle classes
The Tsar announced an end to redemption
payments. These were unpopular payments that
peasants had to pay for the land they had
previously received

By December most of the troops had returned to

Russia after the war with Japan and this gave the
Tsar the necessary power to win back control
The Tsar used force to shut down the St
Petersburg Soviet and arrested its leaders

An armed uprising by the Moscow Soviet was

severely put down by the army, 1000 people
were killed
Election for the first Duma resulted in a left-wing
majority critical of the Tsars regime. Therefore
the Tsar passed the Fundamental Laws which
restored his autocratic power
After the Fundamental Laws the Duma
demanded a greater say in government.
Therefore the Tsar sent in troops to dissolve it.
The second Duma was also dissolved after the
SRs and SDs gained their first seats
Before the third Duma the Tsar changed the
voting system. The richest 1% of Russians would
vote for 2/3s of the representatives. Therefore
the Duma became full of conservatives who
generally supported the Tsar

Did life for Russian workers and peasants improve by 1914?

NO:

YES:

The Tsar appointed a new Prime Minister called

Peter Stolypin. In 1906 the SRs started acts of
terrorism. Therefore Stolypin started a policy of
severe repression
Field Courts for Civilians were set up for those
who were obviously guilty

Stolypin introduced a series of agricultural

reforms in order to secure the loyalty of the
peasants

During 1906 1008 people were arrested, tried

and executed for their part in the revolution.
21,000 were sent to prison camps in Siberia
Between 1907 and 1911 a further 1800 were
hanged. The hangmans noose became
nicknamed Stolypins necktie

Peasants were allowed to buy land from the

mir. This meant that they were able to buy
several neighbouring strips of land to create a
small farm. This new class of farmers were called
Kulaks
A Peasants bank was set up to help farmers
become Kulaks. 15% of farmers took this
opportunity but the rest were too poor to do so
Measures were introduced to improve education

Conditions in the armed forces were improved to

prevent mutinies
Between 1906 and 1914 Russia experienced an
industrial boom but little was done to improve
the living and working conditions. Between 1910
and 1914 the number of strikes rose to 8000

Explain why WWI was so unpopular amongst the Russian people

Military defeats

Poor Preparation
Conditions in
Russia
Transport system
Inflation

The Tsar takes

charge
The Tsarina

In 1914 there were two military defeats at the battles of Tannenburg and the
Masurin Lakes. Over 250,000 troops were killed, wounded or taken prisoner.
In 1915 the Germans advanced 300 miles into Russia. 1 millions died in a failed
counter-attack
The Russian troops were badly led and had insufficient weapons. Nearly a
million soldiers were without rifles and many had no boots
Fifteen million men were drafted into the army which meant that there were
not enough left to run the factories or farm the land. 600 factories had to close
There were not enough trains to keep the towns and army supplied with food.
Food supplies dried up and so prices rose, but wages did not
To pay for the war the government printed more money which caused the
rouble to lose its value. Between 1914 and 1917 there was a 400% rise in
inflation. This caused strikes and demonstrations
In August 1915 the Tsar took personal charge of the army. This was a mistake
because he was a weak and incompetent commander. He now made himself
personally responsible for Russias military failures.
In the absence of the Tsar the Tsarina (Alexandra) was left in charge of the
government. Her German nationality caused people to mistrust her

Describe the influence of Rasputin

1. The Tsarina heavily relied upon Rasputin particularly in the selection of ministers
2. There were rumours that the pair were German agents seeking to undermine the war effort
3. The Tsar and Tsarina (following Rasputins control of their sons haemophilia) refused to listen to
the stories of his wild lifestyle
4. This weakened the reputation of the Tsar and Tsarina and shocked the nobles.
5. In December 1916 a small group, led by Prince Yusupov, assassinated Rasputin

Explain the causes of the February 1917 Revolution (Abdication of the Tsar)

1. Russia was difficult to govern

2. Problems with Tsar Nicholas autocratic rule
3. Bloody Sunday
4. Failure of the 1905 Revolution to bring about change
5. Impact of WWI
6. Rasputin
7. Short term causes

Describe the short term causes that led to the February Revolution
1. By February 1917 Russia was in chaos.
2. Food and fuel shortages, together with temperatures of 35 degrees below freezing, led to growing
discontent
3. Strikes became common as workers demanded higher wages and better conditions

Describe the events of the February 1917 Revolution

1. 23rd February International Womens Day Group of women marched through the streets of
Petrograd to protest about the queues for food
2. They were joined by 90,000 strikers and protestors
3. 26 February 250,000 workers went on strike
4. The Tsar ordered the army to clear the protestors from the streets
5. 27 February The army refused and mutinied. Instead the army joined the protestors and
demanded that the Duma take control of the government
6. 12 members of the Duma met to take control of the government. They called themselves the
Provisional Government. They intended to rule until elections could take place for a new Duma
7. At the same time representatives of the workers and soldiers met and re-formed the Petrograd
Soviet
8. The Tsar tried to return to Petrograd but soldiers stopped the train he was travelling on
9. The Tsar realised that he had no supporters and signed a decree of abdication
10. The throne passed to his brother Grand Duke Michael but he abdicated 24 hours later

Describe the main features and actions of the period of Dual Power
Provisional Government (led by Prince Lvov):
Political prisoners were released
Revolutionary exiles were allowed to return to
Russia
Free speech was announced and newspapers
were allowed to print what they liked
An 8 hour day was introduced for industrial
workers
The Tsars secret police (the Okhrana) was
abolished

Petrograd Soviet:
In reality this was the real source of power in
Petrograd
They had 3000 elected members and the
Provisional Government could not rule without
its support
Alexander Kerensky (an SR) was a member of
both and so acted as a bridge between them
One of their first actions was to issue Order
Number One which gave them control of the
Russian armed forces
They announced that they would accept the
rulings of the Provisional Government but only if
they thought that they were appropriate

Equality for all was announced (irrespective of

class, religion or nationality)
The new Duma was to be elected by all

Explain why the Provisional Government became increasingly unpopular

WWI

Land

The PG wanted to support the allies and fight. In June 1917 Russia launched a
major offensive but the advance failed and 60,000 Russians were killed. Soldiers
began to desert in increasing numbers. Food and fuel shortages continued
The peasants wanted to own their own land and took it from the nobles and the
church. The PG wanted them to stop as they said it should be an issue for a
newly elected government to decide in the future. The peasants ignored them
and began to take land illegally

Explain why Lenins popularity with the Russian people grew

1. In April 1917 Lenin returned from exile. On his arrival in Petrograd he delivered a major speech to
the Bolsheviks (called the April Thesis)
2. In his April Thesis he promised the people Peace, Bread, Land and Freedom
3. Lenin told the Bolsheviks to prepare for a second revolution which came as a shock as many did
not believe that the time was right
4. His slogan of All Power to the Soviets and his April Thesis were popular with the Russian people

Describe the July Days

1. Many deserting soldiers and the Kronstadt sailors went to Petrograd where they joined with the
Bolsheviks to demand an end to the Provisional Government
2. 100,000 were involved in rioting which lasted for three days
3. Kerensky (Minister of War) sent in troops to break up the demonstrators
4. 400 were killed or wounded and Lenin was forced to flee to Finland. Kerensky replaced Lvov as
Prime Minister

Describe the events of the Kornilov Plot

1. In September 1917 Kornilov (Commander in Chief of the Army) attempted to overthrow the
Provisional Government. This was because he wanted to continue the war with Germany without
government interference
2. Kerensky did not have an army to defend Petrograd with and so was forced to give the Bolsheviks
weapons. This force became known as the Red Guard
3. The Bolsheviks managed to stop Kornilov and save the Provisional Government but they refused
to hand back their guns
4. In September the Bolsheviks secured a majority in the Petrograd Soviet. As a result of the Kornilov
Plot they were now a strong political force

Explain why the Bolsheviks were able to seize power in October 1917
Success of Lenin
The party was well organised
and efficiently led

The Bolsheviks were the only

party to offer the people what
they wanted (Peace, Bread,
Land and Freedom)
Lenin convinced his party that
the time was right for a
revolution
He published dozens of books
and articles adopting the ideas
of Marx
He founded Pravada the
Bolshevik newspaper to help
spread the party message
He was a gifted speaker and
possessed the ability to tell
people what they wanted to
hear

Role of Trotsky
Trotsky led a disciplined armed
force (called the Red Guard) to
back up their demands for
change
Trotsky took charge of the
actual days of the revolution

Failures of Provisional
Government
Would not end WWI

Would not organise land

reform and tried to stop the
peasants taking land

Trotsky directed the troops

who undertook the Bolshevik
seizure of power

Describe the Bolshevik seizure of power

1. Autumn 1917 the peasants tried to grab more land
2. Lenin returns from exile in disguise and convinces his party that the time was right for the
revolution
3. Trotsky was made head of the Military Revolutionary Committee
4. Night of 24-25 October The Red Guard took control of key points of Petrograd
5. Red Guards stormed the Winter Palace
6. They arrested members of the Provisional Government as they sat around a table. There was no
resistance
7. The next day Lenin announced the creation of a new Bolshevik government

Explain how well Lenin established Bolshevik rule after the seizure of power:
Describe the actions of Sovnarkom

This was set up to manage the running of the state

It was a group of 25 members
Lenin was the chairman, Trotsky was the Commissar for war and Stalin was the Commissar
for Nationalities
During November and December 1917 they passed a series of laws which laid the
foundations for the new Russia:
Peace talks were opened with Germany to end the war
Land which had belonged to the Tsar, church and nobility was re-distributed
Factory workers were to work a minimum 48 hour week
All non-Bolshevik newspapers were closed down
A secret police force called the Cheka was set up
The Bolshevik party was renamed the Communist Party
All other political parties were made illegal

What was the Constituent Assembly?

The Provisional Government had arranged for elections to a new parliament called the
Constituent Assembly
Lenin allowed the elections to take place in order to maintain support
The Bolsheviks came second and the Social Revolutionaries gained the highest percentage of
votes
In January 1918 Lenin sent troops to dissolve it on its first day

Describe the Treaty of Brest Listovk

Lenin had to withdraw from WWI as he promised

In December 1917 representatives met with the German government
It became clear that Russia was going to have to pay a heavy price for peace but the
Bolsheviks feared the consequences of continuing Russias involvement in the war
On the 3rd March 1918 the Treaty of Brest Listovk was signed
Russia lost 27% of its farmland and 26% of its population
Russia lost its most valuable industrial land and 26% of their railways
They had to pay a fine of 3 billion Roubles to Germany

UNIT 2: 1918-1921
What was the Russian Civil war?

In the summer of 1918 Civil War broke out between the Reds (Bolsheviks) and the whites
(who opposed the Bolsheviks)
They were called the Whites because white was the traditional colour of the Tsar

Explain why the Bolsheviks faced opposition

Monarchists
Wanted to see a return of the Tsar
Kerenskyists
Wanted a return of the Constituent Assembly
Landowners
Wanted their land back from the peasants
Foreign Countries
Did not want to Russia to leave their side in WWI and were annoyed that
Russia was not paying back the Tsars debts

Explain why the Bolsheviks won the Civil War

REDS:
The reds had a geographical advantage as the centre
of the country including the industrial cities of
Petrograd and Moscow
The Reds had control of the railway network which
enabled them to move their troops and supplies
quickly
The reds were a united fighting force with one aim: to
stay in power
Trotsky was made Chairman of the Supreme War
Council and he re-organised the Red army. He
implemented a harsh regimented order. Capital
punishment was introduced for desertion or disloyalty. He proved to be a brilliant leader and won the
respect of the troops
Conscription was introduced for all men aged 18-40
Trotsky employed the best officers from the Tsars
former army. Family members were taken hostage to
ensure loyalty
Lenin introduced the policy of War Communism in
order to keep the Red Army controlled with food and
weapons. The state nationalised major industry and
controlled the production and distribution of goods.

WHITES:
The white armies were spread over a large area which
made it difficult to stay in contact with one another
and keep their forces supplied. The reds could pick off
white forces one at a time
The whites did not have control of these areas

The whites were not united and operated as

independent armies. They had many different aims
In contrast the white army suffered from low morale
and mass desertions

Explain why War Communism was unpopular

Towns
Lenin sent in his own managers to operate factories
Strict discipline was imposed on workers
The death penalty was introduced for strikers
People were prevented from leaving the cities
Prices rose and this inflation made the rouble lose its
value. Bartering replaced money

Countryside
Peasants were forced to grow more food
They refused to work harder as they were not paid a
fair price
Therefore Lenin ordered requisition squads to seize
the food
Those found hoarding food were punished
Peasants did not want to hand over surplus food and
so grew less
The result was famine on a massive scale

Describe the work of the Cheka

This was the Bolshevik secret police

It arrested, executed and tortured anyone who appeared disloyal to the Bolsheviks
Hundreds of Bolshevik opponents were executed in the red Terror
They shot the Tsar and his family to undermine the whites in the Civil War
Their bodies were cut up and acid was poured over them before they were buried. This was to make
them unrecognisable
The Cheka became more and more brutal. Any person showing any signs of opposition was arrested
and shot without trial nor sent to work in labour camps
It is estimated that they killed more than 250,000 people

Describe how the Bolsheviks established their rule after the Civil War
CPSU

Comintern

Propaganda and Censorship

Bolshevik party was renamed Communist Party of the Soviet

Union
In theory power lay with the Central Committee
In practise power lay with smaller committees that could
make decisions faster
These were called the Politburo and the Orgburo
The Politburo made important decisions (Lenin, Trotsky and
Stalin)
The Orgburo carried out these decisions (led by Stalin)
Created by Lenin in 1919
To organise Communist revolutions across Europe
In 1920 the Red Army invaded Poland to start this
They were defeated and this convinced many leaders that the
plans should wait
To spread the Communist message it was vital to censor
newspapers
Books and films were only allowed if they carried the right
messages
Posters became important in a country that could not read or
write
They sent out agitprop Propaganda trains to explain
Communism and the party message

Unit 3: 1921-1924
Describe the problems Lenin faced in 1921

War Communism had destroyed the economy and Civil War had drained the country of its resources
There was a sharp decline in industrial production
5 million died in a famine. Many turned to cannibalism
Therefore opposition to Lenins government grew
In 1921 workers in Petrograd went on strike, by February they were joined by the sailors at Kronstadt
They demanded better conditions
These used to be Lenins most loyal supporters
The Kronstadt rising was put down violently, 10000 men were killed
This convinced Lenin that War Communism had to be abandoned and replaced by the New Economic
Policy (NEP)

Describe how the New Economic Policy worked

Peasants would pay a small fixed amount of grain in tax each year
Any surplus grain could be sold
Small factories were allowed to make a profit
Traders could make and sell goods at a profit. These were called Nepmen

How successful was the New Economic Policy?

Successful:
Food production increased and brought an end to the
famine

Industry recovered slowly

There was a variety of goods on sale in the shops
The introduction of a new Rouble helped to control
inflation

Not Successful:
Many in the party saw this as a betrayal of
Communist ideals. They disliked the idea of allowing
workers to make a profit. They saw it as a retreat to
Capitalism
The speed of agricultural recovery was not matched
by industrial recovery
An increase in food production resulted in a fall in the
price of food
Prices of industrial goods rose due to the scarcity of
goods

Did life improve under the Communists?

Women

Religion

Education

Cultural Life

Women were made equal in the workplace

A new Marriage Law made it legal for men over 18 and women over 16
to marry
Divorce was made easier
Abortion on demand was introduced
Progress was slow as traditional attitudes were hard to break down
Lenin saw the Orthodox church as a centre of resistance
He recognised that he could not ban religion outright
Therefore he adopted a middle way
People were allowed freedom of belief and worship but church property
was seized and priests had to pay high taxes
The teaching of religion in schools was banned
A massive literacy programme was launched to help people understand
the ideas of the party
New schools were built
Komosol Was set up to encourage the growth of Communist ideas
amongst the young
A new emphasis on art for the people. This was reflected in the designs
of buildings, streets, fabrics, cloths and furniture
Artists were encouraged to work in teams
Orchestras did away with conductors
New Communist films spread party propaganda. The Russian film
industry was one of the most innovative in the world
The film October portrayed the people as the decisive factor in the
Bolshevik seizure of power
Art portrayed Lenin as the hero of the revolution

Describe how relations with other countries improved

Countries began to recognise the Communist government and began to trade with Russia
In April 1922 Russia signed the Treaty of Rapallo with Germany establishing friendly relations
Trade agreements were signed with Britain and France

Describe who Lenin wanted to succeed him

From 1922 Lenins health began to fail

He died in 1924
In December 1922 he dictated his Testament detailing the strengths and weaknesses of the men who
might succeed him
He came to the conclusion that he should not be replaced by one man
He felt that Trotsky was the most gifted leader but that he was too arrogant
Stalin was considered to be an unsuitable leader. He recommended that he was removed from his
posts.

Explain how Stalin became the next leader

Divide and Rule
Funeral

Removal of Trotsky
Removal of Zinoviev and
Kamenev

Stalin joined with Kamenev and Zinoviev to discredit Trotsky and block his
chances of success
Stalin lied to Trotsky about the date of the funeral. This made Trotsky look
disrespectful. Stalin, on the other hand, played a leading part in the
proceedings and was seen as chief mourner
In 1926 Trotsky was expelled from the Politburo and the following year from
the Communist party
Stalin no longer needed them and used their objections to the NEP as an excuse
to remove them from the Politburo. Stalin replaced them with his own
supporters

Was Lenin a successful leader of Russia?

YES
He managed to secure the Bolshevik
takeover of power. He was the ideology
behind it and the inspiration

NO

Many Historians say Lenin was a harsh

leader who used brutal force to repress and
control people (Cheka)
Under Lenin Russia operated as a one party
state which had a secret police force and
banned opposition
He restored political, economic and social
Historians argue that Lenins cruel regime
stability to Russia in his final years
actually set the tone for Stalins purges in
the 1930
In 1924 Russia changed its name to the
Lenin left no clear instructions before his
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) in
death as to who was to succeed him. He had
honour of the important role that the
suggested a collective leadership would be
Soviets (led by Lenin) had played in Russia
best but had not devised instructions on
how this would happen. He had not trained
a successor. Therefore the power struggle
that went on in the years after 1924 meant
party leaders like Stalin concentrated only
on securing their own positions and not the
care of the Russian people
When he was in power Lenin had played a
Lenin had not left clear ideas on the future
central role in directing affairs. He had made
of the Communist party when he died. This
unpopular decisions like War Communism
resulted in a long struggle between Trotsky
but this had helped the Bolsheviks to win the
and Stalin.
Civil War. His decision to abandon War
Communism in favour of the NEP may have
been unpopular with party radicals but it
stopped Russia from collapsing.
Thousands of people queued to pay their
respects to Lenin after his death and he was
embalmed.
He had transformed the idea of Marxism
into Communism. Without his ideas the
revolution may never have succeeded