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Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers: ITP 165 - Fall 2015 Week 5, Lecture 2

This document discusses binary and hexadecimal numbering systems as used in computing. It begins by explaining decimal numbers and how computers use binary to represent all numbers internally. It then defines bits and bytes as the basic units of digital information. The key points covered include: - Converting decimal numbers to binary and hexadecimal - Representation of numbers as bits and bytes - Data types like char and int and how they map to bits/bytes - Concepts like overflow and unsigned vs. signed numbers - Using std::hex and std::dec to output numbers in hexadecimal/decimal form

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Santiago Mejia
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52 views30 pages

Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers: ITP 165 - Fall 2015 Week 5, Lecture 2

This document discusses binary and hexadecimal numbering systems as used in computing. It begins by explaining decimal numbers and how computers use binary to represent all numbers internally. It then defines bits and bytes as the basic units of digital information. The key points covered include: - Converting decimal numbers to binary and hexadecimal - Representation of numbers as bits and bytes - Data types like char and int and how they map to bits/bytes - Concepts like overflow and unsigned vs. signed numbers - Using std::hex and std::dec to output numbers in hexadecimal/decimal form

Uploaded by

Santiago Mejia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers

ITP 165 Fall 2015


Week 5, Lecture 2

Decimal Numbers
In decimal (base 10), every digit can range from 0 to 9
150 in decimal could be thought of as

Digit
1
5
Place 102 = 100 101 = 10
Decimal 1 * 100 = 5 * 10 =
Value
100
50

0
100 = 1
0*1=
0

So 150 in decimal is equal to the value of 100 + 50 + 0 = 150 in


decimal (well, it should be!!)

Binary
Binary numbers are in base 2
This means that every digit can only be a 1 or a 0
So for example, 101 in binary would be represented as:

Digit
Place
Decimal
Value

1
22 = 4
1*4=
4

0
21 = 2
0*2=
0

1
20 = 1
1* 1 =
1

So 101 in binary is 4 + 0 + 1 = 5 in decimal


Internally, computers use binary to represent all of their numbers

Powers of 2
In order to easily convert from decimal to binary, you need to
know the powers of 2
Power

Value

20

21

22

23

24

16

25

32

26

64

27

128

28

256

Converting from Decimal to Binary


1. Determine the largest power of 2 that fits inside the decimal
number
2. Subtract that power of 2 from the decimal number, and put a 1 in
the place corresponding to that power of 2
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until the decimal number is 0
4. Any places in the binary number that dont have 1s in them
should have 0s

Example: Convert 34 to binary


1. The largest power of 2 that fits in 34 is 32
2. 34 32 = 2. The place that corresponds to 32 is 25

Digit
Place

1
25

24

3. 2 != 0, so continue

23

22

21

20

Power

Value

20

21

22

23

24

16

25

32

26

64

27

128

28

256

Example: Convert 34 to binary, Contd


1. The largest power of 2 that fits in 2 is 2
2. 2 2 = 0. The place corresponding is 21

Digit
Place

1
25

3. 0 == 0, so stop

24

23

22

1
21

20

Power

Value

20

21

22

23

24

16

25

32

26

64

27

128

28

256

Example: Convert 34 to binary, Contd


4. Fill in zeroes for all remaining digits

Digit
Place

1
25

0
24

0
23

0
22

So 34 in decimal is 100010 in binary

1
21

0
20

Power

Value

20

21

22

23

24

16

25

32

26

64

27

128

28

256

Bits and Bytes


A bit is a single digit in binary

In theory, a 64-bit computer can support 264, or 16 exabytes (16


billion gigabytes) of memory*

Bytes
A byte is 8 bits

If we only have positive numbers, a single byte can represent


decimal values from 0 to 255 (or 28 total permutations)

Writing out a byte


We typically show all 8 digits for a byte, even if there are leading
zeroes

For example, 34 in decimal is 100010 in binary, so if we were


representing it as a byte, we would write it like so:

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

The unsigned type modifier


unsigned is a type modifier that works on whole number types

An unsigned number can only be >= 0

A type modifier goes in the declaration, right before the type


name, like so:
// This number can't be negative
unsigned int positiveNum = 0;

int and bytes


An int is represented by 32 bits or 4 bytes

This means that an unsigned int can range from 0 to (232 1)

Or in other wordsfrom 0 to 4,294,967,295

char type
A char is a whole number type thats represented by a single byte

So an unsigned char can range from 0 to (28 1)


That is to say, from 0 to 255

// This number can range from 0 to 255


unsigned char smallerNum = 0;

Overflow
Since an unsigned char can only range from 0 to 255, what
happens with the following code?

unsigned char test = 255;


test++;
// The cast to int is just so it displays;
// it doesn't change the value of test.
std::cout << int(test) << std::endl;

Overflow, Contd
With the code on the previous slide:

Overflow, Contd
Start with 255

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Overflow, Contd
Add 1 (for the ++)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Overflow, Contd

+
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The carry wiped out all the ones!!


This is called overflow

Overflow for signed numbers


What happens with the following code?

// char can range from -128 to +127


char test = 127;
test++;
std::cout << int(test) << std::endl;

Overflow for signed numbers, Contd


Same thing as before, except now it overflows to -128

Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal (or hex) is base 16, so the digits range from 0 to F
Hex
Digit
09

Decimal
Value
(Same)

A
B
C

10
11
12

D
E
F

13
14
15

Converting from Binary to Hex


The easy way is to break the binary number into groups of 4
So for example, 45 written in binary is 00101101
Then broken into two groups of 4:

0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

Converting from Binary to Hex, Contd


Treat each group of 4 bits as a separate 4-bit binary number, and
convert each group of 4 into decimal

0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
2
8+4+1=13

Converting from Binary to Hex, Contd


Finally, convert each decimal number to the corresponding hex
digit

0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
2
8+4+1=13
2
D
So 45 is 00101101 in binary, and 2D in hex

Hex in C++ Code


We can write a number in hex by using 0x in front of the number
For example:
unsigned int x = 45;
unsigned int y = 0x2D;
// x and y are both the same, so this is true!
bool test = x == y;

Outputting an int in hex


If we want to output an int in hex, you can in a cout, like so:
std::cout << std::hex << 45 << std::endl;

Changing back to decimal


If you use std::hex, integers will be displayed in hex until you
tell it to change back. For example:
std::cout << std::hex << 45 << std::endl;
std::cout << 27 << std::endl;

Changing back to decimal, Contd


You can change it back to decimal using std::dec:
std::cout << std::hex << 45 << std::endl;
std::cout << std::dec << 27 << std::endl;

Lab Practical #8

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