GRADE 10 MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

Mode of Occurrence of Minerals

Points to remember
1. The earths crust is made up of different minerals embedded in the rocks.
2. Various metals are extracted from these minerals after proper refinement.
3. Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering
building or a big ship, all are made from minerals.
4. All living things need minerals and life processes cannot occur without minerals.
5. The hardest mineral is diamond and the softest is talc.
6. Geologists define mineral as a homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal
structure.
7. The physical and chemical condition under which the minerals are formed makes is so varied.
8. Minerals are usually found in ores.
9. The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements.
10. The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concentration to make its extraction commercially
viable.
11. The cost of extraction depends on the type of formation or structure in which minerals are found.
12. In north-east the coal mining is done by tribal family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known
as Rat-hole mining.
Questions and Answers
Q.1 Describe the main types of formations in which the minerals occur.
Ans. Minerals generally occur in rocks of these forms:
i.
In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals occur in the veins and the lodes. Major metallic
minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. Are obtained from these veins and lodes.
ii.
In sedimentary rocks minerals occur in layers. Coal and some forms of iron ore are found like
this. Minerals such as gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt are formed as a result of evaporation
especially in arid regions.
iii.
In the decomposed surface rocks (a residual mass of weathered material) Bauxite is formed.
iv.
In alluvial deposits or placer deposits minerals which are not corroded by water are found. Such
as Gold, silver, tin and platinum.
v.
In ocean floor vast quantities of manganese nodules are found. Common salt, magnesium and
bromine are largely derived from ocean waters.
Distribution of Minerals
Marks points to remember
1. Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals.
2. Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development.
3. Magnetite ore has a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent.
4. Hematite iron ore is the largest used iron ore in India.
5. Hematite ore from Bailadila (hump of ox) mines are exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakapatnam
port.
6. The Kudermukh (horse peak) mines located in Karnataka are a 100 per cent export unit.
7. Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world.
8. This ore is transported from Kudremukh as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore.
9. Iron ore from Goa are exported through Marmagao port.
10.Orissa is the largest producer of manganese ores in India.
11.The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh produce more than half of Indias copper.
12.Bauxite is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material.
13.Bauxite is a clay-like substance from which aluminium is obtained.
14.Orissa is the largest bauxite producing state in India.
15.Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. Mica sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be
layered into a sheet of a few centimetres high.

16.Jharkhand is the leading producer of Mica.

17.Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast
furnace.
18.Mining activity is often called a killer industry due to high risks involved.
Questions and Answers
Q.2 Describe the distribution of minerals in India.
Ans. India is fortunate to have fairly rich and varied mineral resources.
1. In Peninsular plateau the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other non-metallic
minerals are found.
2. In the sedimentary rocks of Gujarat and Assam most of the petroleum deposits are found.
3. In Rajasthan reserves of many non-ferrous minerals are found.
4. The alluvial plains of north India are almost devoid of economic minerals.
Q.3 Mention the factors which play an important role in affecting the economic viability of a reserve.
Ans. The factors are:
1. The concentration of mineral in the ore,
2. The ease of extraction
3. Closeness to the market.
Ferrous Minerals
Iron Ore
Q.4 What are the two types of iron ore found in India?
Ans. India is rich in good quality iron ores.
1. Magnetite:
a. It is the finest iron ore.
b. It has a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent.
c. It has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry.
ii. Hematite:
a. This ore is the most important industrial iron ore.
b. It is the largest used iron ore in terms of the quantity.
c. It has slightly lower iron content than magnetite. (50- 60 per cent).
Q.5 Name five largest iron ore producing states of India.
Ans. The five largest iron producing states are Karnataka, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Goa and Jharkhand.
Q.6 Describe the four major iron ore belts in India.
Ans. The four major iron ore belts are:
i. Orissa-Jharkhand belt: high grade hematite ore is found. Important mines are Badampahar and Singbhum
mines.
ii. Durg-Bastar belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra: Very high grade hematites are found. Famous
mine are Bailadila which produces iron best suited for steel making.
iii. Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore.
iv. Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
Manganese.
Q.7 What are the uses of Manganese?
Ans. Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and Ferro-manganese alloy. Nearly 10 kg of
manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel. It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder,
insecticides and paints.

Non-Ferrous Minerals
Copper
Q.8 What are the uses of Copper?
Ans. India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of copper. Being malleable, ductile and a good
conductor, copper is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.
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Q.9 Describe the three copper producing regions of India.
Ans. Copper is very low reserves and production of copper.
a. Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of copper in India. The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh produce
52 per cent of Indias copper.
b. Rajasthan is the second largest producer of copper. The Khetri mines in Rajasthan are famous.
c. Jharkhand, the Singbhum district of it is also has large reserves of copper.
Bauxite (ore of Aluminium)
Q.10 What are the uses of Aluminium?
Ans. Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme
lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability. It is used in electrical industries, aircraft
manufacturing industries, utensils making, etc.
Non-Metallic Minerals
Mica
Q.11 Why Mica is considered the most important mineral in electric and electronic industries?
Ans. Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to
high voltage, mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries.
Hazards of Mining
Q.12 What are the impacts of mining on the health and the environment?
Ans. The impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment are:
i. The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.
ii. The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat to miners.
iii. The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining.
iv. Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil, and increase in stream and river pollution.
CONSERVATION OF MINERALS
Q.14 Explain why the conservation of minerals is necessary.
Ans. Minerals are important for every country for its development and they need to be conserved because:
a. Industry and agriculture depend upon minerals and the substances manufactured from them.
b. Workable minerals are in insufficient quantities. (Just one per cent of the earths crust)
c. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that require millions of years to be renewed.
d. The natural rate of replenishment is very small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.
e. Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable.
f. Mineral deposits in our country will get exhausted in the future.
g. Due to decrease in good quality and they comes from great depths the costs of mineral extraction is
increasing.
Q.15 State how minerals can be conserved for the future generations.
Ans. Mineral conservation can be done by:
i. Use our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner.
ii. Improve technology to allow use of low grade ores at low costs.
iii. Recycle metals.
iv. Use scraps metals and other substitutes.

ENERGY RESOURCES
Points to remember
1. Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity.
2. More than 70 per cent energy requirement in rural households is met by firewood and cattle dung cake.
3. Firewood is becoming difficult due to decreasing forest area.
4. Using dung cake is being discouraged because it consumes most valuable manure which could be used in
agriculture.
5. Coal is the most abundantly available and used fossil fuel.
6. Coal is formed due the compression of plant material over millions of years.
7. In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, namely Gondwana (200 million years in
age) and in tertiary deposits (55 million years old).
8. Coal is a bulky material, which loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash. Hence, heavy industries and
thermal power station are located on or near the coalfields.
9. Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India.
10. Natural gas is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial raw material in the petrochemical
Industry.
11.The 1700 km long Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) gas pipeline from Mumbai High and Bassien provide
gas to the fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India.
12.The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas.
13.Per-capita consumption of electricity is considered as an index of development.
14.Electricity is generated mainly in two ways: by hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity; and by burning
other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to produce thermal power.
15.Uranium and thorium are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan.
16.The Monazite sand of Kerala is also rich in thorium.
17.Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.
18.The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj (Gujarat).t a m p u r a Page
19.The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai.
20.The plants using cattle dung are known as Gobar gas plants in rural India. These provide twin benefits to
the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.
21.Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity which is known as Tidal energy.
22.In India, the Gulf of Kuchchh, provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy.
23.Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the
Earth.
Questions and Answers
Q.16 Differentiate between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Ans. Energy resources can be classified as conventional and non-conventional sources.
a. Conventional sources of energy are in use for the past whereas the nonconventional sources are in use from
recent times.
b. Conventional sources are mostly polluting in nature whereas nonconventional sources are eco-friendly.
c. Conventional sources include: firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both
hydel and thermal) whereas nonconventional sources include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic
energy.
Conventional Sources of Energy
Coal:
Q.17 What is the importance of coal in India?
Ans. Coal is an important fossil fuel of India.
a. It provides about 80% of the nations energy needs.
b. It is used for power generation.
c. It is used to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
d. India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements.

Q.18 Describe the four different types of coal found in India.

Ans. Coal is found in a variety of forms.
a. Peat: Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. It has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low
heating capacity.
b. Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves
are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity.
c. Bituminous coal is buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures. It is the most popular coal in
commercial use.
d. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast
furnaces.
e. Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.
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Q.19 Mention two types of coal reserves found in India.
Ans. Coal in India is found in two geological structures:
i. Gondwana coal: which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand).
Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro coalfields.
ii. Tertiary coal: occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
Petroleum
Q.20 What are the uses of petroleum in India?
Ans. Petroleum is the next major energy source in India after coal.
i. It provides fuel for heat and lighting,
ii. It is used as lubricants for machinery
iii. It is raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
iv. Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical
industries.
Q.21 Name important oil fields of India.
Ans. Mineral oil is produced from:
i. About 63 per cent of Indias petroleum production is from Mumbai High,
ii. 18 per cent comes from Gujarat and Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat.
iii. 16 per cent from Assam. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the important oil fields in the state.
Natural Gas
Q.22 Name the natural gas fields of India.
Ans. Natural gas is found in:
i. Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin.
ii. Mumbai High and the Gulf of Cambay.
iii. Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas.
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
Q.23 State why the use of renewable especially non-conventional sources of energy is becoming necessary in
our country?
Ans. The use of non-conventional sources of energy is becoming necessary because:
i. The growing consumption of energy in the country has made us dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil
and gas.
ii. Rising prices of oil and gas has eroded our foreign currency reserves.
iii. Shortages in the supply of oil. Gas and coal have increased uncertainties about the security of energy
supply in future,
iv. The growth of the national economy is getting hampered by it.
v. Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.
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Solar Energy
Q.24 Why our country has large potential of using solar energy?
Ans. India is a tropical country. It receives abundant sunshine throughout the year with little cloud cover.
Therefore, it has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy.
Q.25 What are the immediate benefits of using solar energy in our country?
Ans. The benefits are:
i. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas.
ii. Solar energy is used to sterlise milk cans.
iii. Use of solar energy will be able to minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung
cakes.
iv. Solar energy thus will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in
agriculture.
Biogas
Q.26 What is biogas energy?
Ans. Bio gas is produced from shrubs, farm waste, animal and human wastes. It is mostly used for domestic
consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency
in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
Q.27 What are the benefits of using biogas in rural areas of our country?
Ans. Gobar gas and biogas provide many benefits to the farmer:
i. They provide energy to household.
ii. They provide good quality of manure.
iii. Biogas is by far the most efficient use of cattle dung.
iv. It also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
Conservation of Energy Resources
Q.28 Explain why there is urgent need to conserve energy resources in India.
Ans. Energy resources are very essential for the economic development of India.
a. Every sector of the national economy agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic needs
inputs of energy.
b. The success of economic development plans depend on energy resources.
c. Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country.
d. India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world.
Q.29 Mention steps to conserve energy resources in India.
Ans. Energy resources must be judiciously used because our energy resources are limited.
a. We must use public transport systems instead of individual vehicles;
b. Switching off electricity when not in use,
c. Using power-saving devices and
d. Using non-conventional sources of energy.( suggest your own points)