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System Software Internals Advanced

This document discusses advanced virtual machine features such as instruction set issues, profiling, migration, grids, code optimizations, and garbage collection. It provides details on profiling methods like instrumentation-based and sampling-based profiling. It also explains different types of garbage collectors like mark and sweep, compacting, copying, and generational collectors. Finally, it covers virtual machine migration techniques used for load balancing, security, and fault tolerance.

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Krishna Prasad
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146 views48 pages

System Software Internals Advanced

This document discusses advanced virtual machine features such as instruction set issues, profiling, migration, grids, code optimizations, and garbage collection. It provides details on profiling methods like instrumentation-based and sampling-based profiling. It also explains different types of garbage collectors like mark and sweep, compacting, copying, and generational collectors. Finally, it covers virtual machine migration techniques used for load balancing, security, and fault tolerance.

Uploaded by

Krishna Prasad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 5

Advanced Features

Syllabus
Instruction Set Issues Profiling
Migration Grids Code optimizations
Garbage Collection

Book
James E. Smith and Ravi Nair, Virtual Machines,
Elsevier, 2005.

Overview
Instruction Set Issues
Profiling
Migration
Grids
Code Optimizations
Garbage Collection

Instruction Set Issues

Instruction Set Issues


Register architectures
Condition codes
Data formats and Arithmetic
Memory address resolution
Memory data alignment
Byte order
Addressing architecture

Instruction Set Issues


Register architectures
Condition codes
Data formats and Arithmetic
Memory address resolution
Memory data alignment
Byte order
Addressing architecture

Profiling

Profiling
Process of collecting instruction and data statistics
for an executing program
Can be used as input to code-optimization process

Static Profiling

Dynamic Profiling

Types of Profiling
Frequency of execution of code regions
Based on control flow predictability

Path profile

Collecting Profiles
Two ways
Instrumentation-based profiling
Targets specific program-related events and counts all
instances of the events being profiled
Hardware instrumentation
Software instrumentation

Sampling-based profiling
Program runs unmodified and at fixed or random intervals, the
program is interrupted and an instance of a program-related
event is captured

Profiling during Interpretation


Two key points to be considered
Source instructions are actually accessed as data
Interpreter routines are the code that is being executed

For block profiling


Profile code should be added to all control transfer
instructions

For edge profiling


Same control transfer instructions are profiled along
with both the PC of the control transfer instruction and
the target are used (defines the specific edge)

Profiling during Interpretation

Profiling Translated Code

Profiling overhead
More memory and time consuming
Ways to reduce
Reduce number of instrumentation points
Using heuristics
And so on

Code Optimization

Code Optimizations

Code Optimizations

Code Optimizations

Code Optimizations

Code Optimizations

Inter-superblock Optimization

Instruction-set-specific
Optimizations
Two examples
Unaligned load optimization
if conversion

Garbage Collection

Garbage Collectors
Mark and sweep
Compacting
Copying
Generational
Incremental and concurrent

Compacting Collectors

Copy Collectors

Generational Collectors
Two sub-heaps
Nursery
Tenured

Incremental and Concurrent


Collectors

Comparison

Migration

VM Migration

Internet Suspend/Resume (ISR)

State Encapsulation
Stanford Collective Project
State of the VM is sent directly to the destination
computer rather than to a DFS

State Encapsulation
Reducing memory state before migration
Balloon program

Reducing the size of the transmitted packet


Copy-on-write

Reducing Start-up time on a Resume


Incremental build-up on demand

Reducing transmission time and bandwidth by


exploiting redundancy in disk blocks
Hashed copy

Migration in Vmotion
Load balancing

To improve the response time of the system through better


utilization of resources

Security

To quarantine a virtual machine that has been attacked

Collocation

To bring communicating virtual machines closer together

Fault tolerance

To move a failing host to another processor

Power management

To move the load away from an overheated processor

Maintenance

To move the load away from some processor while it is upgraded

Migration in Vmotion
Steps

Check if running VM is stable


Baseline copy to the new host
Copy VMs changed state to new host
Activate the VM in new host

Grids

Grid Computing

Characteristics of a grid
Infrastructure
Dependability of Service
Consistency of Service
Pervasive Access
Inexpensive Access
Coordinated Resource Sharing
Dynamic Communities

Comparison with Conventional


VMs
Efficient Utilization of Resources
Sharing of Resources
Distributed Vs Centralized Control
Heterogeneous Nodes
Adaptation of Applications
Portability of Applications

Recap
Instruction Set Issues
Profiling
Migration
Grids
Code Optimizations
Garbage Collection

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