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Describe The Forward Chaining Inference Process. Give An Example

Forward chaining is a data-driven reasoning technique where rules are fired from known data to add new facts. It proceeds by executing the topmost rule and stopping when no more rules can fire. Backward chaining is goal-driven and works backwards from the goal, setting up subgoals to prove each part of rules until the goal is proven or no more rules apply. Forward chaining is appropriate when data is known upfront, while backward chaining is used for diagnosis since the user may need to provide additional facts. Both techniques can be combined by using backward chaining as the main approach with forward chaining to make use of new facts.

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42 views

Describe The Forward Chaining Inference Process. Give An Example

Forward chaining is a data-driven reasoning technique where rules are fired from known data to add new facts. It proceeds by executing the topmost rule and stopping when no more rules can fire. Backward chaining is goal-driven and works backwards from the goal, setting up subgoals to prove each part of rules until the goal is proven or no more rules apply. Forward chaining is appropriate when data is known upfront, while backward chaining is used for diagnosis since the user may need to provide additional facts. Both techniques can be combined by using backward chaining as the main approach with forward chaining to make use of new facts.

Uploaded by

aboalfotoh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Describe the forward chaining inference process. Give


an example.

-Forward chaining is the data-driven reasoning. The


reasoning starts from the known data and proceeds
forward with that data .Each time only the topmost rule is
executed. When fired, the rule adds a new fact in the
database. Any rule can be executed only once. The matchfire cycle stops when no further rules can be fired.
-Forward chaining is a technique for gathering information
and then inferring from it whatever can be inferred.
However, in forward chaining, many rules may be
executed that have nothing to do with the established goal
( ex : rule 4)
The example

In the first cycle


Rule 4:
C
L

Rule 3: A

X is fired first , Then

In the second cycle Rule 2: X&B&E


In the third

cycle Rule 1: Y &D

Y is fired
Z

is fired

match-fire
cycles stop , Rule 5 cannot be fired ,it
does not match all facts in the database.

Describe the backward chaining inference process. Give


an example.

Backward chaining is the goal-driven reasoning.


In backward chaining, an expert system has the goal and
the inference engine attempts to find the evidence to
prove it.
the inference engine puts aside the rule it is working with
(the rule is said to stack) and sets up a new goal, a subgoal, to prove the IF part of this rule.
The inference engine repeats the process of stacking the
rules until no rules are found in the knowledge base to
prove the current sub-goal.
The same example

the inference engine attempts to infer fact Z, It tries to


find the rule that has the goal (z)
Rule 1: Y&D -> z
then the inference engine sets up the sub-goal Y , It tries
to find the rule that has the sub goal
Rule2: X&B&E -> Y
the inference engine sets up a new sub-goal ( X )
the inference engine fire Rule 3: and X is inferred
the inference engine returns to the sub-goal Y (Rule 2)
and y is inferred
the system returns to Rule 1 and execute it and the goal
is finally stablished.

List problems for which the forward chaining inference


technique is appropriate. Why is backward chaining
used for diagnostic problems?

forward chaining appropriate for the problems in which the


data is known at the beginning of the inference process,
and the user is never asked to input additional
facts.
Forward chaining is a natural way to design expert
systems for analysis and interpretation. For example,
DENDRAL uses forward chaining.
In backward chaining, the goal is set up and the only data
used is the data needed to support the direct line of
reasoning, and the user may be asked to input any
fact that is not in the database.
So backward chaining expert systems are used for
diagnostic purposes. For instance, MYCIN uses backward
chaining.
if your expert begins with a hypothetical solution and then
attempts to find facts to prove it, choose the backward
chaining
backward chaining inference technique is more effective
when we need to infer one particular fact and the user
may be asked to input anyfact that is not in the database
How do we choose between forward and backward
chaining?

The answer is to study how a domain expert solves a


problem.
If an expert first needs to gather some information and
then tries to infer from it whatever can be inferred, choose
the forward chaining inference engine.
Forward chaining is a natural way to design expert
systems for analysis and interpretation. For example,
DENDRAL .

if your expert begins with a hypothetical solution and then


attempts to find facts to prove it, choose the backward
chaining inference engine.
For instance, MYCIN.
Can we combine forward and backward chaining?

Many expert system shells use a combination of forward


and backward chaining inference techniques, so the
knowledge engineer does not have to choose between
them. However, the basic inference mechanism is usually
backward chaining. Only when a new fact is established is
forward chaining employed to maximize the use of the
new data.

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