Homework 1 Solution
CBE 60553
September 2, 2014
Problem 1
AB
U = 2.5P V + C,
UAB = UB UA = 2.5[(P V )B (P V )A ] = 10000 J
Z VB
dV = 4000 J
WAB = P
VA
UAB = QAB + WAB
QAB = 14000 J
BC
Need pressure as a function of volume along this path. From the figure, the relationship is linear and
given by
P (V ) = 15 106 V + 0.65 106
Integrate to find the work
Z
VC
WBC =
P dV =
VB
15 106 V 2
+ 0.65 106 V
2
From our expression for U
UBC = 2500 J
QBC = 9500 J
CA
UCA = UC UA = 7500 J
Since volume is constant
WCA = 0
Which means
QCA = 7500 J
VC
= 7000 J
VB
Total change ABCA
Qcycle = 14000 7500 9500 = 3000 J
Wcycle = 4000 + 0 + 7000 = 3000 J
Ucycle = Qcycle + Wcycle = 0 J
Problem 2
Along the Parabola
P = 105 + 109 (V 0.02)2
the work can be found by integration
Z
VB
WAB =
VA
.03
P dV = 500000V + 2 107 V 2 3.333 108 V 3 .01 = 2666.67 J
Since
UAB = 10000
then
QAB = 12666.67 J
Problem 3
For an adiabat we know that
dU = P dV
and we can also write
U
U
dU =
dV +
dP
V P
P V
and we have the expression for U
U = 2.5P V + C
taking the partial derivatives
dU = 2.5P dV + 2.5V dP = P dV,
Z
5V dP = 7P dV,
3.5P dV = 2.5V dP
P
5
1
5 ln P = 7 ln V + C,
dP
=7
P
Z
1
dV
V
5 ln P + 7 ln V = C
P 5V 7 = C
Problem 4
There are three postulates we are testing for
II
S
>0
U
III
S(U, V, N ) = S(U, V, N )
IV
U
= 0, as S 0
S
Use Mathematica script to test all three postulates for each function given
For example, for equation a,
1/3
Sa[u , v , n ]:= R2 ( )
(n v u)1/3
(*II*)Sa[, , ]
(*III*)D[Sa[U, 1, 1], U ]
(*IV*)D[Solve[Sa[U, 1, 1] == s, U ], s]
R = 2, v = 1, = 1
(a)
P ostulateII
22/3
P ostulateIII
22/3
3U 2/3
1/3
3
P ostulateIV
3s2
4
(b)
2 21/3
3U 1/3
1/3
2 2/3
3 s
0
2 2
P ostulateII
P ostulateIII
P ostulateIV
(c)
P ostulateIII
1
p
2(2 + U )
6 2
P ostulateIV
{{0 s}}
P ostulateII
(d)
4
U2
4
P ostulateII
P ostulateIII
4
0 2
s
P ostulateIV
(e)
2 23/5 U
P ostulateII
5 (U 2 )4/5
1/5
23/5 5
((
) (
))
5s3/2
5s3/2
0
, 0
4 2
4 2
P ostulateIII
P ostulateIV
(f)
2
U
2Log[2]
nn
oo
0 es/2
P ostulateII
P ostulateIII
P ostulateIV
(g)
2 eU
r
22
e
{{0 es}}
P ostulateII
P ostulateIII
P ostulateIV
(h)
P ostulateII
P ostulateIII
P ostulateIV
eU/2 eU/2 U
2
2U
2
e
h 2i
2Log s2
i
h
0
2
s 1 + Log s2
(i)
P ostulateII
P ostulateIII
P ostulateIV
h i
2Log 2U2
h i
0
U 1 + Log 2U2
2
2
s
s/2
s/2
e
e
(1 + )
2
(j)
((
))
U
2Log 2e
U
0
U 1 + Log 2e
P ostulateII
32
P ostulateIII
P ostulateIV
es/2 s + 1/4es/2 s2
a
b
c
d
4
e
f
g
h
10
-2
Figure 1: S vs. U, given relations A through H
14
12
j
10
0.5
1.0
Figure 2: U vs. S, given relations I and J
1.5
2.0
Function
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Postulate II
!
!
!
X
!
!
!
X
!
Postulate III
!
X
!
!
!
!
!
X
!
Postulate IV
!
!
!
X
!
X
!
X
!
!
Plots
Results
B, D, F, H, J are not physically permissible
Problem 5
Call
X=
UA
UA + UB
we know UA + UB = 80, therefore
UB = 80 (1 X)
UA = 80X,
Then setting R, 0 , = 1 and plugging in VA , NA
SA = (NA VA UA )1/3 = 0.129X 1/3
Similarly
SB = (NB VB UB )1/3 = 0.086(1 X)1/3
Summing to get S
S = 0.129X 1/3 + 0.086(1 X)1/3
Entropy is maximized when X = .65, which is where we would expect the system to go to at
equilibrium once the internal wall is made diathermal. When that happens
X = 0.65, UA = 80X = 52 J
UB = 28 J
An alternative non-graphical method is to solve for where
S
=0
U
Since
S
0.043
0.029
= 2/3
=0
U
x
(1 x)2/3
X = 0.6475,
UA = 51.8,
UB = 28.2
which is just a higher precision calculation than my first estimate from the plot.
Entropy vs. Ua/(Ua+ub)
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Ua/(Ua+Ub)
0.7
A
Figure 3: S(X), X = U U+U
A
B
Problem 6
A=
T V
(P ) =
T
A
V T
(S)
V
Problem 7
a)
3
b)
1/2
c)
1
d)
0
e) not homogenous
0.8
0.9
