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Process Variables-Temperature

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules and can be measured on different scales. The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales are examples of relative temperature scales, with Fahrenheit using body temperature and a salt/ice mixture as reference points and Celsius using the freezing and boiling points of water. Absolute temperature scales like Kelvin and Rankine start at absolute zero. Conversions between scales involve adjustments for the different starting points and degree sizes. Changes in temperature can be directly converted between scales without adjustments.

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Farouk Bassa
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60 views

Process Variables-Temperature

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules and can be measured on different scales. The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales are examples of relative temperature scales, with Fahrenheit using body temperature and a salt/ice mixture as reference points and Celsius using the freezing and boiling points of water. Absolute temperature scales like Kelvin and Rankine start at absolute zero. Conversions between scales involve adjustments for the different starting points and degree sizes. Changes in temperature can be directly converted between scales without adjustments.

Uploaded by

Farouk Bassa
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROCESS VARIABLES: TEMPERATURE

Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness or


coldness of a substance measured on some definite
scale. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic
energy of the molecules of a substance.

To compare the hotness (temperature) of two


substances need to define a scale of relative
temperatures - assign values to two points and
dividing up the interval between into smaller intervals
called "degrees".

Temperature Scales

Fahrenheit scale and the Celsius scale - examples of


relative Temperature scales.

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit (1686-1736), a German


physicist, fixed one point using a mixture of salt,
water, and ice (0oF) and the other using body
temperature (96oF) -- chosen because it is divisible by
2, 3, 4, 6, 8). On this scale, water freezes at 32oF and
boils at 212oF.
Anders Celsius (1701-1744), a Swedish astronomer
fixed the freezing point of water (0oC) and the boiling
point of water (100oC). Because it has 100 degrees,
this scale has also been called the centigrade scale.

To convert between the scales, first look at the size of


the degrees:
212 o F - 32 o F 180 o F o
o o
 o
 1.8 F o
100 C - 0 C 100 C C

and then the start point


32oF = 0oC

Thus to convert from degC to degF


T  F   1.8 T  C   32
o o

T  F  - 32
o

T  C 
o
1.8
EXAMPLE: What is the temperature in Fahrenheit
when it is 70oC?
Absolute Temperature Scales

Temperature is based on molecular motion


-Theoretically can exist a condition of no molecular
motion (so cold that the molecules stop moving, or
zero kinetic energy in the molecules). This point is
called absolute zero, and is the lowest conceivable
temperature.
Tabsolute zero = - 459.67 o F = - 273.15 o C

Useful to define temperature scales which began at


absolute zero - called absolute Temperature scales.
Two scales are commonly used - set up so that the
degree intervals are the same size as the relative
scales.

The Kelvin scale has the same size degree as the


Celsius scale. Thus,
0 K = - 273.15oC or 0oC = 273.15 K

The Rankine scale has the same size degree as the


Fahrenheit scale, so:
0oR = - 459.67oF or 0oF = 459.67oR
Celsius and Kelvin (or Fahrenheit and Rankine)
degrees have same "thickness" - make an "additive"
conversion to adjust between the two.
EXAMPLE: What is the boiling point of water on the
absolute temperature scales?

To convert from Kelvin to Rankine - both start at


absolute zero - only use the "multiplicative"
conversion to switch (1.8 R/K).

Temperature Intervals

Degree is both a temperature and a temperature


interval
When converting an interval don't need to compensate
for the zero shifts.
EXAMPLE: You have a mixture at 50oF and increase
its temperature by 30oC. What is the final
temperature?
Converting Temperature
Interrelation Formula
Celsius to Fahrenheit T(°F) = 1.8∙T(°C) + 32
Fahrenheit to Celsius T(°C) = [T(°F) - 32]/1.8
Celsius to Kelvin T(°K) = T(°C) + 273.15
Fahrenheit to Rankine T(°R) = T(°F) + 459.67
Kelvin to Rankine T(°R) = 1.8∙T(°K)
Rankine to Kelvin T(°K) = T(°R)/1.8

Converting Temperature Changes


Interrelation Formula
Fahrenheit to Celsius ΔT(°F) = 1.8∙ΔT(°C)
Celsius to Kelvin ΔT(°K) = ΔT(°C)
Rankine to Kelvin ΔT(°K) = 1.8∙ΔT(°R)

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