Chapter 10, Solution 1.

ω=1

10 cos( t − 45°) 
→ 10∠ - 45°
5 sin( t + 30°) 
→ 5∠ - 60°
1H 
→ jωL = j
1
1F 
→ = -j
jωC

The circuit becomes as shown below.

3Ω Vo jΩ

+ +
10∠-45° V 2 Io 5∠-60° V
− −

Applying nodal analysis,

(10∠ - 45°) − Vo (5∠ - 60°) − Vo Vo
+ =
3 j -j
j10∠ - 45° + 15∠ - 60° = j Vo
Vo = 10 ∠ - 45° + 15∠ - 150° = 15.73∠247.9°
Therefore, v o ( t ) = 15.73 cos(t + 247.9°) V

Chapter 10, Solution 2.

ω = 10
4 cos(10t − π 4) 
→ 4∠ - 45°
20 sin(10 t + π 3) 
→ 20 ∠ - 150°
1H 
→ jωL = j10
1 1
0.02 F 
→ = = - j5
jωC j 0.2
 The circuit becomes that shown below.
10 Ω Vo
Io
+
20∠-150° V j10 Ω -j5 Ω 4∠-45° A
−

Applying nodal analysis,

(20∠ - 150°) − Vo Vo Vo
+ 4∠ - 45° = +
10 j10 - j5
20 ∠ - 150° + 4∠ - 45° = 0.1(1 + j) Vo

Vo 2 ∠ - 150° + 4 ∠ - 45°
Io = = = 2.816 ∠150.98°
j10 j (1 + j)
Therefore, i o ( t ) = 2.816 cos(10t + 150.98°) A

Chapter 10, Solution 3.

ω= 4
2 cos(4t ) 
→ 2∠0°
16 sin(4 t ) 
→ 16∠ - 90° = -j16
2H 
→ jωL = j8
1 1
1 12 F 
→ = = - j3
jωC j (4)(1 12)

The circuit is shown below.

4Ω -j3 Ω Vo j8 Ω 6Ω

+
-j16 V 1Ω 2∠0° A
−
 Applying nodal analysis,

- j16 − Vo Vo Vo
+2= +
4 − j3 1 6 + j8

- j16  1 1 
+ 2 = 1 + + V
4 − j3  4 − j3 6 + j8  o

3.92 − j2.56 4.682∠ - 33.15°

Vo = = = 3.835∠ - 35.02°
1.22 + j0.04 1.2207 ∠1.88°

Therefore, v o ( t ) = 3.835 cos(4t – 35.02°) V

Chapter 10, Solution 4.

16 sin(4 t − 10°) 
→ 16∠ - 10°, ω = 4
1H 
→ jωL = j4

1 1
0.25 F 
→ = = -j
jωC j (4)(1 4)

Ix j4 Ω V1 -j Ω

+
+
16∠-10° V 0.5 Ix 1Ω Vo
−
−

(16∠ - 10°) − V1 1 V
+ Ix = 1
j4 2 1− j
But
(16∠ - 10°) − V1
Ix =
j4

3 ((16∠ - 10°) − V1 ) V
So, = 1
j8 1− j
 48∠ - 10°
V1 =
- 1 + j4

Using voltage division,

1 48∠ - 10°
Vo = V1 = = 8.232∠ - 69.04°
1− j (1 - j)(-1 + j4)

Therefore, v o ( t ) = 8.232 sin(4t – 69.04°) V

Chapter 10, Solution 5.

Let the voltage across the capacitor and the inductor be Vx and we get:
Vx − 0.5I x − 10∠30° Vx Vx
+ + =0
4 − j2 j3

Vx
(3 + j6 − j4)Vx − 1.5I x = 30∠30° but I x = = j0.5Vx
− j2
Combining these equations we get:

30∠30°
(3 + j2 − j0.75)Vx = 30∠30° or Vx =
3 + j1.25
30∠30°
I x = j0.5 = 4.615∠97.38° A
3 + j1.25

Chapter 10, Solution 6.

Let Vo be the voltage across the current source. Using nodal analysis we get:

Vo − 4Vx Vo 20
−3+ = 0 where Vx = Vo
20 20 + j10 20 + j10

Combining these we get:

Vo 4Vo Vo
− −3+ = 0 → (1 + j0.5 − 3)Vo = 60 + j30
20 20 + j10 20 + j10

60 + j30 20(3)
Vo = or Vx = = 29.11∠–166˚ V.
− 2 + j0.5 − 2 + j0.5
Chapter 10, Solution 7.

At the main node,

120∠ − 15 o − V V V 115.91 − j31.058

= 6∠30 o + + 
→ − 5.196 − j3 =
40 + j20 − j30 50 40 + j20
 1 j 1
V + + 
 40 + j20 30 50 

− 3.1885 − j4.7805
V= = 124.08∠ − 154 o V
0.04 + j0.0233

Chapter 10, Solution 8.

ω = 200,

100mH 
→ jωL = j200x 0.1 = j20

1 1
50µF 
→ = = − j100
jωC j200x 50x10 − 6

The frequency-domain version of the circuit is shown below.

0.1 Vo

40 Ω
V1 Io V2

+ -j100 Ω
6∠15 o
20 Ω Vo j20 Ω
-

At node 1,
V V1 V − V2
6∠15 o + 0.1V1 = 1 + + 1
20 − j100 40
or 5.7955 + j1.5529 = (−0.025 + j 0.01)V1 − 0.025V2 (1)
At node 2,
V1 − V2 V
= 0.1V1 + 2 → 0 = 3V1 + (1 − j2)V2 (2)
40 j20
From (1) and (2),

(−0.025 + j0.01) − 0.025 V1   (5.7955 + j1.5529) 

  =  or AV = B
 3 (1 − j2)  V2   0 

Using MATLAB,
V = inv(A)*B
leads to V1 = −70.63 − j127.23, V2 = −110.3 + j161.09

V − V2
Io = 1 = 7.276∠ − 82.17 o
40
Thus,
i o ( t ) = 7.276 cos(200 t − 82.17 o ) A

Chapter 10, Solution 9.

10 cos(10 3 t ) 
→ 10 ∠0°, ω = 10 3
10 mH 
→ jωL = j10

1 1
50 µF 
→ = = - j20
jωC j (10 )(50 × 10 -6 )
3

Consider the circuit shown below.

20 Ω V1 -j20 Ω V2 j10 Ω

Io
+
+
10∠0° V 20 Ω 4 Io 30 Ω Vo
−
−

At node 1,
10 − V1 V1 V1 − V2
= +
20 20 - j20

10 = (2 + j) V1 − jV2 (1)
At node 2,
V1 − V2 V V2 V
= (4) 1 + , where I o = 1 has been substituted.
- j20 20 30 + j10 20

(-4 + j) V1 = (0.6 + j0.8) V2

0.6 + j0.8
V1 = V2 (2)
-4+ j

Substituting (2) into (1)

(2 + j)(0.6 + j0.8)
10 = V2 − jV2
-4+ j

170
or V2 =
0.6 − j26.2

30 3 170
Vo = V2 = ⋅ = 6.154 ∠70.26°
30 + j10 3 + j 0.6 − j26.2

Therefore, v o ( t ) = 6.154 cos(103 t + 70.26°) V

Chapter 10, Solution 10.

50 mH 
→ jωL = j2000x50 x10 − 3 = j100, ω = 2000

1 1
2µF 
→ = = − j250
jωC j2000 x 2x10 − 6

Consider the frequency-domain equivalent circuit below.

V1 -j250 V2

36<0o
2k Ω j100 0.1V1 4k Ω
At node 1,

V1 V V − V2
36 = + 1 + 1 
→ 36 = (0.0005 − j0.006)V1 − j0.004V2 (1)
2000 j100 − j250

At node 2,

V1 − V2 V
= 0.1V1 + 2 → 0 = (0.1 − j0.004)V1 + (0.00025 + j0.004)V2 (2)
− j250 4000

Solving (1) and (2) gives

Vo = V2 = −535.6 + j893.5 = 8951.1∠93.43o

vo (t) = 8.951 sin(2000t +93.43o) kV

Chapter 10, Solution 11.

cos(2t ) 
→ 1∠0°, ω = 2
8 sin( 2t + 30°) 
→ 8∠ - 60°

1 1
1H 
→ jωL = j2 12F 
→ = = -j
jωC j (2)(1 2)

1 1
2H 
→ jωL = j4 14F 
→ = = - j2
jωC j (2)(1 4)

Consider the circuit below.

2 Io 2 Io

2 -j Ω
2 Io
2
2
2 Io 2 2 Io
I -j Ω
At node 1,
(8∠ - 60°) − V1 V1 V1 − V2
= +
2 -j j2

8∠ - 60° = (1 + j) V1 + j V2 (1)
At node 2,
V1 − V2 (8∠ - 60°) − V2
1+ + =0
j2 j4 − j2

V2 = 4 ∠ - 60° + j + 0.5 V1 (2)

Substituting (2) into (1),
1 + 8∠ - 60° − 4 ∠30° = (1 + j1.5) V1

1 + 8∠ - 60° − 4∠30°
V1 =
1 + j1.5

V1 1 + 8∠ - 60° − 4 ∠30°
Io = = = 5.024∠ - 46.55°
-j 1.5 − j

Therefore, i o ( t ) = 5.024 cos(2t – 46.55°)

Chapter 10, Solution 12.

20 sin(1000t ) 
→ 20 ∠0°, ω = 1000
10 mH 
→ jωL = j10

1 1
50 µF 
→ = = - j20
jωC j (10 )(50 × 10 -6 )
3

The frequency-domain equivalent circuit is shown below.

2 Io

V1 10 Ω V2
Io

20∠0° A 20 Ω -j20 Ω j10 Ω

At node 1,
V1 V1 − V2
20 = 2 I o + + ,
20 10
where
V2
Io =
j10

2V2 V1 V1 − V2
20 = + +
j10 20 10

400 = 3V1 − (2 + j4) V2 (1)

At node 2,
2V2 V1 − V2 V V
+ = 2 + 2
j10 10 - j20 j10

j2 V1 = (-3 + j2) V2
or V1 = (1 + j1.5) V2 (2)
Substituting (2) into (1),
400 = (3 + j4.5) V2 − (2 + j4) V2 = (1 + j0.5) V2

400
V2 =
1 + j0.5

V2 40
Io = = = 35.74 ∠ - 116.6°
j10 j (1 + j0.5)

Therefore, i o ( t ) = 35.74 sin(1000t – 116.6°) A

Chapter 10, Solution 13.

Nodal analysis is the best approach to use on this problem. We can make our work easier
by doing a source transformation on the right hand side of the circuit.

–j2 Ω 18 Ω j6 Ω

+
+ +
40∠30º V − Vx 3Ω 50∠0º V −

−
 Vx − 40∠30° Vx Vx − 50
+ + =0
− j2 3 18 + j6

which leads to Vx = 29.36∠62.88˚ A.

Chapter 10, Solution 14.

At node 1,
0 − V1 0 − V1 V2 − V1
+ + = 20∠30°
- j2 10 j4

- (1 + j2.5) V1 − j2.5 V2 = 173.2 + j100 (1)

At node 2,
V2 V2 V2 − V1
+ + = 20∠30°
j2 - j5 j4

- j5.5 V2 + j2.5 V1 = 173.2 + j100 (2)

Equations (1) and (2) can be cast into matrix form as

1 + j2.5 j2.5  V1   - 200 ∠30°
=
 j2.5
 - j5.5 V2   200 ∠30° 

1 + j2.5 j2.5
∆= = 20 − j5.5 = 20.74∠ - 15.38°
j2.5 - j5.5

- 200 ∠30° j2.5

∆1 = = j3 (200∠30°) = 600∠120°
200 ∠30° - j5.5

1 + j2.5 - 200∠30°
∆2 = = (200 ∠30°)(1 + j5) = 1020∠108.7°
j2.5 200∠30°

∆1
V1 = = 28.93∠135.38°
∆

∆2
V2 = = 49.18∠124.08°
∆
Chapter 10, Solution 15.

We apply nodal analysis to the circuit shown below.

5A

2Ω V1 jΩ V2

I
+
-j20 V -j2 Ω 2I 4Ω
−

At node 1,
- j20 − V1 V V − V2
= 5+ 1 + 1
2 - j2 j

- 5 − j10 = (0.5 − j0.5) V1 + j V2 (1)

At node 2,
V1 − V2 V2
5 + 2I + = ,
j 4

V1
where I =
- j2

5
V2 = V1
0.25 − j
(2)
Substituting (2) into (1),
j5
- 5 − j10 − = 0.5 (1 − j) V1
0.25 − j

j40
(1 − j) V1 = -10 − j20 −
1 − j4

160 j40
( 2 ∠ - 45°) V1 = -10 − j20 + −
17 17

V1 = 15.81∠313.5°
 V1
I= = (0.5∠90°)(15.81∠313.5°)
- j2

I = 7.906∠43.49° A

Chapter 10, Solution 16.

At node 1,
V1 V1 − V2 V1 − V2
j2 = + +
20 10 - j5
j40 = (3 + j4) V1 − (2 + j4) V2

At node 2,
V1 − V2 V1 − V2 V
+ +1+ j = 2
10 - j5 j10
10 (1 + j) = - (1 + j2) V1 + (1 + j) V2

Thus,
 j40   3 + j4 - 2 (1 + j2)  V1 
=
10 (1 +
 j)   - (1 + j2) 1 + j  V2 

3 + j4 - 2 (1 + j2)
∆= = 5 − j = 5.099 ∠ - 11.31°
- (1 + j2) 1+ j

j40 - 2 (1 + j2)
∆1 = = −60 + j100 = 116.62 ∠120.96°
10 (1 + j) 1+ j

3 + j4 j40
∆2 = = -90 + j110 = 142.13∠129.29°
- (1 + j2) 10 (1 + j)

∆1
V1 = = 22.87∠132.27° V
∆
∆2
V2 = = 27.87∠140.6° V
∆
Chapter 10, Solution 17.

Consider the circuit below.

j4 Ω 1Ω
Io 2Ω
+
100∠20° V V1 V2
−

3Ω -j2 Ω

At node 1,
100∠20° − V1 V1 V1 − V2
= +
j4 3 2

V1
100 ∠20° = (3 + j10) − j2 V2 (1)
3
At node 2,
100∠20° − V2 V1 − V2 V2
+ =
1 2 - j2

100 ∠20° = -0.5 V1 + (1.5 + j0.5) V2 (2)

From (1) and (2),
100∠20°  - 0.5 0.5 (3 + j)  V1 
=
100∠20° 1 + j10 3
   - j2  V2 

- 0.5 1.5 + j0.5

∆= = 0.1667 − j4.5
1 + j10 3 - j2

100∠20° 1.5 + j0.5

∆1 = = -55.45 − j286.2
100∠20° - j2

- 0.5 100∠20°
∆2 = = -26.95 − j364.5
1 + j10 3 100∠20°
 ∆1
V1 = = 64.74 ∠ - 13.08°
∆

∆2
V2 = = 81.17 ∠ - 6.35°
∆

V1 − V2 ∆ 1 − ∆ 2 - 28.5 + j78.31
Io = = =
2 2∆ 0.3333 − j 9

I o = 9.25∠-162.12°

Chapter 10, Solution 18.

Consider the circuit shown below.

V1 8Ω j6 Ω V 4Ω j5 Ω
2

+ +
4∠45° A 2Ω Vx 2 Vx -j Ω -j2 Ω Vo
− −

At node 1,
V1 V1 − V2
4∠45° = +
2 8 + j6

200 ∠45° = (29 − j3) V1 − (4 − j3) V2 (1)

At node 2,
V1 − V2 V V2
+ 2Vx = 2 + , where Vx = V1
8 + j6 - j 4 + j5 − j2

(104 − j3) V1 = (12 + j41) V2

12 + j41
V1 = V (2)
104 − j3 2
Substituting (2) into (1),
(12 + j41)
200∠45° = (29 − j3) V − (4 − j3) V2
104 − j3 2
 200 ∠45° = (14.21∠89.17°) V2

200∠45°
V2 =
14.21∠89.17°

- j2 - j2 - 6 − j8
Vo = V2 = V2 = V2
4 + j5 − j2 4 + j3 25

10∠233.13° 200∠45°
Vo = ⋅
25 14.21∠89.17°

Vo = 5.63∠189° V

Chapter 10, Solution 19.

We have a supernode as shown in the circuit below.

j2 Ω

V1 V2 4Ω
V3
+
2Ω Vo -j4 Ω 0.2 Vo
−

Notice that Vo = V1 .
At the supernode,
V3 − V2 V2 V1 V1 − V3
= + +
4 - j4 2 j2

0 = (2 − j2) V1 + (1 + j) V2 + (-1 + j2) V3 (1)

At node 3,
V1 − V3 V3 − V2
0.2V1 + =
j2 4

(0.8 − j2) V1 + V2 + (-1 + j2) V3 = 0 (2)

Subtracting (2) from (1),
 0 = 1.2V1 + j V2 (3)
But at the supernode,
V1 = 12 ∠0° + V2
or V2 = V1 − 12 (4)
Substituting (4) into (3),
0 = 1.2V1 + j (V1 − 12)

j12
V1 = = Vo
1.2 + j

12∠90°
Vo =
1.562∠39.81°

Vo = 7.682∠50.19° V

Chapter 10, Solution 20.

The circuit is converted to its frequency-domain equivalent circuit as shown below.

+
+ 1
Vm∠0° jωL Vo
− jωC
−

L
1 C jωL
Let Z = jωL || = =
jωC 1 1 − ω2 LC
jωL +
jωC

jωL
Z 1 − ω2 LC jωL
Vo = Vm = Vm = V
R+Z jωL R (1 − ω2 LC) + jωL m
R+
1 − ω2 LC

ωL Vm  ωL 
Vo = ∠90° − tan -1 
R 2 (1 − ω2 LC) 2 + ω2 L2  R (1 − ω LC) 
2
If Vo = A∠φ , then

ωL Vm
A=
R 2 (1 − ω 2 LC) 2 + ω 2 L2

ωL
and φ = 90° − tan -1
R (1 − ω 2 LC)

Chapter 10, Solution 21.

1
Vo jωC 1
(a) = =
Vi 1 1 − ω LC + jωRC
2
R + jωL +
jωC
Vo 1
At ω = 0 , = = 1
Vi 1
Vo
As ω → ∞ , = 0
Vi
1 Vo 1 -j L
At ω = , = =
LC Vi 1 R C
jRC ⋅
LC

Vo jωL − ω2 LC
(b) = =
Vi 1 1 − ω2 LC + jωRC
R + jωL +
jωC
Vo
At ω = 0 , = 0
Vi
Vo 1
As ω → ∞ , = = 1
Vi 1
1 Vo −1 j L
At ω = , = =
LC Vi 1 R C
jRC ⋅
LC
Chapter 10, Solution 22.

Consider the circuit in the frequency domain as shown below.

R1

R2 +
+ 1
Vs Vo
− jωC
jωL −

1
Let Z = (R 2 + jωL) ||
jωC
1
(R + jωL)
jωC 2 R 2 + jωL
Z= =
1 1 + jωR 2 − ω2 LC
R 2 + jωL +
jωC

R 2 + jωL
Vo Z 1 − ω2 LC + jωR 2 C
= =
Vs Z + R 1 R 2 + jωL
R1 +
1 − ω2 LC + jωR 2 C
Vo R 2 + jωL
=
Vs R 1 + R 2 − ω LCR 1 + jω (L + R 1 R 2 C)
2

Chapter 10, Solution 23.

V − Vs V
+ + jωCV = 0
R 1
jωL +
jω C

jωRCV
V+ + jωRCV = Vs
− ω2LC + 1

 1 − ω2LC + jωRC + jωRC − jω3RLC2 

  V = Vs
 1 − ω2
LC 
 
 (1 − ω2 LC)Vs
V=
1 − ω2LC + jωRC(2 − ω2LC)

Chapter 10, Solution 24.

For mesh 1,
 1 1  1
Vs =  +  I1 − I (1)
 jωC1 jωC 2  jωC 2 2
For mesh 2,
−1  1 
0= I 1 +  R + jωL + I (2)
jωC 2  jωC 2  2
Putting (1) and (2) into matrix form,
 1 1 −1 
 +   I1 
Vs  jωC1 jωC 2 jωC 2
=  
0
   −1 1  I 2 
R + jωL +
 jω C 2 jωC 2 

 1 1  1  1
∆ = +  R + jωL + + 2
 jωC1 jωC 2  jωC 2  ω C1C 2
 1  Vs
∆ 1 = Vs  R + jωL +  and ∆2 =
 jωC 2  jωC 2

 1 
Vs  R + jωL + 
∆1  jωC 2 
I1 = =
∆  1 1  1  1
 +  R + jωL + + 2
 jωC 1 jωC 2  jωC 2  ω C1 C 2

Vs
∆2 jωC 2
I2 = =
∆  1 1  1  1
 +  R + jωL + + 2
 jωC 1 jωC 2  jωC 2  ω C1 C 2

Chapter 10, Solution 25.

ω= 2
10 cos(2t ) 
→ 10∠0°
 6 sin(2t ) 
→ 6 ∠ - 90° = -j6
2H 
→ jωL = j4
1 1
0.25 F 
→ = = - j2
jωC j (2)(1 4)

The circuit is shown below.

4Ω j4 Ω

Io
+ I1 I2 +
10∠0° V -j2 Ω 6∠-90° V
− −

For loop 1,
- 10 + (4 − j2) I 1 + j2 I 2 = 0
5 = (2 − j) I 1 + j I 2 (1)
For loop 2,
j2 I 1 + ( j4 − j2) I 2 + (- j6) = 0
I1 + I 2 = 3 (2)
In matrix form (1) and (2) become
 2 − j j   I 1   5
 1 1   I  =  3
  2   

∆ = 2 (1 − j) , ∆ 1 = 5 − j3 , ∆ 2 = 1 − j3

∆1 − ∆ 2 4
I o = I1 − I 2 = = = 1 + j = 1.414 ∠45°
∆ 2 (1 − j)
Therefore, i o ( t ) = 1.414 cos(2t + 45°) A

Chapter 10, Solution 26.

We apply mesh analysis to the circuit shown below.

For mesh 1,
- 10 + 40 I 1 − 20 I 2 = 0
1 = 4 I1 − 2 I 2 (1)
For the supermesh,
(20 − j20) I 2 − 20 I 1 + (30 + j10) I 3 = 0
- 2 I 1 + (2 − j2) I 2 + (3 + j) I 3 = 0 (2)
At node A,
I o = I1 − I 2 (3)
At node B,
I2 = I3 + 4Io (4)
Substituting (3) into (4)
I 2 = I 3 + 4 I1 − 4 I 2
I 3 = 5 I 2 − 4 I1 (5)
Substituting (5) into (2) gives
0 = -(14 + j4) I 1 + (17 + j3) I 2 (6)
From (1) and (6),
1   4 - 2  I 1 
 0 =  - (14 + j4) 17 + j3 I 
    2 

∆ = 40 + j4

1 -2 4 1
∆1 = = 17 + j3 , ∆2 = = 14 + j4
0 17 + j3 - (14 + j4) 0

5 ∆ 2 − 4 ∆1 2 + j8
I 3 = 5 I 2 − 4 I1 = =
∆ 40 + j4

15 (1 + j4)
Vo = 30 I 3 = = 6.154∠70.25°
10 + j

Therefore, v o ( t ) = 6.154 cos(103 t + 70.25°) V

Chapter 10, Solution 27.

For mesh 1,
- 40 ∠30° + ( j10 − j20) I 1 + j20 I 2 = 0
4 ∠30° = - j I 1 + j2 I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
50 ∠0° + (40 − j20) I 2 + j20 I 1 = 0
5 = - j2 I 1 − (4 − j2) I 2 (2)
From (1) and (2),
 4∠30°  - j j2  I 1 
=
 5   - j2 - (4 − j2)  I 
    2 

∆ = -2 + 4 j = 4.472∠116.56°
 ∆ 1 = -(4 ∠30°)(4 − j2) − j10 = 21.01∠211.8°

∆ 2 = - j5 + 8∠120° = 4.44 ∠154.27°

∆1
I1 = = 4.698∠95.24° A
∆

∆2
I2 = = 0.9928∠37.71° A
∆

Chapter 10, Solution 28.

1 1
1H 
→ jωL = j4, 1F 
→ = = − j0.25
jωC j1x 4

The frequency-domain version of the circuit is shown below, where

V1 = 10∠0 o , V2 = 20∠ − 30 o .

1 j4 j4 1

-j0.25
+ +

V1 I1 1 I2 V2
- -

V1 = 10∠0 o , V2 = 20∠ − 30 o

Applying mesh analysis,

10 = (2 + j3.75)I1 − (1 − j0.25)I 2 (1)

− 20∠ − 30 o = −(1 − j0.025)I1 + (2 + j3.75)I 2 (2)

From (1) and (2), we obtain

  10   2 + j3.75 − 1 + j0.25  I1 
  =   
 − 17.32 + j10   − 1 + j0.25 2 + j3.75  I 2 

Solving this leads to

I1 = 1.3602 − j0.9769 = 1.6747∠ − 35.69 o , I 2 = −4.1438 + j2.111 = 4.6505∠153o

Hence,
i1 = 1.675 cos(4t − 35.69 o ) A, i 2 = 4.651cos(46 + 153o ) A

Chapter 10, Solution 29.

For mesh 1,
(5 + j5) I 1 − (2 + j) I 2 − 30 ∠20° = 0
30 ∠20° = (5 + j5) I 1 − (2 + j) I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
(5 + j3 − j6) I 2 − (2 + j) I 1 = 0
0 = - (2 + j) I 1 + (5 − j3) I 2 (2)
From (1) and (2),
30∠20°  5 + j5 - (2 + j)  I 1 
 0  =  - (2 + j) 5 - j3  I 
    2 

∆ = 37 + j6 = 37.48∠9.21°
∆ 1 = (30 ∠20°)(5.831∠ - 30.96°) = 175∠ - 10.96°
∆ 2 = (30 ∠20°)(2.356 ∠26.56°) = 67.08∠46.56°

∆1
I1 = = 4.67∠-20.17° A
∆

∆2
I2 = = 1.79∠37.35° A
∆
Chapter 10, Solution 30.
Consider the circuit shown below.

I2
j4 Ω 1Ω
Io 2Ω
+ I1
10∠0° V
−

3Ω I3 -j2 Ω

For mesh 1,
100 ∠20° = (3 + j4) I 1 − j4 I 2 − 3 I 3 (1)
For mesh 2,
0 = - j4 I 1 + (3 + j4) I 2 − j2 I 3 (2)
For mesh 3,
0 = -3 I 1 − 2 I 2 + (5 − j2) I 3 (3)
Put (1), (2), and (3) into matrix form.
3 + j4 - j4 - 3  I 1  100∠20°
    
 - j4 3 + j4 - j2   I 2  =  0 
 - 3 -2 5 - j2  I 3   0 

3 + j4 - j4 -3
∆ = - j4 3 + j4 - j2 = 106 + j30
-3 -2 5 - j2

3 + j4 100∠20° - 3
∆ 2 = - j4 0 - j2 = (100∠20°)(8 + j26)
-3 0 5 - j2

3 + j4 - j4 100∠20°
∆ 3 = - j4 3 + j4 0 = (100∠20°)(9 + j20)
-3 -2 0

∆ 3 − ∆ 2 (100∠20°)(1 − j6)
Io = I3 − I2 = =
∆ 106 + j30

I o = 5.521∠-76.34° A
Chapter 10, Solution 31.

Consider the network shown below.

80 Ω Io j60 Ω 20 Ω

+ I1 I2 I3 +
100∠120° V -j40 Ω -j40 Ω 60∠-30° V
− −

For loop 1,
- 100 ∠20° + (80 − j40) I 1 + j40 I 2 = 0
10 ∠20° = 4 (2 − j) I 1 + j4 I 2 (1)
For loop 2,
j40 I 1 + ( j60 − j80) I 2 + j40 I 3 = 0
0 = 2 I1 − I 2 + 2 I 3 (2)

For loop 3,
60 ∠ - 30° + (20 − j40) I 3 + j40 I 2 = 0
- 6 ∠ - 30° = j4 I 2 + 2 (1 − j2) I 3 (3)
From (2),
2 I 3 = I 2 − 2 I1

Substituting this equation into (3),

- 6 ∠ - 30° = -2 (1 − j2) I 1 + (1 + j2) I 2 (4)

From (1) and (4),

 10∠120°   4 (2 − j) j4  I 1 
 - 6∠ - 30° =  - 2 (1 − j2) 1 + j2 I 
    2 

8 − j4 - j4
∆= = 32 + j20 = 37.74∠32°
- 2 + j4 1 + j2

8 − j4 10∠120°
∆2 = = -4.928 + j82.11 = 82.25∠93.44°
- 2 + j4 - 6∠ - 30°

∆2
Io = I2 = = 2.179∠61.44° A
∆
Chapter 10, Solution 32.

Consider the circuit below.

j4 Ω

Io
+
I1 + I2
4∠-30° V 2Ω Vo −
3 Vo -j2 Ω
−

For mesh 1,
(2 + j4) I 1 − 2 (4∠ - 30°) + 3 Vo = 0
where Vo = 2 (4∠ - 30° − I 1 )

Hence,
(2 + j4) I 1 − 8∠ - 30° + 6 (4 ∠ - 30° − I 1 ) = 0
4 ∠ - 30° = (1 − j) I 1
or I 1 = 2 2 ∠15°

3 Vo 3
Io = = (2)(4∠ - 30° − I 1 )
- j2 - j2
I o = j3 (4 ∠ - 30° − 2 2 ∠15°)
I o = 8.485∠15° A

- j2 I o
Vo = = 5.657∠-75° V
3

Chapter 10, Solution 33.

Consider the circuit shown below.

 5A

I4

2Ω jΩ

I
+ I1 I2 I3
-j20 V -j2 Ω 2I 4Ω
−

For mesh 1,
j20 + (2 − j2) I 1 + j2 I 2 = 0
(1 − j) I 1 + j I 2 = - j10 (1)

For the supermesh,

( j − j2) I 2 + j2 I 1 + 4 I 3 − j I 4 = 0 (2)

Also,
I 3 − I 2 = 2 I = 2 (I 1 − I 2 )
I 3 = 2 I1 − I 2 (3)

For mesh 4,
I4 = 5 (4)

Substituting (3) and (4) into (2),

(8 + j2) I 1 − (- 4 + j) I 2 = j5 (5)

Putting (1) and (5) in matrix form,

 1− j j  I 1   - j10 
8 + j2 4 − j I  =  j5 
  2   

∆ = -3 − j5 , ∆ 1 = -5 + j40 , ∆ 2 = -15 + j85

∆ 1 − ∆ 2 10 − j45
I = I1 − I 2 = = = 7.906∠43.49° A
∆ - 3 − j5
Chapter 10, Solution 34.

The circuit is shown below.

Io
5Ω I2 3A
20 Ω

8Ω -j2 Ω I3

10 Ω
+
40∠90° V I1 j15 Ω
−
j4 Ω

For mesh 1,
- j40 + (18 + j2) I 1 − (8 − j2) I 2 − (10 + j4) I 3 = 0 (1)

For the supermesh,

(13 − j2) I 2 + (30 + j19) I 3 − (18 + j2) I 1 = 0 (2)

Also,
I2 = I3 − 3 (3)

Adding (1) and (2) and incorporating (3),

- j40 + 5 (I 3 − 3) + (20 + j15) I 3 = 0
3 + j8
I3 = = 1.465∠38.48°
5 + j3
I o = I 3 = 1.465∠38.48° A
Chapter 10, Solution 35.

Consider the circuit shown below.

4Ω j2 Ω

I3

8Ω 1Ω -j3 Ω

10 Ω
+ I1 I2
20 V -j4 A
−
-j5 Ω

For the supermesh,

- 20 + 8 I 1 + (11 − j8) I 2 − (9 − j3) I 3 = 0 (1)

Also,
I 1 = I 2 + j4 (2)

For mesh 3,
(13 − j) I 3 − 8 I 1 − (1 − j3) I 2 = 0 (3)

Substituting (2) into (1),

(19 − j8) I 2 − (9 − j3) I 3 = 20 − j32 (4)

Substituting (2) into (3),

- (9 − j3) I 2 + (13 − j) I 3 = j32 (5)

From (4) and (5),

 19 − j8 - (9 − j3)  I 2   20 − j32 
 - (9 − j3) 13 − j  I  =  j32 
  3   

∆ = 167 − j69 , ∆ 2 = 324 − j148

∆ 2 324 − j148 356.2∠ - 24.55°

I2 = = =
∆ 167 − j69 180.69∠ - 22.45°
I 2 = 1.971∠-2.1° A
Chapter 10, Solution 36.

Consider the circuit below.

j4 Ω -j3 Ω

+
I1 I2 +
4∠90° A 2Ω Vo 12∠0° V
−
−

2Ω 2Ω
I3

2∠0° A

Clearly,
I 1 = 4 ∠90° = j4 and I 3 = -2
For mesh 2,
(4 − j3) I 2 − 2 I 1 − 2 I 3 + 12 = 0
(4 − j3) I 2 − j8 + 4 + 12 = 0
- 16 + j8
I2 = = -3.52 − j0.64
4 − j3
Thus,
Vo = 2 (I 1 − I 2 ) = (2)(3.52 + j4.64) = 7.04 + j9.28
Vo = 11.648∠52.82° V

Chapter 10, Solution 37.

I1

+ Ix
120∠ − 90 o V Z
- I2 Z=80-j35 Ω

Iz
- Iy
120∠ − 30 o V Z
+ I3

For mesh x,

ZI x − ZI z = − j120 (1)
For mesh y,

ZI y − ZI z = −120∠30 o = −103.92 + j60 (2)

For mesh z,

− ZI x − ZI y + 3ZI z = 0 (3)

Putting (1) to (3) together leads to the following matrix equation:

 (80 − j35) 0 (−80 + j35)  I x   − j120 

    
 0 (80 − j35) (−80 + j35)  I y  =  − 103.92 + j60  
→ AI = B
 (−80 + j35) (−80 + j35) (240 − j105)  I   0 
  z   

Using MATLAB, we obtain

 - 1.9165 + j1.4115 
 
I = inv(A) * B =  - 2.1806 - j0.954 
 - 1.3657 + j0.1525 
 
I1 = I x = −1.9165 + j1.4115 = 2.3802∠143.6 o A
I 2 = I y − I x = −0.2641 − j2.3655 = 2.3802∠ − 96.37 o A
I 3 = − I y = 2.1806 + j0.954 = 2.3802∠23.63o A

Chapter 10, Solution 38.

Consider the circuit below.

 Io

I1 I2
+
2∠0° A 2Ω 10∠90° V
−
j2 Ω -j4 Ω

1Ω I3 4∠0° A I4 1Ω

Clearly,
I1 = 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
(2 − j4) I 2 − 2 I 1 + j4 I 4 + 10 ∠90° = 0 (2)
Substitute (1) into (2) to get
(1 − j2) I 2 + j2 I 4 = 2 − j5
For the supermesh,
(1 + j2) I 3 − j2 I 1 + (1 − j4) I 4 + j4 I 2 = 0
j4 I 2 + (1 + j2) I 3 + (1 − j4) I 4 = j4 (3)
At node A,
I3 = I4 − 4 (4)
Substituting (4) into (3) gives
j2 I 2 + (1 − j) I 4 = 2 (1 + j3) (5)
From (2) and (5),
1 − j2 j2  I 2   2 − j5
 j2 1 − j I  =  2 + j6
  4   

∆ = 3 − j3 , ∆ 1 = 9 − j11

- ∆ 1 - (9 − j11) 1
Io = -I2 = = = (-10 + j)
∆ 3 − j3 3
I o = 3.35∠174.3° A
 Chapter 10, Solution 39.

For mesh 1,
(28 − j15)I1 − 8I 2 + j15I 3 = 12∠64 o (1)
For mesh 2,
− 8I1 + (8 − j9)I 2 − j16I 3 = 0 (2)
For mesh 3,
j15I1 − j16I 2 + (10 + j)I 3 = 0 (3)

In matrix form, (1) to (3) can be cast as

 (28 − j15) −8 j15  I1  12∠64 o 

  
 −8 (8 − j9) − j16  I 2  =  0  or AI = B
  
 j15 − j16 (10 + j)  I 3   0 
 

Using MATLAB,

I = inv(A)*B

I1 = −0.128 + j0.3593 = 0.3814∠109.6 o A

I 2 = −0.1946 + j0.2841 = 0.3443∠124.4 o A
I 3 = 0.0718 − j0.1265 = 0.1455∠ − 60.42 o A
 I x = I1 − I 2 = 0.0666 + j0.0752 = 0.1005∠48.5 o A

Chapter 10, Solution 40.

Let i O = i O1 + i O 2 , where i O1 is due to the dc source and i O 2 is due to the ac source. For
i O1 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

4Ω 2Ω

iO1 +
8V
−

(a)
Clearly,
i O1 = 8 2 = 4 A

For i O 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

4Ω 2Ω

IO2
+
10∠0° V
− j4 Ω

(b)
If we transform the voltage source, we have the circuit in Fig. (c), where 4 || 2 = 4 3 Ω .

IO2

2.5∠0° A 4Ω 2Ω j4 Ω

(c)
By the current division principle,
43
I O2 = (2.5∠0°)
4 3 + j4
I O 2 = 0.25 − j0.75 = 0.79∠ - 71.56°
Thus, i O 2 = 0.79 cos(4t − 71.56°) A
Therefore,
i O = i O1 + i O 2 = 4 + 0.79 cos(4t – 71.56°) A

Chapter 10, Solution 41.

Let vx = v1 + v2.

For v1 we let the DC source equal zero.

5Ω 1Ω

+
+ –j
20∠0˚ – V1
−

V1 − 20 V1 V1
+ + = 0 which simplifies to (1j − 5 + 5 j)V1 = 100 j
5 −j 1

V1 = 2.56∠–39.8˚ or v1 = 2.56sin(500t – 39.8˚) V

Setting the AC signal to zero produces:

5Ω 1Ω

+
+
V2 – 6V
−

The 1-ohm resistor in series with the 5-ohm resistor creating a simple voltage divider
yielding:

v2 = (5/6)6 = 5 V.

vx = {2.56sin(500t – 39.8˚) + 5} V.
Chapter 10, Solution 42.

Let ix = i1 + i2, where i1 and i2 which are generated by is and vs respectively. For i1 we let
is = 6sin2t A becomes Is = 6∠0˚, where ω =2.

2 − j4 1 − j2
I1 = 6 = 12 = 3.724 − j3.31 = 4.983∠ − 41.63°
3 + j2 + 2 − j4 5 − j2
i1= 4.983sin(2t – 41.63˚) A
–j4 2Ω

i1

3Ω
is

j2

For i2, we transform vs = 12cos(4t – 30˚) into the frequency domain and get
Vs = 12∠–30˚.

12∠ − 30°
Thus, I 2 = = 5.385∠8.2° or i2 = 5.385cos(4t + 8.2˚) A
2 − j2 + 3 + j4

–j2 2Ω

i2

3Ω
+
Vs −

j4

ix = [5.385cos(4t + 8.2˚) + 4.983sin(2t – 41.63˚)] A.

Chapter 10, Solution 43.

Let i O = i O1 + i O 2 , where i O1 is due to the dc source and i O 2 is due to the ac source. For
i O1 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

4Ω 2Ω

iO1 +
8V
−

(a)
Clearly,
i O1 = 8 2 = 4 A

For i O 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

4Ω 2Ω

IO2
+
10∠0° V
− j4 Ω

(b)
If we transform the voltage source, we have the circuit in Fig. (c), where 4 || 2 = 4 3 Ω .

IO2

2.5∠0° A 4Ω 2Ω j4 Ω

(c)
By the current division principle,
43
I O2 = (2.5∠0°)
4 3 + j4
I O 2 = 0.25 − j0.75 = 0.79∠ - 71.56°
Thus, i O 2 = 0.79 cos(4t − 71.56°) A
Therefore,
i O = i O1 + i O 2 = 4 + 0.79 cos (89)(4t – 71.56°) A
Chapter 10, Solution 44.

Let v x = v1 + v 2 , where v1 and v2 are due to the current source and voltage source
respectively.

For v1 , ω = 6 , 5 H 
→ jωL = j30

The frequency-domain circuit is shown below.

20 Ω j30

+
16 Ω V1
Is -

16(20 + j30)
Let Z = 16 //( 20 + j30) = = 11.8 + j3.497 = 12.31∠16.5 o
36 + j30
V1 = I s Z = (12∠10 o )(12.31∠16.5 o ) = 147.7∠26.5 o 
→ v1 = 147.7 cos(6 t + 26.5 o ) V

For v2 , ω = 2 , 5 H 
→ jωL = j10

The frequency-domain circuit is shown below.

20 Ω j10

+
16 Ω V2 +
Vs
- -
-
Using voltage division,
16 16(50∠0 o )
V2 = Vs = = 21.41∠ − 15.52 o 
→ v 2 = 21.41sin(2t − 15.52 o ) V
16 + 20 + j10 36 + j10

Thus,
v x = 147.7 cos(6 t + 26.5 o ) + 21.41sin( 2 t − 15.52 o ) V

Chapter 10, Solution 45.

Let I o = I 1 + I 2 , where I 1 is due to the voltage source and I 2 is due to the current
source. For I 1 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

10 Ω IT
I1
+
20∠-150° V j10 Ω -j5 Ω
−

(a)

j10 || - j5 = - j10
20 ∠ - 150° 2∠ - 150°
IT = =
10 − j10 1− j

Using current division,

- j5 - j5 2 ∠ - 150°
I1 = IT = ⋅ = - (1 + j) ∠ - 150°
j10 − j5 j5 1− j

For I 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

I2

10 Ω j10 Ω -j5 Ω 4∠-45° A

(b)
- j10
10 || - j5 =
2− j

Using current division,

 - j10 (2 − j)
I2 = (4∠ - 45°) = -2 (1 + j) ∠ - 45°
- j10 (2 − j) + j10
I o = I 1 + I 2 = - 2 ∠ - 105° − 2 2 ∠0°
I o = -2.462 + j1.366 = 2.816∠150.98°
Therefore, i o = 2.816 cos(10t + 150.98°) A

Chapter 10, Solution 46.

Let v o = v1 + v 2 + v 3 , where v1 , v 2 , and v 3 are respectively due to the 10-V dc source,

the ac current source, and the ac voltage source. For v1 consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

6Ω 2H

+
+
1/12 F v1 10 V
−
−
(a)

The capacitor is open to dc, while the inductor is a short circuit. Hence,
v1 = 10 V

For v 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

ω= 2
2H  → jωL = j4
1 1 1
F  → = = - j6
12 jωC j (2)(1 / 12)

+
6Ω -j6 Ω V2 4∠0° A j4 Ω
−
(b)

Applying nodal analysis,

V V V 1 j j 
4 = 2 + 2 + 2 =  + −  V2
6 - j6 j4  6 6 4 

24
V2 = = 21.45∠26.56°
1 − j0.5
Hence, v 2 = 21.45 sin( 2 t + 26.56°) V

For v 3 , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

ω=3
2H  → jωL = j6
1 1 1
F  → = = - j4
12 jωC j (3)(1 / 12)

6Ω j6 Ω

+
+
12∠0° V -j4 Ω V3
−
−
(c)

At the non-reference node,

12 − V3 V3 V3
= +
6 - j4 j6
12
V3 = = 10.73∠ - 26.56°
1 + j0.5
Hence, v 3 = 10.73 cos(3t − 26.56°) V

Therefore, v o = 10 + 21.45 sin(2t + 26.56°) + 10.73 cos(3t – 26.56°) V

Chapter 10, Solution 47.

Let i o = i1 + i 2 + i 3 , where i1 , i 2 , and i 3 are respectively due to the 24-V dc source, the
ac voltage source, and the ac current source. For i1 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

24 V
1Ω 1/6 F 2H
− +
i1

2Ω 4Ω

(a)

Since the capacitor is an open circuit to dc,

 24
i1 = =4A
4+2

For i 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

ω=1
2H  → jωL = j2
1 1
F  → = - j6
6 jωC

1Ω -j6 Ω j2 Ω

I2
+ I1 I2
10∠-30° V 2Ω 4Ω
−

(b)
For mesh 1,
- 10 ∠ - 30° + (3 − j6) I 1 − 2 I 2 = 0
10 ∠ - 30° = 3 (1 − 2 j) I 1 − 2 I 2
(1)

For mesh 2,
0 = -2 I 1 + (6 + j2) I 2
I 1 = (3 + j) I 2
(2)

Substituting (2) into (1)

10 ∠ - 30° = 13 − j15 I 2
I 2 = 0.504 ∠19.1°
Hence, i 2 = 0.504 sin( t + 19.1°) A

For i 3 , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

ω=3
2H  → jωL = j6
1 1 1
F  → = = - j2
6 jωC j (3)(1 / 6)

1Ω -j2 Ω j6 Ω

I3

2Ω 2∠0° A 4Ω

(c)
 2 (1 − j2)
2 || (1 − j2) =
3 − j2

Using current division,

2 (1 − j2)
⋅ (2∠0°)
3 − j2 2 (1 − j2)
I3 = =
2 (1 − j2) 13 + j3
4 + j6 +
3 − j2
I 3 = 0.3352 ∠ - 76.43°
Hence i 3 = 0.3352 cos(3t − 76.43°) A

Therefore, i o = 4 + 0.504 sin(t + 19.1°) + 0.3352 cos(3t – 76.43°) A

Chapter 10, Solution 48.

Let i O = i O1 + i O 2 + i O 3 , where i O1 is due to the ac voltage source, i O 2 is due to the dc

voltage source, and i O3 is due to the ac current source. For i O1 , consider the circuit in
Fig. (a).
ω = 2000
50 cos(2000t )  → 50∠0°
40 mH 
→ jωL = j (2000)(40 × 10 -3 ) = j80
1 1
20 µF 
→ = = - j25
jωC j (2000)(20 × 10 -6 )

I -j25 Ω IO1

+
50∠0° V 80 Ω 100 Ω
−

j80 Ω 60 Ω
(a)

80 || (60 + 100) = 160 3

50 30
I= =
160 3 + j80 − j25 32 + j33

Using current division,

 - 80 I -1 10∠180°
I O1 = = I=
80 + 160 3 46∠45.9°
I O1 = 0.217 ∠134.1°
Hence, i O1 = 0.217 cos(2000 t + 134.1°) A

For i O 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

iO2
80 Ω
100 Ω

60 Ω +
24 V
−

(b)

24
i O2 = = 0.1 A
80 + 60 + 100

For i O3 , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

ω = 4000
2 cos(4000t )  → 2∠0°
40 mH 
→ jωL = j (4000)(40 × 10 -3 ) = j160
1 1
20 µF 
→ = = - j12.5
jωC j (4000)(20 × 10 -6 )

-j12.5 Ω

I2
IO3
80 Ω
j160 Ω
I3 100 Ω

2∠0° A I1 60 Ω

(c)
For mesh 1,
I1 = 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
 (80 + j160 − j12.5) I 2 − j160 I 1 − 80 I 3 = 0
Simplifying and substituting (1) into this equation yields
(8 + j14.75) I 2 − 8 I 3 = j32 (2)
For mesh 3,
240 I 3 − 60 I 1 − 80 I 2 = 0
Simplifying and substituting (1) into this equation yields
I 2 = 3 I 3 − 1.5 (3)
Substituting (3) into (2) yields
(16 + j44.25) I 3 = 12 + j54.125
12 + j54.125
I3 = = 1.1782∠7.38°
16 + j44.25

I O 3 = - I 3 = -1.1782∠7.38°
Hence, i O 3 = -1.1782 sin( 4000t + 7.38°) A

Therefore, i O = 0.1 + 0.217 cos(2000t + 134.1°) – 1.1782 sin(4000t + 7.38°) A

Chapter 10, Solution 49.

8 sin( 200t + 30°) 

→ 8∠30°, ω = 200
5 mH 
→ jωL = j (200)(5 × 10 -3 ) = j
1 1
1 mF 
→ = = - j5
jωC j (200)(1 × 10 -3 )

After transforming the current source, the circuit becomes that shown in the figure below.
5Ω 3Ω I

jΩ
+
40∠30° V
−
-j5 Ω

40 ∠30° 40 ∠30°
I= = = 4.472∠56.56°
5 + 3 + j − j5 8 − j4
i = 4.472 sin(200t + 56.56°) A
Chapter 10, Solution 50.

50 cos(10 5 t ) 
→ 50 ∠0°, ω = 10 5
0.4 mH 
→ jωL = j (10 5 )(0.4 × 10 -3 ) = j40
1 1
0.2 µF 
→ = = - j50
jωC j (10 )(0.2 × 10 -6 )
5

After transforming the voltage source, we get the circuit in Fig. (a).
j40 Ω

+
2.5∠0° A 20 Ω -j50 Ω 80 Ω Vo
−
(a)

- j100
Let Z = 20 || - j 50 =
2 − j5
- j250
and Vs = (2.5∠0°) Z =
2 − j5

With these, the current source is transformed to obtain the circuit in Fig.(b).
Z j40 Ω

+
+
Vs 80 Ω Vo
−
−
(b)

By voltage division,
80 80 - j250
Vo = Vs = ⋅
Z + 80 + j40 - j100 2 − j5
+ 80 + j40
2 − j5
8 (- j250)
Vo = = 36.15∠ - 40.6°
36 − j42
Therefore, v o = 36.15 cos(105 t – 40.6°) V
Chapter 10, Solution 51.

The original circuit with mesh currents and a node voltage labeled is shown below.

Io

4∠-60° V j10 Ω -j20 Ω 40 Ω 1.25∠0° A

The following circuit is obtained by transforming the voltage sources.

Io

4∠-60° V j10 Ω -j20 Ω 40 Ω 1.25∠0° A

Use nodal analysis to find Vx .

 1 1 1
4 ∠ - 60° + 1.25∠0° =  + +  Vx
 j10 - j20 40 
3.25 − j3.464 = (0.025 − j0.05) Vx
3.25 − j3.464
Vx = = 81.42 + j24.29 = 84.97 ∠16.61°
0.025 − j0.05

Thus, from the original circuit,

40 ∠30° − Vx (34.64 + j20) − (81.42 + j24.29)
I1 = =
j10 j10
- 46.78 − j4.29
I1 = = -0.429 + j4.678 = 4.698∠95.24° A
j10

Vx − 50 ∠0° 31.42 + j24.29

I2 = =
40 40
I 2 = 0.7855 + j0.6072 = 0.9928∠37.7° = 0.9928∠37.7° A

Chapter 10, Solution 52.

We transform the voltage source to a current source.

60∠0°
Is = = 6 − j12
2 + j4
The new circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
-j2 Ω

Ix
2Ω
4Ω
Is = 6 – j12 A 6Ω 5∠90° A
j4 Ω -j3 Ω

(a)

6 (2 + j4)
Let Z s = 6 || (2 + j4) = = 2.4 + j1.8
8 + j4
Vs = I s Z s = (6 − j12)(2.4 + j1.8) = 36 − j18 = 18 (2 − j)

With these, we transform the current source on the left hand side of the circuit to a
voltage source. We obtain the circuit in Fig. (b).
Zs -j2 Ω

Ix

+
4Ω
Vs j5 A
−
-j3 Ω

(b)

Let Z o = Z s − j2 = 2.4 − j0.2 = 0.2 (12 − j)

Vs 18 (2 − j)
Io = = = 15.517 − j6.207
Z o 0.2 (12 − j)

With these, we transform the voltage source in Fig. (b) to a current source. We obtain the
circuit in Fig. (c).

Ix

4Ω
Io Zo j5 A
-j3 Ω

(c)
Using current division,
Zo 2.4 − j0.2
Ix = (I o + j5) = (15.517 − j1.207)
Z o + 4 − j3 6.4 − j3.2
I x = 5 + j1.5625 = 5.238∠17.35° A

Chapter 10, Solution 53.

We transform the voltage source to a current source to obtain the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j3 Ω j4 Ω

+
5∠0° A 4Ω j2 Ω 2Ω Vo -j2 Ω
−
(a)
j8
Let Z s = 4 || j2 = = 0.8 + j1.6
4 + j2
Vs = (5∠0°) Z s = (5)(0.8 + j1.6) = 4 + j8

With these, the current source is transformed so that the circuit becomes that shown in
Fig. (b).
Zs -j3 Ω j4 Ω

+
+
Vs 2Ω -j2 Ω Vo
−
−
(b)
Let Z x = Z s − j3 = 0.8 − j1.4
V 4 + j8
Ix = s = = −3.0769 + j4.6154
Z s 0.8 − j1.4

With these, we transform the voltage source in Fig. (b) to obtain the circuit in Fig. (c).
j4 Ω

+
Ix Zx 2Ω -j2 Ω Vo
−
(c)
 1.6 − j2.8
Let Z y = 2 || Z x = = 0.8571 − j0.5714
2.8 − j1.4
Vy = I x Z y = (−3.0769 + j4.6154) ⋅ (0.8571 − j0.5714) = j5.7143

With these, we transform the current source to obtain the circuit in Fig. (d).
Zy j4 Ω

+
+
Vy -j2 Ω Vo
−
−
(d)

Using current division,

- j2 - j2 ( j5.7143)
Vo = Vy = = (3.529 – j5.883) V
Z y + j4 − j2 0.8571 − j0.5714 + j4 − j2

Chapter 10, Solution 54.

50 x(− j 30)
50 //(− j 30) = = 13.24 − j 22.059
50 − j 30
We convert the current source to voltage source and obtain the circuit below.

13.24 – j22.059 Ω
40 Ω j20 Ω

+ + -
115.91 –j31.06V I
V 134.95-j74.912 V
- +

Applying KVL gives

-115.91 + j31.058 + (53.24-j2.059)I -134.95 + j74.912 = 0

− 250.86 + j105.97
or I = = −4.7817 + j1.8055
53.24 − j 2.059
 But − V + (40 + j20)I + V = 0 
→ V = Vs − (40 + j20)I

V = 115.91 − j31.05 − (40 + j20)(−4.7817 + j1.8055) = 124.06∠ − 154 o V

which agrees with the result in Prob. 10.7.

Chapter 10, Solution 55.

(a) To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

j20 Ω 10 Ω

Zth
-j10 Ω

(a)

( j20)(- j10)
Z N = Z th = 10 + j20 || (- j10) = 10 +
j20 − j10
= 10 − j20 = 22.36∠-63.43° Ω

To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

j20 Ω 10 Ω

+
+
50∠30° V -j10 Ω Vth
−
−

(b)

- j10
Vth = (50∠30°) = -50∠30° V
j20 − j10

Vth - 50 ∠30°
IN = = = 2.236∠273.4° A
Z th 22.36 ∠ - 63.43°
(b) To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

-j5 Ω

Zth
8Ω j10 Ω

(c)

( j10)(8 − j5)
Z N = Z th = j10 || (8 − j5) = = 10∠26° Ω
j10 + 8 − j5

To obtain Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (d).

-j5 Ω

Io
+
4∠0° A 8Ω j10 Ω Vth
−

(d)

By current division,
8 32
Io = (4∠0°) =
8 + j10 − j5 8 + j5

j320
Vth = j10 I o = = 33.92∠58° V
8 + j5

Vth 33.92 ∠58°

IN = = = 3.392∠32° A
Z th 10 ∠26°
Chapter 10, Solution 56.

(a) To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

j4 Ω
6Ω

Zth
-j2 Ω

(a)

( j4)(- j2)
Z N = Z th = 6 + j4 || (- j2) = 6 + = 6 − j4
j4 − j2
= 7.211∠-33.69° Ω

By placing short circuit at terminals a-b, we obtain,

I N = 2∠0° A

Vth = Z th I th = (7.211∠ - 33.69°) (2∠0°) = 14.422∠-33.69° V

(b) To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

j10 Ω

Zth
30 Ω 60 Ω -j5 Ω

(b)

30 || 60 = 20
(- j5)(20 + j10)
Z N = Z th = - j5 || (20 + j10) =
20 + j5
= 5.423∠-77.47° Ω
 To find Vth and I N , we transform the voltage source and combine the 30 Ω
and 60 Ω resistors. The result is shown in Fig. (c).
j10 Ω a

IN
4∠45° A 20 Ω -j5 Ω

(c) b

20 2
IN = (4∠45°) = (2 − j)(4∠45°)
20 + j10 5
= 3.578∠18.43° A

Vth = Z th I N = (5.423∠ - 77.47°) (3.578∠18.43°)

= 19.4∠-59° V

Chapter 10, Solution 57.

To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

5Ω -j10 Ω 2Ω

Zth
j20 Ω

(a)

( j20)(5 − j10)
Z N = Z th = 2 + j20 || (5 − j10) = 2 +
5 + j10
= 18 − j12 = 21.633∠-33.7° Ω

To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

5Ω -j10 Ω 2Ω

+
+
60∠120° V j20 Ω Vth
−
−

(b)
 j20 j4
Vth = (60 ∠120°) = (60∠120°)
5 − j10 + j20 1 + j2
= 107.3∠146.56° V

Vth 107.3∠146.56°
IN = = = 4.961∠-179.7° A
Z th 21.633∠ - 33.7°

Chapter 10, Solution 58.

Consider the circuit in Fig. (a) to find Z th .

8Ω Zth
j10 Ω
-j6 Ω

(a)

( j10)(8 − j6)
Z th = j10 || (8 − j6) = = 5 (2 + j)
8 + j4
= 11.18∠26.56° Ω

Consider the circuit in Fig. (b) to find Vth .

Io +
8Ω
5∠45° A j10 Ω Vth
-j6 Ω

(b)

8 − j6 4 − j3
Io = (5∠45°) = (5∠45°)
8 − j6 + j10 4 + j2

( j10)(4 − j3)(5∠45°)
Vth = j10 I o = = 55.9∠71.56° V
(2)(2 + j)
Chapter 10, Solution 59.

The frequency-domain equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a). Our goal is to find Vth and
Z th across the terminals of the capacitor as shown in Figs. (b) and (c).

3Ω jΩ 3Ω jΩ

a
+ Zth
+ +
10∠-45° V Vo -j Ω 5∠-60° A
− −
− b

(a) (b)

3Ω jΩ
Zth
a
+ +
+ + +
10∠-45° V Vth 5∠-60° A Vth Vo -j Ω
− − −
− −
b
(d)
(c)
From Fig. (b),
j3 3
Z th = 3 || j = = (1 + j3)
3 + j 10

From Fig.(c),
10∠ - 45° − Vth 5∠ - 60° − Vth
+ =0
3 j
10 ∠ - 45° − 15∠30°
Vth =
1 − j3

From Fig. (d),

 -j
Vo = V = 10∠ - 45° − 15∠30°
Z th − j th
Vo = 15.73∠247.9° V
Therefore, v o = 15.73 cos(t + 247.9°) V

Chapter 10, Solution 60.

(a) To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

10 Ω -j4 Ω
a

Zth
j5 Ω 4Ω

b
(a)

Z th = 4 || (- j4 + 10 || j5) = 4 || (- j4 + 2 + j4)
Z th = 4 || 2 = 1.333 Ω

To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

10 Ω V1 -j4 Ω V2

+
+
20∠0° V j5 Ω 4∠0° A 4Ω Vth
−
−

(b)

At node 1,
20 − V1 V1 V1 − V2
= +
10 j5 - j4
(1 + j0.5) V1 − j2.5 V2 = 20
(1)

At node 2,
 V1 − V2 V2
4+ =
- j4 4
V1 = (1 − j) V2 + j16
(2)

Substituting (2) into (1) leads to

28 − j16 = (1.5 − j3) V2
28 − j16
V2 = = 8 + j5.333
1.5 − j3

Therefore,
Vth = V2 = 9.615∠33.69° V

(b) To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

Zth
c d

10 Ω -j4 Ω

j5 Ω 4Ω

(c)

 j10 
Z th = - j4 || (4 + 10 || j5) = - j4 ||  4 + 
 2 + j
- j4
Z th = - j4 || (6 + j4) = (6 + j4) = 2.667 – j4 Ω
6

To find Vth ,we will make use of the result in part (a).
V2 = 8 + j5.333 = (8 3 ) (3 + j2)
V1 = (1 − j) V2 + j16 = j16 + (8 3) (5 − j)

Vth = V1 − V2 = 16 3 + j8 = 9.614∠56.31° V
Chapter 10, Solution 61.

First, we need to find Vth and Z th across the 1 Ω resistor.

4Ω -j3 Ω j8 Ω 6Ω

Zth

(a)

From Fig. (a),

(4 − j3)(6 + j8)
Z th = (4 − j3) || (6 + j8) = = 4.4 − j0.8
10 + j5
Z th = 4.472∠-10.3° Ω

4Ω -j3 Ω j8 Ω 6Ω

+
+
-j16 V
− Vth 2A
−

(b)

From Fig. (b),

- j16 − Vth Vth
+2=
4 − j3 6 + j8
3.92 − j2.56
Vth = = 20.93∠ - 43.45°
0.22 + j0.4

Vth 20.93∠ - 43.45°

Vo = =
1 + Z th 5.46 ∠ - 8.43°
Vo = 3.835∠ - 35.02°

Therefore, v o = 3.835 cos(4t – 35.02°) V

Chapter 10, Solution 62.

First, we transform the circuit to the frequency domain.

12 cos( t ) → 12∠0°, ω = 1
2H → jωL = j2
1 1
F 
→ = - j4
4 jωC
1 1
F 
→ = - j8
8 jωC

To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

3 Io

Io 4Ω Vx j2 Ω Ix
1 2
+
-j4 Ω -j8 Ω 1V
−

(a)
At node 1,
Vx Vx 1 − Vx - Vx
+ + 3Io = , where I o =
4 - j4 j2 4

Vx 2 Vx 1 − Vx
Thus, − =
- j4 4 j2
Vx = 0.4 + j0.8
At node 2,
1 1 − Vx
I x + 3Io = +
- j8 j2
3
I x = (0.75 + j0.5) Vx − j
8
I x = -0.1 + j0.425

1
Z th = = -0.5246 − j2.229 = 2.29∠ - 103.24° Ω
Ix
To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

3 Io

Io 4Ω V1 j2 Ω V2
1 2
+
+
12∠0° V -j4 Ω -j8 Ω Vth
−
−

(b)
At node 1,
12 − V1 V V − V2 12 − V1
= 3Io + 1 + 1 , where I o =
4 - j4 j2 4
24 = (2 + j) V1 − j2 V2
(1)
At node 2,
V1 − V2 V
+ 3Io = 2
j2 - j8
72 = (6 + j4) V1 − j3 V2
(2)
From (1) and (2),
 24  2 + j - j2  V1 
 72  =  6 + j4 - j3  V 
    2

∆ = -5 + j6 , ∆ 2 = - j24
∆2
Vth = V2 = = 3.073∠ - 219.8°
∆
Thus,
2 (2)(3.073∠ - 219.8°)
Vo = Vth =
2 + Z th 1.4754 − j2.229
6.146∠ - 219.8°
Vo = = 2.3∠ - 163.3°
2.673∠ - 56.5°

Therefore, v o = 2.3 cos(t – 163.3°) V

Chapter 10, Solution 63.

Transform the circuit to the frequency domain.

4 cos(200t + 30°) 
→ 4∠30°, ω = 200
10 H 
→ jωL = j (200)(10) = j2 kΩ
1 1
5 µF 
→ = = - j kΩ
jωC j (200)(5 × 10 -6 )

Z N is found using the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j kΩ

ZN
j2 kΩ 2 kΩ

(a)

Z N = - j + 2 || j2 = - j + 1 + j = 1 kΩ

We find I N using the circuit in Fig. (b).

-j kΩ

4∠30° A j2 kΩ 2 kΩ IN

(b)

j2 || 2 = 1 + j

By the current division principle,

1+ j
IN = (4 ∠30°) = 5.657 ∠75°
1+ j − j

Therefore,
i N = 5.657 cos(200t + 75°) A
Z N = 1 kΩ
Chapter 10, Solution 64.

Z N is obtained from the circuit in Fig. (a).

60 Ω ZN 40 Ω

j80 Ω -j30 Ω

(a)
(100)( j50)
Z N = (60 + 40) || ( j80 − j30) = 100 || j50 =
100 + j50
Z N = 20 + j40 = 44.72∠63.43° Ω

To find I N , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

60 Ω I1 40 Ω
IN
3∠60° A Is

j80 Ω I2 -j30 Ω

(b)

I s = 3∠60°

For mesh 1,
100 I 1 − 60 I s = 0
I 1 = 1.8∠60°

For mesh 2,
( j80 − j30) I 2 − j80 I s = 0
I 2 = 4.8∠60°

I N = I 1 − I 2 = 3∠60° A
Chapter 10, Solution 65.

5 cos(2 t ) 
→ 5∠0°, ω = 2
4H → jωL = j (2)(4) = j8
1 1 1
F 
→ = = - j2
4 jωC j (2)(1 / 4)
1 1 1
F 
→ = = -j
2 jωC j (2)(1 / 2)

To find Z N , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

2Ω

ZN
-j2 Ω -j Ω

(a)

- j (2 − j2) 1
Z N = - j || (2 − j2) = = (2 − j10)
2 − j3 13

To find I N , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

5∠0° V
2Ω
+ −

-j2 Ω IN -j Ω

(b)

5∠0°
IN = = j5
-j

The Norton equivalent of the circuit is shown in Fig. (c).

Io

IN ZN j8 Ω

(c)
 Using current division,
ZN (1 13)(2 − j10)( j5) 50 + j10
Io = IN = =
Z N + j8 (1 13)(2 − j10) + j8 2 + j94
I o = 0.1176 − j0.5294 = 0542∠ - 77.47°

Therefore, i o = 0.542 cos(2t – 77.47°) A

Chapter 10, Solution 66.

ω = 10
0.5 H →jωL = j (10)(0.5) = j5
1 1
10 mF 
→ = = - j10
jωC j (10)(10 × 10 -3 )

-j10 Ω Vx

+
10 Ω Vo j5 Ω 2 Vo 1A

−
(a)

To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

Vx Vx 10Vx
1 + 2 Vo = + , where Vo =
j5 10 − j10 10 − j10
19 Vx V - 10 + j10
1+ = x  → Vx =
10 − j10 j5 21 + j2

Vx 14.142 ∠135°
Z N = Z th = = = 0.67∠129.56° Ω
1 21.095∠5.44°

To find Vth and I N , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

12∠0° V
-j10 Ω
− +
+ +
-j2 A 10 Ω Vo I j5 Ω 2 Vo Vth
− −

(b)
 (10 − j10 + j5) I − (10)(- j2) + j5 (2 Vo ) − 12 = 0
where Vo = (10)(- j2 − I )

Thus,
(10 − j105) I = -188 − j20
188 + j20
I=
- 10 + j105

Vth = j5 (I + 2 Vo ) = j5 (21I + j40) = j105 I − 200

j105 (188 + j20)
Vth = − 200 = -11.802 + j2.076
- 10 + j105
Vth = 11.97∠170° V

Vth 11.97 ∠170°

IN = = = 17.86∠40.44° A
Z th 0.67 ∠129.56°

Chapter 10, Solution 67.

10(13 − j5) 12(8 + j6)

Z N = Z Th = 10 //(13 − j5) + 12 //(8 + j6) = + = 11.243 + j1.079Ω
23 − j5 20 + j6
10 (8 + j6)
Va = (60∠45 o ) = 13.78 + j21.44, Vb = (60∠45 o ) = 25.93 + j454.37Ω
23 − j5 20 + j6
V
VTh = Va − Vb = 433.1∠ − 1.599 o V, I N = Th = 38.34∠ − 97.09 o A
Z Th

Chapter 10, Solution 68.

1H 
→ jωL = j10x1 = j10
1 1 1
F → = = − j2
20 jω C 1
j10 x
20

We obtain VTh using the circuit below.

 Io 4Ω
a

+ +

+ -j2 j10 Vo
6<0o Vo/3 - 4Io
- -
b

j10(− j2)
j10 //(− j2) = = − j2.5
j10 − j2
Vo = 4I o x (− j2.5) = − j10I o (1)
1
− 6 + 4I o + Vo = 0 (2)
3

Combining (1) and (2) gives

6 − j60
Io = , VTh = Vo = − j10I o = = 11.52∠ − 50.19 o
4 − j10 / 3 4 − j10 / 3

v Th = 11.52 sin(10 t − 50.19 o )

To find RTh, we insert a 1-A source at terminals a-b, as shown below.

Io 4Ω
a

+ -j2 j10 Vo
Vo/3 - 4Io 1<0o
-

1 V
4I o + Vo = 0 → Io = − o
3 12

Vo Vo
1 + 4I o = +
− j2 j10
Combining the two equations leads to

1
Vo = = 1.2293 − j1.4766
0.333 + j0.4
V
Z Th = o = 1.2293 − 1.477Ω
1

Chapter 10, Solution 69.

This is an inverting op amp so that

Vo - Z f -R
= = = -jωRC
Vs Zi 1 jωC

When Vs = Vm and ω = 1 RC ,
1
Vo = - j ⋅ ⋅ RC ⋅ Vm = - j Vm = Vm ∠ - 90°
RC

Therefore,
v o ( t ) = Vm sin(ωt − 90°) = - Vm cos(ωt)

Chapter 10, Solution 70.

This may also be regarded as an inverting amplifier.

2 cos(4 × 10 4 t ) → 2 ∠0°, ω = 4 × 10 4
1 1
10 nF  → = = - j2.5 kΩ
jωC j (4 × 10 )(10 × 10 -9 )
4

Vo - Z f
=
Vs Zi
- j100
where Z i = 50 kΩ and Z f = 100k || (- j2.5k ) = kΩ .
40 − j
Vo - j2
Thus, =
Vs 40 − j

If Vs = 2 ∠0° ,
- j4 4 ∠ - 90°
Vo = = = 0.1∠ - 88.57°
40 − j 40.01∠ - 1.43°

Therefore,
v o ( t ) = 0.1 cos(4x104 t – 88.57°) V
Chapter 10, Solution 71.

8 cos(2t + 30 o ) → 8∠30 o

1 1
0. 5µF → = = − j1kΩ
jωC j2x 0.5x10 − 6
At the inverting terminal,

Vo − 8∠30 o Vo − 8∠30 o 8∠30 o

+ = 
→ Vo (0.1 + j) = 8∠30(0.6 + j)
− j1k 10k 2k

(6.9282 + j4)(0.6 + j)
Vo = = 9.283∠4.747 o
0.1 + j
vo(t) = 9.283cos(2t + 4.75o) V

Chapter 10, Solution 72.

4 cos(10 4 t ) 
→ 4 ∠0°, ω = 10 4
1 1
1 nF  → = = - j100 kΩ
jωC j (10 )(10 -9 )
4

Consider the circuit as shown below.

50 kΩ Vo
+ Vo
− Io
+
4∠0° V -j100 kΩ
− 100 kΩ

At the noninverting node,

4 − Vo Vo 4
= 
→ Vo =
50 - j100 1 + j0.5

Vo 4
Io = = mA = 35.78∠ - 26.56° µA
100k (100)(1 + j0.5)

Therefore,
i o ( t ) = 35.78 cos(104 t – 26.56°) µA
Chapter 10, Solution 73.

As a voltage follower, V2 = Vo

1 1
C1 = 10 nF 
→ = = -j20 kΩ
jωC1 j (5 × 10 )(10 × 10 -9 )
3

1 1
C 2 = 20 nF 
→ = = -j10 kΩ
jωC 2 j (5 × 10 )(20 × 10 -9 )
3

Consider the circuit in the frequency domain as shown below.

-j20 kΩ

Is 10 kΩ 20 kΩ V2 Io
+
V1 Vo
−
+
VS -j10 kΩ
−

Zin

At node 1,
Vs − V1 V1 − Vo V1 − Vo
= +
10 - j20 20
2 Vs = (3 + j)V1 − (1 + j)Vo (1)
At node 2,
V1 − Vo Vo − 0
=
20 - j10
V1 = (1 + j2)Vo (2)
Substituting (2) into (1) gives
1
2 Vs = j6Vo or Vo = -j Vs
3

2 1
V1 = (1 + j2)Vo =  − j  Vs
3 3

Vs − V1 (1 3)(1 − j)
Is = = Vs
10k 10k
 Is 1− j
=
Vs 30k

Vs 30k
Z in = = = 15 (1 + j) k
Is 1− j
Z in = 21.21∠45° kΩ

Chapter 10, Solution 74.

1 1
Zi = R1 + , Zf = R 2 +
jωC1 jωC 2

1
R2 +
Vo - Z f jωC 2  C 1   1 + jωR 2 C 2 
Av = = = =   
Vs Zi 1  C 2   1 + jωR 1C 1 
R1 +
jωC1

C1
At ω = 0 , Av =
C2

R2
As ω → ∞ , Av =
R1

1  C   1 + j R 2 C 2 R 1C1 
At ω = , Av =  1   
R 1 C1  C2   1+ j 

1 C  1+ j 
At ω = , Av =  1   
R 2C2  C 2   1 + j R 1C1 R 2 C 2 

Chapter 10, Solution 75.

ω = 2 × 10 3
1 1
C1 = C 2 = 1 nF 
→ = = -j500 kΩ
jωC1 j (2 × 10 )(1 × 10 -9 )
3
 Consider the circuit shown below.

100 kΩ

-j500 kΩ -j500 kΩ V2
+
V1 −
20 kΩ +
+
VS 100 kΩ
− Vo
20 kΩ
−

At node 1,
Vs − V1 Vo − V1 V1 − V2
= +
- j500 100 - j500
Vs = (2 + j5) V1 − j5 Vo − V2 (1)
At node 2,
V1 − V2 V2
=
- j500 100
V1 = (1 − j5) V2 (2)
But
R3 Vo
V2 = Vo = (3)
R3 + R4 2

From (2) and (3),

1
V1 = ⋅ (1 − j5) Vo (4)
2

Substituting (3) and (4) into (1),

1 1
Vs = ⋅ (2 + j5)(1 − j5) Vo − j5 Vo − Vo
2 2
1
Vs = ⋅ (26 − j25) Vo
2

Vo 2
= = 0.0554∠43.88°
Vs 26 − j25

Chapter 10, Solution 76.

Let the voltage between the -jk Ω capacitor and the 10k Ω resistor be V1.

2∠30 o − V1 V1 − Vo V1 − Vo
= + 
→
− j4k 10k 20k (1)
2∠30 o = (1 − j0.6)V1 + j0.6Vo
Also,
V1 − Vo Vo
= → V1 = (1 + j5)Vo (2)
10k − j2k

Solving (2) into (1) yields

Vo = 0.047 − j0.3088 = 0.3123∠ − 81.34 o V

Chapter 10, Solution 77.

Consider the circuit below.

R3

2 C2 R2
V1
R1 −
+
1 V1 +
VS + Vo
C1
−
−

At node 1,
Vs − V1
= jωC V1
R1
Vs = (1 + jωR 1C1 ) V1 (1)
At node 2,
0 − V1 V1 − Vo
= + jωC 2 (V1 − Vo )
R3 R2
 R3 
V1 = (Vo − V1 )  + jωC 2 R 3 
R2 
  1 
Vo = 1 +  V1 (2)
 (R 3 R 2 ) + jωC 2 R 3 
From (1) and (2),
Vs  R2 
Vo = 1 + 
1 + jωR 1C1  R 3 + jωC 2 R 2 R 3 

Vo R 2 + R 3 + jωC 2 R 2 R 3
=
Vs (1 + jωR 1C 1 ) ( R 3 + jωC 2 R 2 R 3 )

Chapter 10, Solution 78.

2 sin(400t )  → 2∠0°, ω = 400
1 1
0.5 µF  → = = - j5 kΩ
jωC j (400)(0.5 × 10 -6 )
1 1
0.25 µF  → = = - j10 kΩ
jωC j (400)(0.25 × 10 -6 )
Consider the circuit as shown below.

20 kΩ

10 kΩ V -j5 kΩ V2
1
+
Vo
−
40 kΩ
+
2∠0° V -j10 kΩ 10 kΩ
−

20 kΩ

At node 1,
2 − V1 V V − V2 V1 − Vo
= 1 + 1 +
10 - j10 - j5 20
4 = (3 + j6) V1 − j4 V2 − Vo (1)
At node 2,
V1 − V2 V2
=
− j5 10
V1 = (1 − j0.5) V2 (2)
But
20 1
V2 = Vo = Vo (3)
20 + 40 3
From (2) and (3),
1
V1 = ⋅ (1 − j0.5) Vo (4)
3
Substituting (3) and (4) into (1) gives

1 4  1
4 = (3 + j6) ⋅ ⋅ (1 − j0.5) Vo − j Vo − Vo = 1 − j  Vo
3 3  6

24
Vo = = 3.945∠9.46°
6− j
Therefore,
v o ( t ) = 3.945 sin(400t + 9.46°) V

Chapter 10, Solution 79.

5 cos(1000t ) 
→ 5∠0°, ω = 1000

1 1
0.1 µF 
→ = = - j10 kΩ
jωC j (1000)(0.1 × 10 -6 )

1 1
0.2 µF 
→ = = - j5 kΩ
jωC j (1000)(0.2 × 10 -6 )

Consider the circuit shown below.

20 kΩ

-j10 kΩ
40 kΩ

10 kΩ
− V1
−
+
+ + +
Vs = 5∠0° V -j5 kΩ
− Vo
−

- Zf
Since each stage is an inverter, we apply Vo = V to each stage.
Zi i
 - 40
Vo = V
- j15 1
(1)
and
- 20 || (- j10)
V1 = Vs
10
(2)

From (1) and (2),

 - j8  - (20)(-j10) 
Vo =    5∠0°
 10  20 − j10 

Vo = 16 (2 + j) = 35.78∠26.56°
Therefore, v o ( t ) = 35.78 cos(1000t + 26.56°) V

Chapter 10, Solution 80.

4 cos(1000t − 60°) 
→ 4∠ - 60°, ω = 1000

1 1
0.1 µF 
→ = = - j10 kΩ
jωC j (1000)(0.1 × 10 -6 )

1 1
0.2 µF 
→ = = - j5 kΩ
jωC j (1000)(0.2 × 10 -6 )

The two stages are inverters so that

 20 20  - j5 
Vo =  ⋅ (4∠ - 60°) + V  
 - j10 50 o  10 

-j -j 2
= ⋅ ( j2) ⋅ (4∠ - 60°) + ⋅ Vo
2 2 5

(1 + j 5) Vo = 4∠ - 60°

4∠ - 60°
Vo = = 3.922 ∠ - 71.31°
1+ j 5

Therefore, v o ( t ) = 3.922 cos(1000t – 71.31°) V

Chapter 10, Solution 81.

The schematic is shown below. The pseudocomponent IPRINT is inserted to print the
value of Io in the output. We click Analysis/Setup/AC Sweep and set Total Pts. = 1,
Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. Since we assume that w = 1. The output
file includes:

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

1.592 E-01 1.465 E+00 7.959 E+01

Thus, Io = 1.465∠79.59o A

Chapter 10, Solution 82.

The schematic is shown below. We insert PRINT to print Vo in the output file. For AC
Sweep, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After
simulation, we print out the output file which includes:

FREQ VM($N_0001) VP($N_0001)

1.592 E-01 7.684 E+00 5.019 E+01
which means that Vo = 7.684∠50.19o V

Chapter 10, Solution 83.

1000
The schematic is shown below. The frequency is f = ω / 2π = = 159.15
2π
 When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain from the output file

FREQ VM(1) VP(1)

1.592E+02 6.611E+00 -1.592E+02

Thus,
vo = 6.611cos(1000t – 159.2o) V

Chapter 10, Solution 84.

The schematic is shown below. We set PRINT to print Vo in the output file. In AC
Sweep box, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After
simulation, we obtain the output file which includes:

FREQ VM($N_0003)
VP($N_0003)
1.592 E-01 1.664 E+00 -1.646
E+02

Namely, Vo = 1.664∠-146.4o V

Chapter 10, Solution 85.

The schematic is shown below. We let ω = 1 rad/s so that L=1H and C=1F.

When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain from the output file

FREQ VM(1) VP(1)

1.591E-01 2.228E+00 -1.675E+02

From this, we conclude that

Vo = 2.228∠ − 167.5 V
Chapter 10, Solution 86.

We insert three pseudocomponent PRINTs at nodes 1, 2, and 3 to print V1, V2, and V3,
into the output file. Assume that w = 1, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and
End Freq = 0.1592. After saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain the output file
which includes:

FREQ VM($N_0002)
VP($N_0002)
1.592 E-01 6.000 E+01 3.000
E+01

FREQ VM($N_0003)
VP($N_0003)
1.592 E-01 2.367 E+02 -8.483
E+01
 FREQ VM($N_0001)
VP($N_0001)
1.592 E-01 1.082 E+02 1.254
E+02

Therefore,

V1 = 60∠30o V V2 = 236.7∠-84.83o V V3 = 108.2∠125.4o V

Chapter 10, Solution 87.

The schematic is shown below. We insert three PRINTs at nodes 1, 2, and 3. We set
Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, End Freq = 0.1592 in the AC Sweep box. After
simulation, the output file includes:

FREQ VM($N_0004)
VP($N_0004)
1.592 E-01 1.591 E+01 1.696
E+02

FREQ VM($N_0001)
VP($N_0001)
1.592 E-01 5.172 E+00 -1.386
E+02
 FREQ VM($N_0003)
VP($N_0003)
1.592 E-01 2.270 E+00 -1.524
E+02

Therefore,

V1 = 15.91∠169.6o V V2 = 5.172∠-138.6o V V3 = 2.27∠-152.4o V

Chapter 10, Solution 88.

The schematic is shown below. We insert IPRINT and PRINT to print Io and Vo in the
output file. Since w = 4, f = w/2π = 0.6366, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.6366,
and End Freq = 0.6366 in the AC Sweep box. After simulation, the output file includes:

FREQ VM($N_0002)
VP($N_0002)
6.366 E-01 3.496 E+01 1.261
E+01

FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP
(V_PRINT2)
6.366 E-01 8.912 E-01
-8.870 E+01
Therefore, Vo = 34.96∠12.6o V, Io = 0.8912∠-88.7o A

vo = 34.96 cos(4t + 12.6o)V, io = 0.8912cos(4t - 88.7o )A

Chapter 10, Solution 89.

Consider the circuit below.

R1 R2 R3 C R4
Vin 2 Vin 4
1 3
Iin
+ Vin
− −
+ + −

At node 1,
0 − Vin Vin − V2
=
R1 R2

R2
- Vin + V2 = V (1)
R 1 in
At node 3,
V2 − Vin Vin − V4
=
R3 1 jωC
 Vin − V2
- Vin + V4 = (2)
jωCR 3

From (1) and (2),

- R2
- Vin + V4 = V
jωCR 3 R 1 in
Thus,
Vin − V4 R2
I in = = V
R4 jωCR 3 R 1 R 4 in

Vin jωCR 1R 3 R 4
Z in = = = jωL eq
I in R2

R 1R 3 R 4C
where L eq =
R2

Chapter 10, Solution 90.

1 R
Let Z 4 = R || =
jωC 1 + jωRC

1 1 + jωRC
Z3 = R + =
jωC jωC

Consider the circuit shown below.

Z3 R1

Vi +
+ Vo −
−

Z4 R2
 Z4 R2
Vo = Vi − V
Z3 + Z 4 R1 + R 2 i

R
Vo 1 + jωC R2
= −
Vi R 1 + jωRC R 1 + R 2
+
1 + jωC jωC

jωRC R2
= −
jωRC + (1 + jωRC) 2
R1 + R 2

Vo jωRC R2
= −
Vi 1 − ω R C + j3ωRC R 1 + R 2
2 2 2

Vo
For Vo and Vi to be in phase, must be purely real. This happens when
Vi

1 − ω2 R 2 C 2 = 0

1
ω= = 2πf
RC

1
or f=
2πRC
At this frequency,

Vo 1 R2
Av = = −
Vi 3 R 1 + R 2

Chapter 10, Solution 91.

(a) Let V2 = voltage at the noninverting terminal of the op amp

Vo = output voltage of the op amp
Z p = 10 kΩ = R o
1
Z s = R + jωL +
jωC

As in Section 10.9,
 V2 Zp Ro
= =
Vo Z s + Z p j
R + R o + jωL −
ωC
V2 ωCR o
=
Vo ωC (R + R o ) + j (ω2 LC − 1)

For this to be purely real,

1
ωo2 LC − 1 = 0 
→ ωo =
LC
1 1
fo = =
2π LC 2π (0.4 × 10 -3 )(2 × 10 -9 )
f o = 180 kHz

(b) At oscillation,
V2 ωo CR o Ro
= =
Vo ωo C (R + R o ) R + R o

This must be compensated for by

Vo 80
Av = = 1+ =5
V2 20

Ro 1
= 
→ R = 4R o = 40 kΩ
R + Ro 5

Chapter 10, Solution 92.

Let V2 = voltage at the noninverting terminal of the op amp

Vo = output voltage of the op amp
Zs = R o
1 1 ωRL
Z p = jωL || || R = =
jωC 1 1 ωL + jR (ω2 LC − 1)
+ jωC +
R jωL

As in Section 10.9,
ωRL
V2 Zp ωL + jR (ω2 LC − 1)
= =
Vo Z s + Z p ωRL
Ro +
ωL + jR (ω2 LC − 1)
 V2 ωRL
=
Vo ωRL + ωR o L + jR o R (ω2 LC − 1)

For this to be purely real,

1
ωo2 LC = 1 
→ f o =
2π LC

(a) At ω = ωo ,
V2 ωo RL R
= =
Vo ωo RL + ωo R o L R + R o

This must be compensated for by

Vo Rf 1000k
Av = = 1+ = 1+ = 11
V2 Ro 100k

Hence,
R 1
= 
→ R o = 10R = 100 kΩ
R + R o 11

1
(b) fo =
2π (10 × 10 -6 )(2 × 10 -9 )
f o = 1.125 MHz

Chapter 10, Solution 93.

As shown below, the impedance of the feedback is

jωL

1 1 ZT
jωC2 jωC1

1  1 
ZT = ||  jωL + 
jωC1  jωC 2 
 -j  -j  1
 jωL +  − ωLC 2
ωC1  ωC 2  ω
ZT = =
-j -j j (C1 + C 2 − ω2 LC1C 2 )
+ jωL +
ωC1 ωC 2

In order for Z T to be real, the imaginary term must be zero; i.e.

C1 + C 2 − ωo2 LC1C 2 = 0
C1 + C 2 1
ωo2 = =
LC1C 2 LC T
1
fo =
2π LC T

Chapter 10, Solution 94.

If we select C1 = C 2 = 20 nF

C1 C 2 C1
CT = = = 10 nF
C1 + C 2 2

1
Since f o = ,
2π LC T

1 1
L= = = 10.13 mH
(2πf ) C T (4π )(2500 × 10 6 )(10 × 10 -9 )
2 2

1 1
Xc = = = 159 Ω
ωC 2 (2π )(50 × 10 3 )(20 × 10 -9 )

We may select R i = 20 kΩ and R f ≥ R i , say R f = 20 kΩ .

Thus,
C1 = C 2 = 20 nF, L = 10.13 mH R f = R i = 20 kΩ

Chapter 10, Solution 95.

First, we find the feedback impedance.

C

ZT
L2 L1
  1 
Z T = jωL1 ||  jωL 2 + 
 jωC 

 j 
jωL1  jωL 2 − 
 ωC  ω2 L1C (1 − ωL 2 )
ZT = =
j j (ω2 C (L1 + L 2 ) − 1)
jωL1 + jωL 2 −
ωC

In order for Z T to be real, the imaginary term must be zero; i.e.

ωo2 C (L1 + L 2 ) − 1 = 0

1
ωo = 2πf o =
C ( L1 + L 2 )

1
fo =
2π C (L 1 + L 2 )

Chapter 10, Solution 96.

(a) Consider the feedback portion of the circuit, as shown below.

jωL R
V1 V2

+
Vo R jωL
−

jωL R + jωL
V2 = V 
→ V1 = V2 (1)
R + jωL 1 jωL

Applying KCL at node 1,

Vo − V1 V1 V1
= +
jωL R R + jωL

1 1 
Vo − V1 = jωL V1  + 
 R R + jωL 
  j2ωRL − ω2 L2 
Vo = V1 1 + 
 R (R + jωL) 
(2)

From (1) and (2),

 R + jωL  j2ωRL − ω2 L2 
Vo =  1 + V
 jωL  R (R + jωL)  2

Vo R 2 + jωRL + j2ωRL − ω2 L2
=
V2 jωRL

V2 1
=
Vo R − ω2 L2
2
3+
jωRL

V2 1
=
Vo 3 + j (ωL R − R ωL )

V2
(b) Since the ratio must be real,
Vo
ωo L R
− =0
R ωo L
R2
ωo L =
ωo L
R
ωo = 2πf o =
L
R
fo =
2π L

(c) When ω = ωo
V2 1
=
Vo 3

This must be compensated for by A v = 3 . But

R2
Av = 1+ =3
R1
R 2 = 2 R1